The Mobilization of Materials by Human and Natural Activities. 2.83/2.813 T. G. Gutowski

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1 The Mobilization of Materials by Human and Natural Activities 2.83/2.813 T. G. Gutowski

2 Outline 1. Wackernagel s results: carbon cycle 2. Other cycles: rock, water, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus 3. Klee and Graedel 4. Some specific elements 5. New chemicals (TRI, REACH )

3 The Carbon Cycle

4 6CO + H O CH O + O

5 Other Cycles Hutton s Rock Cycle Hydrological Cycle Nitrogen Sulfur Phosphorous

6 Hutton s Rock Cycle Ref. Press and Siever

hydrological cycle http://www.env.leeds.ac.

7 hydrological cycle

8 Nitrogen Cycle large reservoir of N 2 chlorophyll, DNA, RNA fixation by bacteria soy and alfalfa bird guano Haber-Bosch

9 terminology Flows or Fluxes Reservoir (Stocks) Reservoir (Stocks) Residence Time= Amount in Reservoir Rate Out

10 Residence Times Sodium (ocean) 48 million years Iron (ocean) 100 years CO 2 (atmosphere) 10 years Nitrogen (atmosphere) 400 million years Sulfur dioxide (atm) hours to weeks Press and Siever

11 Klee & Graedel look at the mobilization (fluxes) of the elements Natural flows weathering and erosion sea spray primary plant productivity Anthropogenic flow mining fossil fuels biomass burning

12 Flux Categories 1. NPP plant uptake 2. Sea Spray aerosols 3. Erosion crustal weathering 4. Fossil Fuel Burning to air 5. Biomass Burning to air 6. Mining from reservoir

13 Study of 77 of the 92 naturally occurring elements Results for Magnesium Klee & Graedel 2004

14 Adapted from Klee and Graedel, A 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be 12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra 21 Sc 39 Y 57 La 89 Ac 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 58 Ce 90 Th 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 59 Pr 91 Pa 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 60 Nd 92 U 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 61 Pm 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 62 Sm 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 63 Eu 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 64 Gd 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 65 Tb 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 66 Dy 5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 ln 81 Ti 67 Ho 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 68 Er 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 69 Tm 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 70 Yb 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 71 Lu VIIIA 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn Dominated (>50% of Mobilization) Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization) Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined 54/77 = 0.7 red or green

15 This is a first estimate eat my dust preliminary study ignores pathways, exposure, sensitivity doesn t differentiate between the elements more study needed but this doesn t look good (potential disruptions)

16 Methodology Estimated mobilization of total mass of major categories Estimated elemental composition for each category Example: Mt Krakatoa ejected nearly 20km 3 into the air in 1883

17 Quantities Mobilized from Klee and Graedel Category Mass/yr Mass/yr Coal Oil Biomass burning Erosion to rivers Sea spray NPP 4,741 Tg/yr 3,268 Tg/yr 8,600 Tg/yr 1,500 Tg/yr 3,800 Tg/yr 224,500 Tg/yr = 4.7 Gt/yr = 3.3 Gt/yr = 8.6 Gt/yr = 1.5 Gt/yr = 3.8 Gt/yr = Gt/yr

18 Composition Element Average Concentration in Coal in g/mg * Average Concentration in Petroleum in g/mg Average Concentration in Crust in g/mg Average Concentration in Seawater in g/mg Average Concentration in Dry Plant Matter in g/mg 2 He h Li Be d B e C a f i 7 N 5850 a f F Na 400 b Mg 700 b 0.1 d Al b 0.5 d j 14 Si P S a f Cl K 1000 b Ca 2300 b 5.0 d Sc Ti j 23 V j

19 Example: Mt Krakatoa Mt Krakatoa ejected nearly 20km 3 into the air in 1883, almost total darkness in Jakarta, lowers earth s temperature a few degrees for several years tsunami kills 36,000 child of Krakatowa

20 Mt Krakatoa* 1A 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be 12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra 21 Sc 39 Y 57 La 89 Ac 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 58 Ce 90 Th 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 59 Pr 91 Pa 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 60 Nd 92 U 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 61 Pm 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 62 Sm 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 63 Eu 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 64 Gd 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 65 Tb 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 66 Dy 5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 ln 81 Ti 67 Ho 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 68 Er 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 69 Tm 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 70 Yb 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 71 Lu VIIIA 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn Dominated (>50% of Mobilization) Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization) Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined

21 Adapted from Klee and Graedel, A 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be 12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra 21 Sc 39 Y 57 La 89 Ac 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 58 Ce 90 Th 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 59 Pr 91 Pa 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 60 Nd 92 U 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 61 Pm 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 62 Sm 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 63 Eu 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 64 Gd 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 65 Tb 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 66 Dy 5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 ln 81 Ti 67 Ho 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 68 Er 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 69 Tm 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 70 Yb 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 71 Lu VIIIA 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn Dominated (>50% of Mobilization) Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization) Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined 54/77 = 0.7 red or green

22 Mining data from USGS Aluminum Production 30,000,000 metric tons 25,000,000 20,000,000 15,000,000 10,000,000 5,000, year Primary production Secondary production Apparent consumption World production

23 Nitrogen Cycle Revisited Nitrogen fixed by plants Vs Nitrogen added by fertilizer Nitrogen lost to run-off Nitrogen to Carbon ratio

24 Toxicity nutrients and toxins dose - response LD 50 persistent bio-accumulative lead mercury cadmium arsenic

25 Toxicity* 1A 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be 12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra 21 Sc 39 Y 57 La 89 Ac 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 58 Ce 90 Th 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 59 Pr 91 Pa 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 60 Nd 92 U 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 61 Pm 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 62 Sm 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 63 Eu 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 64 Gd 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 65 Tb 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 66 Dy 5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 ln 81 Ti 67 Ho 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 68 Er 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 69 Tm 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 70 Yb 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 71 Lu VIIIA 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn High Toxicity Moderate Toxicity *Adapted from Industrial Ecology (Table 10.5)

26 Adapted from Klee and Graedel 1A 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be 12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra 21 Sc 39 Y 57 La 89 Ac 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 58 Ce 90 Th 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 59 Pr 91 Pa 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 60 Nd 92 U 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 61 Pm 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 62 Sm 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 63 Eu 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 64 Gd 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 65 Tb 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 66 Dy 5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 ln 81 Ti 67 Ho 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 68 Er 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 69 Tm 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 70 Yb 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 71 Lu VIIIA 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn Dominated (>50% of Mobilization) Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization) Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined High Toxicity Moderate Toxicity

27 Adapted from Klee and Graedel 1A 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be 12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra 21 Sc 39 Y 57 La 89 Ac 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 58 Ce 90 Th 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 59 Pr 91 Pa 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 60 Nd 92 U 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 61 Pm 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 62 Sm 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 63 Eu 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 64 Gd 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 65 Tb 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 66 Dy 5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 ln 81 Ti 67 Ho 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 68 Er 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 69 Tm 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 70 Yb 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 71 Lu VIIIA 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn Dominated (>50% of Mobilization) Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization) Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined High Toxicity Moderate Toxicity

28 Strategies for Improvement 50% fossil fuels, 10% mining, 50% bio-mass burning Mining=0 Fossil Fuel consumption=0 Fossil Fuels=0 and Mining=0

29 50% fossil fuels, 10% mining, 50% bio-mass burning 1A 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be 12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra 21 Sc 39 Y 57 La 89 Ac 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 58 Ce 90 Th 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 59 Pr 91 Pa 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 60 Nd 92 U 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 61 Pm 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 62 Sm 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 63 Eu 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 64 Gd 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 65 Tb 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 66 Dy 5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 ln 81 Ti 67 Ho 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 68 Er 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 69 Tm 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 70 Yb 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 71 Lu VIIIA 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn Dominated (>50% of Mobilization) Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization) Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined

30 Mining=0 1A 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be 12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra 21 Sc 39 Y 57 La 89 Ac 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 58 Ce 90 Th 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 59 Pr 91 Pa 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 60 Nd 92 U 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 61 Pm 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 62 Sm 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 63 Eu 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 64 Gd 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 65 Tb 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 66 Dy 5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 ln 81 Ti 67 Ho 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 68 Er 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 69 Tm 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 70 Yb 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 71 Lu VIIIA 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn Dominated (>50% of Mobilization) Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization) Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined

31 Fossil Fuel consumption=0 1A 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be 12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra 21 Sc 39 Y 57 La 89 Ac 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 58 Ce 90 Th 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 59 Pr 91 Pa 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 60 Nd 92 U 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 61 Pm 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 62 Sm 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 63 Eu 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 64 Gd 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 65 Tb 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 66 Dy 5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 ln 81 Ti 67 Ho 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 68 Er 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 69 Tm 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 70 Yb 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 71 Lu VIIIA 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn Dominated (>50% of Mobilization) Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization) Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined

32 Fossil Fuels=0 and Mining=0 1A 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be 12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra 21 Sc 39 Y 57 La 89 Ac 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 58 Ce 90 Th 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 59 Pr 91 Pa 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 60 Nd 92 U 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 61 Pm 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 62 Sm 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 63 Eu 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 64 Gd 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 65 Tb 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 66 Dy 5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 ln 81 Ti 67 Ho 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 68 Er 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 69 Tm 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 70 Yb 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 71 Lu VIIIA 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn Dominated (>50% of Mobilization) Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization) Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined

33 90 Dominated Perturbed Unperturbed Total High Toxicity Mod Toxicity Total High Toxicity Mod Toxicity Total High Toxicity Mod Toxicity Klee & Graedel Realistic conservation Mining= Fossil Fuels= Fossil Fuels, Mining= Dominated Perturbed Unperturbed Klee & Graedel Realistic conversation Mining=0 Fossil Fuels=0 Fossil Fuels, Mining=0

35 Per cent Ant hr opogeni c Mobi l i zat i on P e r c e n t Year Zn As Se Br Mo Ag Cd Sn Sb Te

36 Adapted from Klee and Graedel 1A 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be 12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra 21 Sc 39 Y 57 La 89 Ac 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 58 Ce 90 Th 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 59 Pr 91 Pa 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 60 Nd 92 U 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 61 Pm 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 62 Sm 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 63 Eu 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 64 Gd 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 65 Tb 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 66 Dy 5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 ln 81 Ti 67 Ho 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 68 Er 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 69 Tm 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 70 Yb 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 71 Lu VIIIA 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn Dominated (>50% of Mobilization) Perturbed (15-50% of Mobilization) Unperturbed (<15% of Mobilization) Undetermined

37 Natural Mobilization Dominance 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be 12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra 21 Sc 39 Y 57 La 89 Ac 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 58 Ce 90 Th 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 59 Pr 91 Pa 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 60 Nd 92 U 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 61 Pm 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 62 Sm 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 63 Eu 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 64 Gd 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 65 Tb 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 66 Dy 5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 ln 81 Ti 67 Ho 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 68 Er 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 69 Tm 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 70 Yb 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 71 Lu 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn Crustal weathering Seaspray Plant primary production Undetermined

38 Natural Mobilization Dominance 1A 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be 12 Mg IIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra 21 Sc 39 Y 57 La 89 Ac 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 58 Ce 90 Th 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 59 Pr 91 Pa 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 60 Nd 92 U 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 61 Pm 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 62 Sm 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 63 Eu 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 64 Gd 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 65 Tb 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 66 Dy 5 B 13 Al 31 Ga 49 ln 81 Ti 67 Ho 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 68 Er 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 69 Tm 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 70 Yb 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 71 Lu VIIIA 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn Crustal weathering* Seaspray Plant primary production Anthropogenic dominates or undetermined *crustal weathering accounts for more mobilization of brown colored elements than seaspray and plant primary production combined (similarly seaspray and plant primary production dominate for blue and green colored elements respectfully).

39 TRI list of 517 toxic chemicals 504 TRIS(2,3-DIBROMOPROPYL) PHOSPHATE TRYPAN BLUE URETHANE VANADIUM (EXCEPT WHEN CONTAINED IN VANADIUM COMPOUNDS VINCLOZOLIN VINYL ACETATE VINYL CHLORIDE VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE WARFARIN AND SALTS XYLENE (MIXED ISOMERS) ZINC (FUME OR DUST) ZINC COMPOUNDS ZINEB Total

42 Lead Production: World (top); US apparent consumption (yellow); US primary (blue);us secondary 4,000,000 3,500,000 3,000,000 metric tons 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000, , year

43 Mercury, Hg Klee and Graedel s Results Natural Sources Anthropogenic Sources Fish, Minamata Bay and CH 3 Hg Toxic levels, CDC report

44 Klee and Gradel s Results for Mining Gg/yr Mercury Mobilization (Modified to correct errors) Fossil Gg/yr Burn Gg/yr Total Gg/yr Total Tg/yr Weather Gg/yr Sea Gg/yr NPP Gg/yr Total Gg/yr Total Tg/yr

45 Mercury in the Environment

46 Anthropogenic Mercury US and World Amount (Metric Tons) 20,000 15,000 10,000 5, Year Primary production Apparent consumption Unit value ($/t) World production

47 Emission from Power Plants in US

48 Fish and CH 3 Hg

51 CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

52 Mercury in Blood measured on µg/l, From 3 rd CDC

53 Lead, Pb Klee and Graedel s Result Natural Sources Anthropogenic Sources Cycles Toxic levels, CDC report

54 Klee and Gradel s Results for Lead Mobilization Mining Fossil Burn Total Total Gg/yr Gg/yr Gg/yr Gg/yr Tg/yr Weather Sea NPP Total Total Gg/yr Gg/yr Gg/yr Gg/yr Tg/yr

55 Lead in Blood, 3 rd CDC Report measured in µg/dl

56 Historical Values

58 Lead, Pb

59 Lead, Pb

60 Materials Flows m& in M m& out M = ( m& m& ) dt in out

62 How big are our materials flows? US TDO 90t per capita 90 t X 6 billion people =

63 right circular cone 8,848 m 200 km 3 sea level Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay summit Mount Everest, May 1953

66 No Class on Tuesday, on Thursday Exergy!