Understanding the Science and Synergy in Chemistries & Processes

Transcription

1 Understanding the Science and Synergy in Chemistries & Processes LeRoy Palmer odd Eden

2 he First Step to Solving a Problem is Identifying the rue Problem L

3 he Gradual Death of a Well Why? Can this Industry rend be Changed? L

4 Well Performance Measurement Yield in GPM / Drawdown in Feet (ftdd) Yield = 200 GPM / Drawdown = 50 ftdd 200 GPM / 50 ft. Specific Capacity = 4 GPM/ftdd L

5 It s just water... right? Evidently Not...

6 And Every Well is Unique! Age Materials of Construction Historical Maintenance Frequency and Duration of use/non-use Geography Hydrogeology Water Quality L

7 Is it just Iron and Water Rust?

8 Is it just Dirt and Scale?

9 here are Vast Differences... Iron Bacteria Well Scale Well Scale Well Scale

10 hese ALL have the SAME Problems

11 Minerals + Metals + Microbes

12 Minerals, Scale, Salts Calcite Well Scale Caliche & Brine Scale Microbial Induced

13 Metals Iron, Corrosion Iron Metal and Rust Microbial Induced ubercles of Iron with trace Minerals

14 Microbes L

15 he rue Problem he 3 M s Minerals Metals Microbes Calcium Magnesium Silica Potassium Phosphate Sulfate DS Iron Copper Manganese Corrosion Products Also DS Algae Bacteria Fungi Yeast Mold Mildew Slime, Filamentous Spore Forming Aerobic (with oxygen) Anaerobic (without oxygen) Exponential Reproduction L

16 Bacteria & Coliforms L

17 Iron Bacteria (Iron, Sulfate, Manganese Utilizing Species) Sphaerotilus Leptohrix Galionella Ferruginea Can help hide/protect pathogen growth Coliforms / E.coli L

18 "It can get away with surviving using stuff besides oxygen, like iron and sulfate" Iron Bacteria Iron Sludge Iron ubercles L

19 Non-pathogenic Common Soil Bacteria Slime Forming Pseudomonas Aerobacter Flavobacter Acinetobacter 2,000 ests 88% the problem Plugging / stalks (corrosive enzymes) Gallionella Crenothrix Lepothrix Siderocapsa Corrosion & Odors (hydrogen sulfide gas - lethal) Sulfate Reducing Bacteria Iron Bacteria Families Found in wells and systems 8% the problem L

20 ubercles, Nodules, MIC, SRB s Bacteriological Acid Localized Corrosion 22 mils per year on mild steel. Crevice failure appears rapidly. L

21 Microbial Induced Corrosion 22 mils per year on Iron Bottom 2 Images are Stainless Steel L

22 Decisions... Descale? Disinfect? Biodisperse? Biocide? Mineral? Metal? Microbe? Volume? Energy? ime?

23 Why do Organisms... Attach? o absorb nutrients. Encrust? Protection. Excrete Polysaccharides? Non-toxic anti-sticking coatings prevent attachment of microorganisms thus negating the use of biocides. hese coatings are usually based on organic polymers, which allow researchers to add additional functions too, such as antimicrobial activity. here are two classes of non-toxic antifouling coatings. he most common class relies on low friction and low surface energies. his results in hydrophobic surfaces. hese coatings create a smooth surface which can prevent attachment of larger microorganisms. For example, fluoropolymers and silicone coatings are commonly used. hese coatings are ecologically inert but have problems with mechanical strength and long term stability. Specifically, after days, biofilms (slime) can coat the surfaces which buries the chemical activity and allows microorganisms to attach. (2) L

24 Polysaccharides Pathogenic bacteria commonly produce a thick, mucous-like, layer of polysaccharide. nearly two hundred different polysaccharides are produced by E. coli alone. Polysaccharides help adhere and protect. L

25 L

26 Colony Forming Units Bacteria L

27 Why have we been Brushing & Bailing without a Biocide? L

28 he Disparity Between Chlorine Biodispersants Biocides For Microbial Removal, Reduction, Suppression

29 Chlorine and supplements Chlorine / Disinfectants destroy microorganisms by attacking their cell wall. Mostly effective on soluble organisms and minor biofilms. Overuse causes barriers to effectiveness do not exceed 200 ppm at any given treatment exercise ph adjustment with multiple treatments between flushing L

30 Biodispersants Biodispersants improve the separation of bio-matter and are designed to prevent their settling or clumping. L

31 Biocide Biocides are a chemical substance or microbe which can deter, render harmless, or exert a controlling effect on any harmful organism by chemical or biological means. Biocides are intended to destroy microbial life, including penetrating the cellular walls and spores destroying the organisms DNA.

32 Chlorination Problems 1. Super chlorination levels of 1000, 2000 and 5000 mg/l may not be effective mg/l failed about 50% of the time 3. High concentrations are very oxidative 4. Higher levels can be greater than ph 10 and ineffective at that level 5. High ph promotes mineral precipitation 6. Strong oxidation changes the polysaccharide which hardens the biofilm covering he most effective disinfection levels were the 50 mg/l and the 200 mg/l of Chlorine L

33 Chlorination Insights & Observations 1. Disinfect according to current AWWA & EPA protocols. 2. If you have a biological problem, increase the frequency of disinfection, not the quantity of chlorine per treatment. 3. Adjust your water ph to optimize your disinfection. 4. Chlorine is not effective in stagnant water conditions. 5. Chlorine is not effective against spore formed organisms, tuberculation or nodules. 6. Chlorine is corrosive, oxidized iron is microbial food. 7. If you are continually battling microbial issues requiring disinfection, you probably have a microbial infestation and should consider cleaning the well and using a biocide. L

34 Biocide Insight (HP = Hydrogen Peroxide) 1. If you think chlorine or acid is corrosive wait till you see HP. 2. DO NO USE HP without a qualifying inhibitor it will destroy rubber seals and noble metals. 3. HP can be catalyzed 100 to 1,000 times more effective. 4. HP penetrates and destroys the DNA of spore forming organisms. 5. Overuse of HP does not toughen bio-film or polysaccharide. 6. In case of spill add water to achieve a 3% dilution. 7. HP diluted must be used the same day. 8. HP completely degrades to oxygen and water within 7-21 days. 9. Interesting that a 50% solution will not freeze until -50 Deg. C.

35 Water Well Cleaning Goals Minerals Metals Microbes Brush and Bail Acid Acid Biocide Brush, Bail, Swab, Bail Acid Acid Biocide Soak ime, Energy Passivate/Neutralize Develop & Disinfect Downhole Sodium Bicarbonate (Soda Water) Above Ground Sodium Bicarbonate or Soda Ash Chlorine and ph Adjustment Controlled energy products with the proper acid and biocide is typically endorsed with qualifying circumstances.

36 Chemistry, Processes and Procedures

37 here are Vast Differences in Descalers Scale Dissolving Volume Scale Dissolving Rate Iron Sludge Dissolving Rate Iron Bacteria Dissolution Spore and Nodule Dissolution Corrosion Inhibitor Capacity and Longevity Biocide Capacity and Longevity Mineral and Metals Solubility Limitations Chemical Synergy & Compatibility Against Organisms Discharge Effluent, Flushing Volume Dissolved, dispersed and suspended solids Foaming Conditioning and Developing the well into service

38 L

39 Scale Dissolving Research Rank Product (25 grams total) Scale Dissolved, grams 1 Sulfamic Acid Sulfamic Acid with catalyst HCl 34% with catalyst HCl 34% Product Product Phosphoric Acid 75% Phosphoric Acid 75% with catalyst and Peroxide Citric Acid Citric Acid with catalyst and Peroxide Product M&A Product LD Product OS MI SWACO Ringfree Bicrabus * Solubility hreshold Limitations Oxalic Acid (0.9) 17 Oxalic Acid with catalyst and Peroxide (0.9)

40 Solubility hresholds Substance Formula 20 C - 68 F Calcium acetate Ca(C2H3O2)2.2H2O Magnesium sulfate MgSO Solubility Soluble Calcium bicarbonate Ca(HCO3) Monocalcium phosphate Ca(H2PO4) Magnesium carbonate MgCO Calcium sulfate CaSO4.2H2O Dicalcium phosphate CaHPO Insoluble Calcium phosphate Ca3(PO4) Magnesium phosphate Mg3(PO4)

41 HCl at ph 3.0 carries 12,000 ppm DS. With dispersion chemistry HCl at ph 3.0 can carry 120,000 ppm DS x10 As acid is spent, ph rises. HCl at ph 4.0 only carries 2,400 ppm DS With dispersion chemistry HCl at ph 7.0 carries a whopping 108,000 ppm DS - x45 L

42 Scale Dissolving Rates

43 Corrosion Inhibition Characteristics ph is NO the indicator

44 2014 Game Changing Research Brushing, Bailing, Cleaning - Do we really want to spread or embed colony forming units throughout the well when brushing, bursting or pressure washing without having an effective biocide in place? How are screened intervals cleaned without embedding biomatter and debris into the gravel pack and strata? How much scale does one chemical dissolve over the other, and over what time? Maintain ph below 3. Right or Wrong?

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46 Maintain ph below 3. Right or Wrong? Parameter HCl 10% HCl 9% WK 1% Variance ph N/A Calcium 7,950 9,140 13% Magnesium % Calcium Hardness 19,800 22,800 13% Magnesium Hardness % otal Hardness 20,200 23,200 13% DS 33,700 34,600 3% Results after complete saturation with well scale

47 he Case for Downhole Passivation CHLORIDES + Entrained Acid + Iron Casing/Soluble Iron = CORROSION = Nutrients for Iron Bacteria Entrained acid and chlorides in gravel pack, behind casing, absorbed into the granular structure of metals. NEW - Passivate & Neutralize with Sodium Bicarbonate (soda water). raditional - Neutralize above ground

48 Notables... Synergy in chemistry, process and procedures For the treatment of Minerals, Metals and Microbes Q: Should cleaners and biocides be used together? A: If they are labeled compatible, yes. 1. Scale and corrosion products are food for organisms. Stirring up organisms propagates microbes throughout the environment. Microbes are colony forming units. You want as few colony forming units as possible. 2. Also, bio-films are resistant to acid just like scale is not easily dissolved by biocides.

49 Hydrogen Sulfide Gas

50 ake-a-ways 1. he synergy between chemistry, process and procedures define optimum results. 2. Professional Assessments can be priceless. 3. Activity downhole without effective microbiological control can cause the premature death of water wells - Brush and Bail with Corrosion Inhibited Biocide

51 5. Biocides are effective at penetrating and breaking down bio-film and polysaccharides acids are not. 6. Energy products embed bio-matter. Use protective measures against bio-film and polysaccharides. 7. Downhole passivation is essential 8. Proper application of chlorine is essential 9. Chlorine, disinfectants and biodispersants are only effective on surface and soluble organisms.

52 Effective Removal of Bio-films Acid Disinfectant Biodispersant Assists Biocide

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54 HCl HCl + H2O2 HCl + H2O2+++

55 Industry Advancements Pump in place (insitu) Well Maintenance Pump in place (insitu) Well Rehabilitation Well Restoration Corrosion Inhibited Biocides Water Well Layup Chemistry Downhole passivation / Neutralization Differences in chemistry, processes and procedures Synergy between chemistry, processes and procedures History of the well is critical to the best diagnoses ph is not a valid indicator of acid descaling or corrosivity Chemical solubility thresholds are important

56 Questions... hank you L&