Advances in Engineering Research (AER), volume 102 Second International Conference on Mechanics, Materials and Structural Engineering (ICMMSE 2017)

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1 Advance in Engineering Reearch (AER), volume 102 Second International Conference on Mechanic, Material and Structural Engineering (ICMMSE 2017) Strain reitor method tet the magnetotrictive property of FebacCu1Nb3Si15.5B7/Silicone rubber compound film Fu Yuan1, a*, Guo Wei2, b, Cheng Xiang ping1, Wang De1 1 Applied Phyic Intitute for Jiang Xi academy of cience, NanChang , China 2 JiangXi Key laboratory of Cu-W alloy, NanChang , China a fu-yuan@hotmail.com, b @qq.com Keyword: Magnetotriction, Amorphou powder, Silicone rubber, FebacCu1Nb3Si15.5B7 Abtract. It i reearched on the magnetotriction of FebacCu1Nb3Si15.5B7 amorphou powder and ilicon rubber compoite film in which the average particle ize i about 20μm with different ma fraction. And alo have determined the internal relationhip between the compoite ratio of powder and ilicon rubber and the magnetotriction propertie of the film. Meanwhile, in term of generalized variational principle, the range of elatic modulu, Poion ratio and inner tre in the compoite film can alo be defined. Reult how: The ma ratio of FebacCu1Nb3Si15.5B7 amorphou powder and ilicon rubber at 3:1, magnetotrictive coefficient i of a maximum value Experimental reult indicated that, the compoite film i a compoite material, which have wonderful upple magnetotriction property, and a nice material for making upple force enor. Introduction The magnetotriction property of FebacCu1Nb3 Si15.5B7 /Silicone rubber compound film i not only have buine on rein matrix, mechanical property, and ma fraction of thee two type of material, but alo have more thing to do with it productive technology and fabrication proce. In current, tre enitivity film have become a hot reearching iue, which can be divided into piezomagnetic type and piezoelectric type. At preent, piezoelectric film have been commonly ued, while piezomagnetic film are infrequently covered. Favorable piezomagnetic tre enitivity film hould have two characteritic: 1 Favorable and table piezomagnetic enitive propertie. 2 igher magnetic elatic deformation, and lower magnetic platic deformation. Therefore, reearch on the magntotricive property of FebacCu1Nb3Si15.5B7/Silicone rubber compound film have a very profound ignificant. In thi experiment, the powder i made of amorphou film which are embrittled by atmophere heat treatment. After that, by mean of ethanol wet ball mill to prepare amorphou powder with the average grain ize i about 20μm. The rein matrix i mingled according a given ratio by 107# Silicone rubber and are ilane ethyl. The powder and rein are treated by the proce of matrix dene tried mixed, compreion molding and oifying at normal temperature to be formed thi film [1]. We ued Sigmar ASM2-1 portable preciion train gauge with 120 Ω±2% twin bridge train film to tet the magneto- elatic property of FebacCu1Nb3Si15.5B7/Silicone rubber compound film. Experiment Preparation of FebacCu1Nb3Si15.5B7/Silicone Rubber Compound Film. Making ue of FebacCu1Nb3Si15.5B7 amorphou powder (molar ratio), which average particle ize about 30μm and atmophere heat treatment in 540 C for 0.5h. Matrix rein material: 107# ilicone rubber and are ilane ethyl mingled with the ma ratio of 9:1. The dilution rein material i acetone which take 20% ma fraction of rein material. Rein material and amorphou powder are ued with the ma ratio of 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5 ix type, which were tirred in a vacuum reaction kettle with a vacuum degree lower than 0.1 pa. After that, poured out the mixture from agitated reactor Copyright 2017, the Author. Publihed by Atlanti Pre. Thi i an open acce article under the CC BY-NC licene ( 41

2 Advance in Engineering Reearch (AER), volume 102 into a matrix and haped up into mm compoite film, and olidified at NPT in 24 hour. Principle of Teting. By uing ASM2-1 portable preciion train gauge to tet the tranformation of thi compoite film, and the principle of which i hown in Fig. 1: Fig. 1 Twin bridge train tet. The teting detail are that, it i ued two plate of foil gauge which have imilar elatic modulu a compound film, one i preed into a film in the external magnetic field, and another i preed into an equal film out of the magnetic field. The teting environment including preure, temperature, humidity and reidual tre, by which thee two plate of film hould be the ame. Before applying the external magnetic field, the train gage have been zero et, and after that it will diplay accurately value of the train in different magnetic field. Magnetotrictive Principle of Compound Film. In order to find the bet film that ha a good magnetotriction property, one hould make it clear that what factor induce the advantage and diadvantage of the magnetotriction property of thi type of film. We can aume that the influence factor are mainly connected with the contention of amorphou powder, the elaticity modulu, and poion' ratio of amorphou powder & ilicon rubber, which induced the change of compoite film' elaticity modulu and poion' ratio. Thee two factor are interacted on each other. Firtly, the induction of magnetotriction in the compoite film i the amorphou powder, ince the applying magnetic field induced the powder be magnetized. The tiny particle would have ome change in length and volume. In addition, among the particle will alo have ome interaction in term of inner tre which conit of grain tre FS, magnetic force with the direction of impoed magnetic field F, and hearing trength induced by rotation of domain in particle FM, which are hown in Fig. 2. Thee type of force induced the compoite film come about a macrocopical magneto- triction effect. The inner tre of thi compound film are different by numerical invetigation. One can oberve that, the tre ditribution in powder i concentrated, and in rubber i uniform tre. Fig. 2 Stre tate of amorphou powder in rubber ubtrate. 42

3 Advance in Engineering Reearch (AER), volume 102 And then, the interior tre of thi film i in proportion to the ratio of the powder. igh magnetotrictive film have a higher content of amorphou powder. Meanwhile, the magnetotrictive alo have buine on elatic modulu of the film. Becaue elatic modulu i large different between amorphou powder and ilicone rubber, and the total elatic modulu of compoite film i reolved on the ratio of powder and rubber. In theory, elatic modulu of amorphou powder i far higher than ilicone rubber, ince film with low content of powder have a maller elatic modulu than which with higher one. In other word, film with low powder content i eay to be deformed and on the contrary, one with higher powder i hard to be deformed. So, thee two factor which generate interaction obtruct each other, and the work mut to find out an appropriate ratio between powder and ilicone rubber which make the compoite film have a bet magnetotrictive effect. Field Rationale of Magnetotrictive Film. In order to etimate a theoretical magnitude of magnetotriction property, a chematic model i made which i hown in Fig. 3. Fig. 3 Theoretical field model in magnetotrictive film. In Fig. 3, repreent applied magnetic field, M i the direction of magnetization, σ i the direction of tre, and MS i the direction of magnetotriction. The magnetoelatic film i aumed to have an uniaxial in plane magnetic aniotropy with it axi deviation angle of θ with repect to the direction. Angle θ repreent a difference between magnetization which mean the direction angle when magnetic field ha not been applied and the applied magnetic field' direction. σ0 repreent the angle between tre and magnetic field. To calculate the value of magnetotriction and aturation magnetotriction, Landau- Lifhitz-Gilbert equation [2] can be ued to decribe the patial ditribution and time evolution of magnetotriction M. d M d t γ e f f = 1 α + M M where, M i the magnetotriction, MS i aturation magnetotriction, eff i the effective magnetic field, γ i the gyromagnetic ratio, and ɑ i the Gilbert damping contant. The effect magnetic field can be written a = eff a σ r σ a In Eq. 2, the effect magnetic field can be overlapped by four type of field which can be calculated a follow eparately: The uniaxial aniotropy field i 2K = uur uur e ( e M ) = uur uur e ( e M ) u k a 2 a a a a µ 0M M ere ea i the unit vector along the eay axi, Ku i the aniotropy contant and 2 K u k = M µ 0 (1) (2) (3) (4) 43

4 Advance in Engineering Reearch (AER), volume 102 The reidual tre effective field can be calculated a uur uur σ 1 σ r = eσ r ( eσ r M ) M S where, eσr i the unit vector in reidual tre direction, λ i the magnetotriction contant of magnetoelatic film, and σ 1 = 3λσ µ M 0 r Alo the applied tre effective field can be written a uur uur σ 2 σ a = eσ ( eσ M ) M where, eσ i the unit vector along the applied tre direction and σ2 can be defined a = σ 2 3λσ µ M 0 Subtituting Eq (3)-(8) into Eq (2), and ubtituting Eq (2) into Eq (1), the value of magnetotriction M can be calculated Reult and Dicuion Mechanical Analyi of Amorphou Powder. The powder in the experiment i prepared by FebacCu1Nb3Si15.5B7 amorphou ribbon with mechanical comminution, and fluid energy milling to acquire thick powder which i hown in Fig. 4(a). After that, the thick powder ha been wet ball milled with medium of alcohol for 24 hour. The powder after wet ball mill i much thinner which are oberved in Fig. 4 (b). In the experiment, powder of thinner type ha been ued. Thee two type of powder have been analyzed by LPSA, which reveal the difference of ize ditribution of amorphou powder before and after wet ball milling. One can oberve from figure that, the median particle diameter of thick powder i μm and ize ditribution i not homogeneou. The grain ize concentrated in a narrow range, with the bigget grain ize μm. (5) (6) (7) (8) a b Fig. 4 Analyzed data before(a) and after(b) ball milling by LPSA. The grain ize of the powder after milling ha a very large reduction. Size ditribution range i more widely and appear normal ditribution. The median particle diameter of thinner powder i 44

5 Advance in Engineering Reearch (AER), volume μm, and maximum ize i μm. The blue line in the figure repreent volume fraction of grain change with it ize. And the red line repreent diffuion degree of grain in each dimenion of the particle. Surface Topography of Compound Film. Fig. 5 i four picture of film with powder ratio at 75% in different magnifying power by the high of the depth of field optical microcope. Where Fig. 5(a), (b), (c) and (d) repreent 500 time, 1000 time, 2000 time and 3000 time' magnified picture eparately. From the picture one can perceive that, the particle have been cattered into the rubber equably by the tirring of agitated reactor. Maximum grain ize i 100 μm and average ize i 19 μm after ball milling. The powder are cloely contacted with rubber matrix and can not be found any bubble. It' well bedded among amorphou powder, and inexitence the phenomenon of particle agglomeration in thi film. But with the enhancement of powder, thi phenomenon more or le cannot be ignored. a b c d Fig. 5 Microcopic photo of amorphou powder Wt% for 75% of compound film. Magnetoelatic Propertie of Compoite Film. Fig. 6 diplay a erie of magnetic hyterei elatic loop [3] in different magnetoelatic film with different quality ratio of amorphou powder. Fig. 6 Magnetic hyterei on magnetotrictive film with different quality ratio of amorphou powder. 45

6 Advance in Engineering Reearch (AER), volume 102 In the experiment, the magnetic field have been applied upload and offload on the range between -250 and 250 Oe, field tep length i Oe. It can be perceived from figure that the change of magnetotriction with applied magnetic field. In the ma, the property of magnetoelatic hyterei i not obviouly. It i vital for tre-impedance effect that whether the film ha an excellent low magnetoelatic hyterei property. owever, in the figure, one can ee that the film with lower powder ratio have a tiny magnetoelatic hyterei phenomenon in a low magnetic field, and the phenomenon will reduce with the enhancement of powder ratio. The aturation magnetotriction of compound film i related to applied field and ma ratio of amorphou powder. It will acquire aturation magnetotriction at a lower applied magnetic field with a higher ma ratio of powder. Further more, the magnetotriction of compound film alo ha ome thing to do with addition of reinforcing agent in rubber, ince the addition of which may influence the elatic modulu and elatic deformation of the matrix ilicon rubber Fig. 7 Relationhip between magnetic elatic variable and quality ratio of powder under the external magnetic field with 200 Oe. Fig. 7 i the magnetotriction with the ma ratio of powder. We can ee that the magnetotriction reache a maximum value of 2.1ppm with the ma ratio at 75%. Before the very ratio, magnetoelatic property increaed with the addition of powder and not appear linear relation, but after which magnetoelatic change with the addition of powder in a linear decreae. From the reult of experiment, we can draw a concluion that the elatic modulu of compound film and the ma ratio of powder i a group of mutual reitant factor. Although a film with low ma ratio of powder ha a lower elatic modulu, the inner tre which induced by the magnetization of amorphou powder i maller. And the film with high ma ratio of powder ha a higher elatic modulu, but the inner tre induced by the magnetization of powder i bigger than the one with low ma ratio of amorphou powder. Therefore, when the powder content i 75% of ma ratio, the film reache a balance point between inner tre and elatic modulu that make the compound film ha a bet magnetotriction. According to the generalized variational principle of elatic theory, the range of inner tre in different compound film with certain deformation can be etimated by principle of the mot repect and the minimum potential energy. The range of elatic modulu with particle enhanced compound film Ec can be calculated by Eq. 9 and 10 [4]. EE 1+ γ + 2 λλ ( 2 v ) 1 γ + 2 λλ ( 2 γ ) p m m m p p Ec Ev 2 m m+ Ev 2 p p m p+ Ev p m 1 γ m 2γ m 1 γ p 2γ p E v In which λ can be defined a γ (1 + γ )(1 2 γ ) v E + γ (1 + γ )(1 2 γ ) v E λ = (1 + γ )(1 2 γ ) v E + (1 + γ )(1 2 γ ) v E m p p m m p m m p p p p m m m m p p where, the index m and p repreent matrix rubber and powder, E, γ, v repreent elatic modulu, (9) (10) 46

7 Advance in Engineering Reearch (AER), volume 102 poion' ratio and volume fraction of each component eparately. On the bai of phyical parameter which i hown in Table 1 and Eq (9), (10). We could eaily confirm the range of elatic modulu on compound film with 75% powder ma ratio. Table 1. Phyical propertie of amorphou powder and ilicone rubber matrix [5]. Phyical Elatic Poion' Volume Denity ρ Ma ratio index modulu E ratio γ fraction FebacCu1Nb3S 100 Gpa g/cm3 3 i15.5b7 powder Silicon rubber Gpa g/cm3 1 matrix Via calculating, the film' elatic modulu with 75% powder ma ratio Ec range between value and Gpa. According to Fig. 7, the film reache aturation magnetotriction value 2.1 ppm with applied magnetic field of 200 Oe. Therefore, we can confirm it range of tre in cro ection via elatic modulu and the value of deformation. A we know, the ooke' law can be written a [4]. F = A E L L (11) where, A, L and E repreent cro area, length and elatic modulu eparately. The dimenion of the film i L W = mm. The Fmin and Fmax can alo be written a: Fmin=6 103ΔL, Fmax=108ΔL. The curve of Fmin and Fmax with applied field and train have been made in Fig. (8). a b Fig. 8 The maximum and minimum value of tre with magnetic field (a) and train (b). In accordance with generalized variational principle, tre in cro ection can be calculated. The actual tre with each deformation i more than the very value of Fmin and le than that of Fmax. Concluion The film in the article ha a good property in magnetotriction with low hyterei. Amorphou powder ha cattered in ilicone rubber matrix evenly. The compound film i a kind of iotropy material and ha a profound ignificant in tre enitive enor. Reult how, the elatic modulu i in proportion to the ratio of amorphou powder and have the bet magnetotriction property with 47

8 Advance in Engineering Reearch (AER), volume 102 powder ma ratio at 75%. We alo have accurately calculated the range of tre in tranvere by theory of generalized variational principle and ooke' law in thi paper. Acknowledgement Thi project wa financially upported by the Fundamental Reearch Fund for the Youth Fund of Jiangxi academy of cience (2017-YZDZ-10), and National Natural Science Foundation of China ( ). Reference [1] Z.. Zhu, A way of making force enitive ilatic film. Chinee patent: CN A, [2] L. D. Lndau, E. M. Lifhitz, Electrodynamic of Continuou Media, J. Pergamon Oxford, 28 (1975) [3] N. Bayri, S. Atalay, In-andout-of-phae thermo mechanical fatigue of a Ni-baed ingle-crytal uperalloy, J. Alloy Compd. 381(1-2) (2004) [4] Y. X. Wang. Structural deignment of compoite material, M. Beijing: Chemical Indutry Pre, 2001, 64. [5] METGLAS data heet (2001), [6] G. B. Ma. Failure behavior of the uperalloy MAR-M247 LC under LCF. CF and Combined LCF/CF loading. Munich, J. Rare Met. Mater. Eng. 37(2) (2008) [7] J. A. Chen, W. Ding, Y. Zhou, Y. Cao, Fatigue behavior of the uperalloy IN 713C under LCF-,CF- and uperimpoed LCF/CF-loading, J. Mater. Lett. 60 (2006) [8] Y. Zhou, W. Ding, X.. Mao, Thermal fatigue of ingle-crytalline uperalloy CMSX-4:a comparion of epitaxial laer-depoited material with the bae ingle crytal, J. Thin Solid Film 489 (2005) [9] J. u,. W. Qin, J. Chen, Y. Z. Zhang, Study on Performance of Self-adaptive Mechanical Seal under Variable Working Condition, J. Magnet. Magn. Mater. 266 (2003) [10] K. Mohri, T. Uchiyama, L. P. Shen, Sen. igh temperature eroion-oxidation of Cr3C2 NiCr thermal pray coating under imulated turbine condition, J. Corro. Sci. 91 (2001) [11] R. Juhaz, A. Cziraki, L. F. Ki, A. Characterization of fretting wear of cobalt baed uperalloy at high temperature for aero-engine combutor component, J. Lova, Mater. Sci. Eng. A (2004) [12] I. Taher, M. Alam, M. A. Tamor, T. J. Potter, R. C. Elder, Microtructure and propertie of vacuum melting Cr3C2 NiCr coating by nickel-baed brazing foil, J. Sen. Actuat. A. Phy. 45 (1994) 35. [13] A. F. Cobeno, A. Zhukov, J. M. Blanco, V. Larin, Studie on the diolution characteritic of tainle teel bae metal in the liquid nickel-baed amorphou and crytalline brazing filler metal during vacuum brazing proce, J. Gonzalez, Sen. Actuat. A. Phy. 91 (2001) 95. [14] K.. Shin, M. Inoue, K. I. Arai, Wear behavior of brazed WC/NiCrBSi(Co) compoite Coating J. Appl. Phy. 86(8) (1999)