The Mobilization of Materials by Human and Natural Activities. 2.83/2.813 T. G. Gutowski

Transcription

1 The Mobilization of Materials by Human and Natural Activities 2.83/2.813 T. G. Gutowski

2 Reading Assignments for Next Tuesday February 19th 2/19 Sustainability? a) Diamond, J., Easter Island s End Discover Magazine, (6 pages) b) Broswimmer, The Chaco Anasazi., p (handout) c) Hardin, G., Tragedy of the Commons, Science, 162, 1968, p d) Wilson, E.O., The Bottleneck pp 22 41, Ch 2 in The Future of Life, 2001 (handout) e) Lomborg, B., Biodiversity in The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World, 2001, p (handout) Sign Up Sheet

3 Outline 1. Global Cycles; Stocks and Flows carbon, rock, water, nitrogen, 2. Klee and Graedel Paper anthropogenic Vs natural mobilization 3. Toxic Chemicals EPA, and CDC 4. Total Materials Flows for U.S. DPO and TDO

4 Stocks and Flows m& in M (stock) m& out M (addition to stock) = ( m& m& ) dt in out

5 Cycles Stock or Reservoir A Stock or Reservoir B Stock or Reservoir C

6 Cycles Number of two way conversations = n(n -1) 2 Stock or Reservoir A Stock or Reservoir B Stock or Reservoir C

7 The Carbon Cycle

8 Other Cycles Hutton s Rock Cycle Hydrological Cycle Nitrogen Cycle

9 Hutton s Rock Cycle Ref. Press and Siever

10 hydrological cycle

11 Nitrogen Cycle Stocks Stores in Atmosphere: 4 Et N Stores in Soil: 95 Gt N Flows Haber-Bosch Flow: 100 Mt N/yr Natural Nitrogen Fixing Flow is of the same order as the anthropogenic flow Flow to Plants (NPP), Klee & Graedel estimate 5.6 Gt N

12 Residence Time Flows or Fluxes Reservoir (Stocks) Reservoir (Stocks) Residence Time = Amount in Reservoir Rate Out

13 Residence Times CO 2 (atmosphere) 10 years Nitrogen (atmosphere) 400 million years Sulfur dioxide (atm) hours to weeks Sodium (ocean) 48 million years Iron (ocean) 100 years Press and Siever

14 Klee & Graedel look at the mobilization (fluxes) of the elements Natural flows weathering and erosion sea spray primary plant productivity Anthropogenic flow mining fossil fuels biomass burning

15 Flux Categories 1. NPP plant uptake 2. Sea Spray aerosols 3. Erosion crustal weathering 4. Fossil Fuel Burning to air 5. Biomass Burning to air 6. Mining from reservoir

16 Study of 77 of the 92 naturally occurring elements Results for Magnesium Klee & Graedel 2004

17 Dominated + Perturbed + Unperturbed = 77 elements 1A 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be 12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra 21 Sc 39 Y 57 La 89 Ac 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 58 Ce 90 Th 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 59 Pr 91 Pa 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 60 Nd 92 U 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 61 Pm 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 62 Sm 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 63 Eu 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 64 Gd 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 65 Tb 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 66 Dy 5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 ln 81 Ti 67 Ho 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 68 Er 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 69 Tm 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 70 Yb 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 71 Lu VIIIA 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn Dominated (>50% of Mobilization) Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization) Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined Adapted from Klee and Graedel, 2004

18 Periodic chart showing Human Dominance 1A 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be 12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra 21 Sc 39 Y 57 La 89 Ac 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 58 Ce 90 Th 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 59 Pr 91 Pa 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 60 Nd 92 U 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 61 Pm 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 62 Sm 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 63 Eu 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 64 Gd 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 65 Tb 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 66 Dy 5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 ln 81 Ti 67 Ho 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 68 Er 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 69 Tm 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 70 Yb 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 71 Lu VIIIA 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn Dominated (>50% of Mobilization) Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization) Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined 54/77 = 0.7 red or green

19 This is a first estimate eat my dust preliminary study ignores pathways, exposure, sensitivity doesn t differentiate between the elements more study needed but this doesn t look good (potential disruptions)

20 Methodology Estimated mobilization of total mass of major categories Estimated elemental composition for each category

21 Quantities Mobilized from Klee and Graedel Category Mass/yr Mass/yr Coal Oil Biomass burning Erosion to rivers Sea spray NPP 4,741 Tg/yr 3,268 Tg/yr 8,600 Tg/yr 1,500 Tg/yr 3,800 Tg/yr 224,500 Tg/yr = 4.7 Gt/yr = 3.3 Gt/yr = 8.6 Gt/yr = 1.5 Gt/yr = 3.8 Gt/yr = Gt/yr

22 Composition Element Average Concentration in Coal in g/mg * Average Concentration in Petroleum in g/mg Average Concentration in Crust in g/mg Average Concentration in Seawater in g/mg Average Concentration in Dry Plant Matter in g/mg 2 He h Li Be d B e C a f i 7 N 5850 a f F Na 400 b Mg 700 b 0.1 d Al b 0.5 d j 14 Si P S a f Cl K 1000 b Ca 2300 b 5.0 d Sc Ti j 23 V j

23 Example: Mt Krakatoa Mt Krakatoa ejected nearly 20km 3 into the air in 1883, almost total darkness in Jakarta, lowers earth s temperature a few degrees for several years tsunami kills 36,000 child of Krakatowa

24 Mt Krakatoa* 1A 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be 12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra 21 Sc 39 Y 57 La 89 Ac 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 58 Ce 90 Th 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 59 Pr 91 Pa 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 60 Nd 92 U 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 61 Pm 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 62 Sm 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 63 Eu 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 64 Gd 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 65 Tb 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 66 Dy 5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 ln 81 Ti 67 Ho 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 68 Er 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 69 Tm 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 70 Yb 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 71 Lu VIIIA 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn Dominated (>50% of Mobilization) Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization) Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined

25 Mining data from USGS Aluminum Production 30,000,000 metric tons 25,000,000 20,000,000 15,000,000 10,000,000 5,000, year Primary production Secondary production Apparent consumption World production

26 Toxicity nutrients and toxins dose - response LD 50 persistent bio-accumulative lead mercury cadmium arsenic

27 Periodic Table Showing Toxicity* 1A 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be 12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra 21 Sc 39 Y 57 La 89 Ac 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 58 Ce 90 Th 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 59 Pr 91 Pa 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 60 Nd 92 U 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 61 Pm 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 62 Sm 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 63 Eu 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 64 Gd 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 65 Tb 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 66 Dy 5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 ln 81 Ti 67 Ho 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 68 Er 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 69 Tm 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 70 Yb 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 71 Lu VIIIA 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn High Toxicity Moderate Toxicity *Adapted from Industrial Ecology (Table 10.5)

28 Periodic Table Showing Toxicity* 1A 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be 12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra 21 Sc 39 Y 57 La 89 Ac 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 58 Ce 90 Th 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 59 Pr 91 Pa 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 60 Nd 92 U 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 61 Pm 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 62 Sm 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 63 Eu 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 64 Gd 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 65 Tb 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 66 Dy 5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 ln 81 Ti 67 Ho 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 68 Er 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 69 Tm 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 70 Yb 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 71 Lu VIIIA 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn Dominated (>50% of Mobilization) Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization) Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined High Toxicity Moderate Toxicity

29 Only Toxic Elements Colored 1A 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be 12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra 21 Sc 39 Y 57 La 89 Ac 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 58 Ce 90 Th 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 59 Pr 91 Pa 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 60 Nd 92 U 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 61 Pm 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 62 Sm 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 63 Eu 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 64 Gd 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 65 Tb 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 66 Dy 5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 ln 81 Ti 67 Ho 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 68 Er 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 69 Tm 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 70 Yb 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 71 Lu VIIIA 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn Dominated (>50% of Mobilization) Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization) Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined High Toxicity Moderate Toxicity

30 Strategies for Improvement 50% fossil fuels, 10% mining, 50% bio-mass burning Mining=0 Fossil Fuel consumption=0 Fossil Fuels=0 and Mining=0

31 50% fossil fuels, 10% mining, 50% bio-mass burning 1A 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be 12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra 21 Sc 39 Y 57 La 89 Ac 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 58 Ce 90 Th 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 59 Pr 91 Pa 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 60 Nd 92 U 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 61 Pm 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 62 Sm 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 63 Eu 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 64 Gd 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 65 Tb 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 66 Dy 5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 ln 81 Ti 67 Ho 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 68 Er 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 69 Tm 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 70 Yb 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 71 Lu VIIIA 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn Dominated (>50% of Mobilization) Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization) Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined

32 Mining=0 1A 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be 12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra 21 Sc 39 Y 57 La 89 Ac 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 58 Ce 90 Th 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 59 Pr 91 Pa 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 60 Nd 92 U 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 61 Pm 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 62 Sm 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 63 Eu 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 64 Gd 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 65 Tb 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 66 Dy 5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 ln 81 Ti 67 Ho 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 68 Er 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 69 Tm 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 70 Yb 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 71 Lu VIIIA 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn Dominated (>50% of Mobilization) Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization) Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined

33 Fossil Fuel consumption=0 1A 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be 12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra 21 Sc 39 Y 57 La 89 Ac 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 58 Ce 90 Th 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 59 Pr 91 Pa 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 60 Nd 92 U 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 61 Pm 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 62 Sm 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 63 Eu 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 64 Gd 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 65 Tb 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 66 Dy 5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 ln 81 Ti 67 Ho 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 68 Er 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 69 Tm 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 70 Yb 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 71 Lu VIIIA 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn Dominated (>50% of Mobilization) Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization) Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined

34 Fossil Fuels=0 and Mining=0 1A 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be 12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra 21 Sc 39 Y 57 La 89 Ac 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 58 Ce 90 Th 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 59 Pr 91 Pa 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 60 Nd 92 U 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 61 Pm 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 62 Sm 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 63 Eu 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 64 Gd 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 65 Tb 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 66 Dy 5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 ln 81 Ti 67 Ho 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 68 Er 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 69 Tm 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 70 Yb 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 71 Lu VIIIA 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn Dominated (>50% of Mobilization) Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization) Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined

35 90 Dominated Perturbed Unperturbed Total High Toxicity Mod Toxicity Total High Toxicity Mod Toxicity Total High Toxicity Mod Toxicity Klee & Graedel Realistic conservation Mining= Fossil Fuels= Fossil Fuels, Mining= Dominated Perturbed Unperturbed Klee & Graedel Realistic conversation Mining=0 Fossil Fuels=0 Fossil Fuels, Mining=0

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37 Per cent Ant hr opogeni c Mobilization Percent Year Zn As Se Br Mo Ag Cd Sn Sb Te

38 Natural Mobilization By Source 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be 12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra 21 Sc 39 Y 57 La 89 Ac 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 58 Ce 90 Th 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 59 Pr 91 Pa 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 60 Nd 92 U 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 61 Pm 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 62 Sm 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 63 Eu 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 64 Gd 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 65 Tb 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 66 Dy 5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 ln 81 Ti 67 Ho 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 68 Er 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 69 Tm 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 70 Yb 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 71 Lu 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn Crustal weathering Seaspray Plant primary production Undetermined

39 Elements Dominated by Natural Mobilization 1A VIIIA 1 2 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA He 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be 12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra 21 Sc 39 Y 57 La 89 Ac 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 58 Ce 90 Th 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 59 Pr 91 Pa 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 60 Nd 92 U 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 61 Pm 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 62 Sm 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 63 Eu 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 64 Gd 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 65 Tb 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 66 Dy 5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 ln 81 Ti 67 Ho 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 68 Er 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 69 Tm 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 70 Yb 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 71 Lu 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn Crustal weathering* Seaspray Plant primary production Anthropogenic dominates or undetermined *crustal weathering accounts for more mobilization of brown colored elements than seaspray and plant primary production combined (similarly seaspray and plant primary production dominate for blue and green colored elements respectfully).

40 TRI list of 517 toxic chemicals 0 0 On-site Disposa Other On-site D 0 Row # Chemical Class I Wells RCRA Subtitle Other On-Site LSub Total Fugitive Air Em Point Source Air 0 1 1,1,1,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE ,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE ,1,2,2-TETRACHLORO-1-FLUOROETHANE ,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE ,1,2-TRICHLOROETHANE ,1-DICHLORO-1,2,2,3,3-PENTAFLUOROPR ,1-DICHLORO-1,2,2-TRIFLUOROETHANE ,1-DICHLORO-1-FLUOROETHANE ,1-DIMETHYL HYDRAZINE ,2,3-TRICHLOROPROPANE ,2,4-TRICHLOROBENZENE ,2,4-TRIMETHYLBENZENE ,2-BUTYLENE OXIDE ,2-DIBROMO-3-CHLOROPROPANE ,2-DIBROMOETHANE ,2-DICHLORO-1,1,2-TRIFLUOROETHANE ,2-DICHLORO-1,1-DIFLUOROETHANE ,2-DICHLOROBENZENE ,2-DICHLOROETHANE ,2-DICHLOROETHYLENE ,2-DICHLOROPROPANE ,2-DIPHENYLHYDRAZINE

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43 Mercury, Hg Klee and Graedel s Results Natural Sources Anthropogenic Sources Fish, Minamata Bay and CH 3 Hg Toxic levels, CDC report

44 Klee and Gradel s Results for Mining Gg/yr Mercury Mobilization (Modified to correct errors) Fossil Gg/yr Burn Gg/yr Total Gg/yr Total Tg/yr Weather Gg/yr Sea Gg/yr NPP Gg/yr Total Gg/yr Total Tg/yr

45 Anthropogenic Mercury US and World Amount (Metric Tons) 20,000 15,000 10,000 5, Year Primary production Apparent consumption Unit value ($/t) World production

46 Mercury in the Environment

47 Emission from Power Plants in US

48 Fish and CH 3 Hg

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51 CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

52 Mercury in Blood measured on µg/l, From 3 rd CDC

53 Lead, Pb Klee and Graedel s Result Natural Sources Anthropogenic Sources Cycles Toxic levels, CDC report

54 Klee and Gradel s Results for Lead Mobilization Mining Fossil Burn Total Total Gg/yr Gg/yr Gg/yr Gg/yr Tg/yr Weather Sea NPP Total Total Gg/yr Gg/yr Gg/yr Gg/yr Tg/yr

55 Lead Production: World (top); US apparent consumption (yellow); US primary (blue);us secondary 4,000,000 3,500,000 3,000,000 metric tons 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000, , year

56 Lead in Blood, 3 rd CDC Report measured in µg/dl

57 Historical Values

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59 Lead, Pb

60 Lead, Pb

61 How big are our materials flows? DPO 23t/person

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63 How big are our materials flows? US TDO 90t per capita 90 t X 6 billion people =

64 right circular cone 8,848 m 200 km 3 sea level Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay summit Mount Everest, May 1953

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66 Next Class on Tuesday, Sustainability?