Ultrathin Metal Films

Transcription

1 Matthias Wuttig Xiangdong Liu Ultrathin Metal Films Magnetic and Structural Properties With 234 Figures 4u Springer

2 Contents 1 Introduction 1 References 4 2 Growth of Ultrathin Metal Films Growth Modes Thermodynamic Criterion for Growth Modes Surface Free Energy and Interfacial Free Energy Strain Energy and Stranski-Krastanov Growth Kinetic Aspects and Microscopic Models of Growth Atomistic Processes in Film Growth Kinetic Rate Equations for Nucleation and Growth Experimental Techniques for Growth Mode Analysis Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED) Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM), Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) Manipulating the Growth Manipulation via Variation of Temperature and Deposition Rate Application of Surfactants 38 References 41 3 Structure of Ultrathin Films. : Structural Properties of Epitaxial Films Thin-Film Characterization by Low-Energy Electron Diffraction 51 References 59 4 Magnetism of Ultrathin Metal Films Itinerant-Electron Magnetism Local-Spin-Density Approximation Stoner Model Discussion Itinerant Ahtiferromagnetism - Spin Density Waves in Bcc Cr Magnetism of Ultrathin Films 72

3 X Contents Dimensionality Effects Magnetic Moments at Surfaces and Interfaces Magnetic Anisotropy in Ultrathin Films Techniques for Magnetic Measurements on Ultrathin Films Surface Magnetooptic Kerr Effect X-Ray Magnetic Dichroism Ferromagnetic Resonance (FMR) 107 References Epitaxy-Stabilized Structures Theoretical Search for Metastable Structures Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Epitaxy-Stabilized Ultrathin Magnetic Films Ultrathin V Films Ultrathin Cr Films Ultrathin Mn Films Ultrathin Fe Films Ultrathin Co Films Ultrathin Bcc Ni Films Epitaxially Stabilized Ultrathin Alloy Films Theory of Epitaxy-Assisted Alloying Epitaxial Alloy Thin Films 194 References Correlation Between Magnetism, Structure and Growth, for Ultrathin Fe Films on Cu(100) Introduction \ Ultrathin Fe Films on Cu(100) Early Work on Iron Films on Cu(100) Magnetic Properties of Fe Films on Cu(100) Growth of Fe Films on Cu(100) Structure of Fe Films on Cu(lOO) Conclusions and Comparison with Other Studies Correlation Between Magnetism, Structure and Growth, Topics Related to Ultrathin Fe/Cu(100) Films Magnetic Order in Fe/Cu(100) Films and Its Origin Structural and Magnetic Properties of Fe/Cu(100) Films Prepared at Low Temperature Structural Instability of Ultrathin Fe/Cu(100) Films.. 261

4 Contents Structure and Magnetism of Pulsed-Laser-Deposited Ultrathin Fe Films on Cu(100) Fe Ultrathin Films on Various Substrates with a Lattice Constant Close to That of Cu(100) 268 References 275 Manganese Films on Cu(100) and Ni(100) Introduction Growth and Structure of Mn on Cu(100) and Ni(100) Below 270 K Growth of Ultrathin Mn Films on Cu(100) Below 270K LEED Structure Determination of the c(8x2) Phase on Cu(100) Growth and Structure of Mn on Ni(100) Below 270 K Comparison of Mn Films Grown Below 270 K on Cu(100) and Ni(100) Growth and Structure of Mn on Cu(100) and Ni(100) Above 270 K Growth and Structure of Mn on Cu(100) above 270 K Structure Determination of the Cu(100) c(2 x 2)-Mn Phase Structural Transitions upon Annealing for Ultrathin Mn/Cu(100) Films Growth and Structure of Mn on Ni(100) Above 270 K Structure Determination of the Ni(100)-c(2 x 2) 0.5 ML Mn Phase Structure Determination of the Ni(100)-c(2x2) 4ML Mn Phase Comparison with Other Systems 319 ' 7.4 Morphology of the Cu(100)-\ and Ni(100)-c(2x2)-Mn Surface Alloys The Role of Magnetic Energy in Stabilizing the Cu(100)-c(2 x 2)-Mn Surface Alloy Atomic Mechanism for the Formation of the Cu(lOO)- c(2 x 2)-Mn Surface Alloy STM Observations : Scenario for Surface Alloy Formation Atomic Mechanisms for Surface Alloy Formation Electronic and Magnetic Properties of c(2 x 2) MnCu and MnNi Surface Alloys 356 References 362 XI

5 XII Contents 8 Summary and Outlook 367 References 370 Index 371