Supporting Information

Transcription

1 Supporting Information The role of outsourcing in driving global carbon emissions Arunima Malik 1* and Jun Lan 1 1ISA, School of Physics A28, The University of Sydney NSW 2006, Australia * Corresponding author: arunima.malik@sydney.edu.au, Tel: ; Fax:

2 Contents S1 Review of MRIO-based structural decomposition analyses of carbon emissions... 3 S2 Explanation of an increase or decrease in carbon emissions due to a change in production recipe... 7 S2.1 India... 7 S2.2 South Africa... 8 S2.3 China... 9 S2.4 Brazil S2.5 Russia S2.6 Australia S2.7 United States S2.8 Japan S2.9 Germany S2.10 France S2.11 United Kingdom S3 Carbon leakage S4 Structural decomposition of carbon footprints for the former Soviet Republics ( ) S5 Structural decomposition of carbon footprints for China, United States, United Kingdom and Germany ( ) S6 Individual information S6.1 Mongolia S6.2 Zimbabwe S6.3 South Africa, Namibia and Tanzania S6.4 China, India, Brazil and certain Middle Eastern and African nations S7 Commodity content of outsourcing S8 List of countries and sectors covered in the analysis Supporting Information References

3 S1 Review of MRIO-based structural decomposition analyses of carbon emissions Structural decomposition analysis (SDA) has been widely used for identifying drivers of change for a range of environmental indicators (Brizga et al. 2014; Cellura et al. 2012; De Haan 2001; Guan et al. 2008; Ma and Stern 2008; Peters et al. 2007; Roca and Serrano 2007; Weber 2009; Weinzettel and Kovanda 2011; Xu et al. 2011; Zhang and Lahr 2014; Zhang et al. 2015). In particular, many studies have analysed the drivers of change in carbon emissions for a particular or a set of countries (see Table S1 for a selection of such studies). Changes in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions either over time or across countries can be monitored by employing SDA coupled with an input output (IO) table. The SDA technique utilizes IO databases to unravel the roles of physical and economic determinants, such as technological change, production structure and population growth, in driving up or down carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions over a specified time period. Multi-region input-output (MRIO) analysis is acknowledged as a sound and appropriate methodology to underpin trade-related CO2 accounting from a consumption perspective (Peters 2010; Wiedmann et al. 2007; Wiedmann 2009). More specifically, Lenzen et al. (2012) emphasise that MRIO tables document relationships between industry sectors (so-called production recipes ) and are thus able to trace carbon emissions through complex international supply chains networks. Benefiting from a number of global MRIO databases with detailed regional and sectoral coverage, and also environmental extensions developed in recent years, the application of MRIO tables to provide consumption-based CO2 emission accounts for various regions and countries has been strengthened (Hertwich and Peters 2009; Tukker and Dietzenbacher 2013; Wiedmann et al. 2011). Five popular MRIO databases are EXIOPOL (Tukker et al. 2013), GTAP (Andrew and Peters 2013), Eora (Lenzen et al. 2013), AIIOT (Meng et al. 2013) and WIOD (Dietzenbacher et al. 2013). With the advent of MRIO databases, a number of studies ensued in calculating CO2 footprints from the consumption-based accounting perspective. Following are some examples of such studies: Baiocchi and Minx (2010) use an MRIO model covering UK, non-europe OECD countries and non-oecd countries to undertake 3

4 a structural decomposition analysis for investigating the drivers of change in CO2 emissions from consumption in the UK between 1992 and UK imports from all regions and region-specific production structures and also CO2 intensities are considered. Domestic changes in efficiency and production structure are quantified, offsetting CO2 emission increases from changes in the global supply chain and from growing consumer demand. Owen et al. (2014) investigate the contribution of source data, system structure, technical coefficients and final demand to variations in consumption-based CO2 emissions of countries using three MRIO databases Eora, GTAP and WIOD. Xu and Dietzenbacher (2014) quantify the forces driving the growth in CO2 emissions embodied in trade by utilizing the WIOD database covering 40 countries from 1995 to Their results demonstrate that the growth of emissions embodied in imports is much higher than the growth of emissions embodied in exports for many developed countries due to the change in the structure of trade, both in intermediate and in final products. Emerging economies like the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) countries have increased their share of production and trade. Furthermore, the authors offer complementary insights both in terms of analysis and policy. 4

5 Table S1 Selected studies on drivers of change in carbon emissions from Relevant literature on carbon emissions Year of Publication Authors 2000 Ang and Zhang (2000) 2005 Wang et al. (2005) 2007 Liao et al. (2007) 2007 Raupach et al. (2007) 2007 Peters et al. (2007) 2008 Chang et al. (2008) 2008 Guan et al. (2008) 2008 Hatzigeorgiou et al. (2008) 2009 Zhang et al. (2009) 2009 Lim et al. (2009) 2009 Wachsmann et al. (2009) 2010 Donglan et al. (2010) 2010 Baiocchi and Minx (2010) 2011 Xu et al. (2011) 2011 Yamakawa and Peters (2011) 2012 Steinberger et al. (2012) 2013 Hepburn and Bowen (2013) 2013 Jakob et al. (2013) 2013 Skelton (2013) 2014 Steininger et al. (2014) 2013 Jakob and Marschinski (2013) 5

6 2014 Jakob and Edenhofer (2014) 2014 Blanco et al. (2014) 2014 Clark et al. (2014) 2014 Meng et al. (2014) 2014 Edenhofer et al. (2014) 2014 Victor et al. (2014) 2014 Jakob et al. (2014) 2014 Arto and Dietzenbacher (2014) 2015 Wang and Wang (2015) 2015 Tian et al. (2015) 6

7 S2 Explanation of an increase or decrease in carbon emissions due to a change in production recipe S2.1 India Table S2.1 Selected positive and negative components of the production recipe of India ( )*. The numbers represent the change in embodied carbon dioxide emissions in the particular links between the sectors over the time-period , as either a positive (accelerating) change or a negative (decelerating) change. 10 positive components 10 negative components Exporting Importing Sector of importing Exporting Importing Sector of importing Sector of exporting Value(Gg) Sector of exporting Value(Gg) CHN Electrical and Machinery IND to Private to Private 2.9E+05 USA IND -6.6E+05 USA Electrical and Machinery IND to Private 1.4E+05 USA IND Recycling -4.8E+05 CHN to Private to Private IND 1.1E+05 TWN Electrical and Machinery IND Non-Metallic Mineral -1.7E+03 JPN Electrical and Machinery IND to Private to Private 1.0E+05 DEU Construction IND -1.2E+03 JPN to Private IND 7.0E+04 JPN IND Other Manufacturing -1.2E+03 DEU to Private to Private IND 6.2E+04 GBR Public Administration IND -8.7E+02 CHN to Private to Private IND 6.1E+04 GBR Retail Trade IND -7.7E+02 DEU Electrical and Machinery IND to Private 5.0E+04 JPN Construction IND Recycling -6.9E+02 CHN Electrical and Machinery IND Recycling 4.8E+04 GBR IND Other Manufacturing -6.2E+02 CHN Metal IND to Private 3.6E+04 JPN IND Metal -5.9E+02 * Country acronyms are listed in Section S8. 7

8 S2.2 South Africa Table S2.2 Selected positive and negative components of the production recipe of South Africa ( )*. The numbers represent the change in embodied carbon in the particular links between the sectors over the time-period , as either a positive (accelerating) change or a negative (decelerating) change. Exporting Sector of exporting 10 positive components 10 negative components Importing CHN Electrical and Machinery ZAF CHN Non-Metallic Mineral ZAF DEU Transport Equipment ZAF DEU ZAF AUS ZAF GBR ZAF Sector of importing to Private to Private to Private to Private to Private to Private Value(Gg) 3.3E E+05 Exporting USA USA Sector of exporting Importing ZAF 1.1E+05 JPN Electrical and Machinery ZAF Sector of importing to Private Value(Gg) -4.6E+06 ZAF -1.6E+06 to Private -9.5E E+04 JPN Electrical and Machinery ZAF -4.7E E+04 CHN Electrical and Machinery ZAF Transport 1.5E+04 FRA CHN Non-Metallic Mineral BRA ZAF GBR 1.6E+04 JPN Electrical and Machinery ZAF ZAF -9.4E+03 Non-Metallic Mineral -7.8E+03 ZAF -5.4E+03 ZAF Fishing 1.5E+04 JPN Electrical and Machinery ZAF Maintenance and Repair -4.9E+03 to Private DEU Transport Equipment ZAF Transport 1.1E+04 USA * Country acronyms are listed in Section S8. 1.3E+04 DEU Electrical and Machinery ZAF -4.6E+03 Non-Metallic Mineral ZAF Textiles and Wearing Apparel -4.6E+03 8

9 S2.3 China Table S2.3 Selected positive and negative components of the production recipe of China ( )*. The numbers represent the change in embodied carbon in the particular links between the sectors over the time-period , as either a positive (accelerating) change or a negative (decelerating) change. Exporting Sector of exporting 10 positive components 10 negative components Importing USA Electrical and Machinery CHN USA Non-Metallic Mineral CHN Sector of importing Value(Gg) Exporting Sector of exporting Importing Sector of importing Value(Gg) 9.1E+03 USA CHN -2.0E E+03 JPN Electrical and Machinery CHN -1.1E+04 USA Electrical and Machinery CHN Public Administration 2.1E+03 USA CHN USA Non-Metallic Mineral CHN DEU CHN KOR Electrical and Machinery CHN JPN Electrical and Machinery CHN USA Electrical and Machinery CHN AUS CHN SGP Electrical and Machinery CHN * Country acronyms are listed in Section S8. to Private to Private Maintenance and Repair Non-Metallic Mineral -1.0E E+03 JPN CHN -4.2E E+03 USA CHN Maintenance and Repair -3.3E E+03 USA CHN Transport -2.9E E+03 DEU Electrical and Machinery CHN -1.7E E+03 JPN Electrical and Machinery CHN Electrical and Machinery -1.3E E+03 JPN Construction CHN -8.8E E+02 TWN Electrical and Machinery CHN -7.0E+02 9

10 S2.4 Brazil Table S2.4 Selected positive and negative components of the production recipe of Brazil ( )*. The numbers represent the change in embodied carbon in the particular links between the sectors over the time-period , as either a positive (accelerating) change or a negative (decelerating) change. 10 positive components 10 negative components Exporting Importing Sector of importing Exporting Importing Sector of importing Sector of exporting Value(Gg) Sector of exporting Value(Gg) CHN Electrical and Machinery BRA Fishing 1.1E+04 USA BRA Fishing -2.5E+05 CHN Electrical and Machinery BRA Post and Telecommunications 2.6E+03 USA BRA Transport -5.9E+04 USA BRA Maintenance and Repair 1.9E+03 JPN Electrical and Machinery BRA Transport -7.4E+02 CHN Electrical and Machinery BRA Mining and Quarrying 1.3E+03 DEU BRA Transport -7.1E+02 USA Electrical and Machinery BRA Mining and Quarrying 1.2E+03 SAU BRA Fishing -5.8E+02 USA Non-Metallic Mineral BRA Textiles and Wearing Apparel 1.1E+03 JPN BRA Transport -5.2E+02 CHN Electrical and Machinery BRA Metal 9.8E+02 FRA BRA Transport -4.5E+02 Textiles and Wearing Fishing Construction AUS BRA 7.6E+02 USA BRA Apparel -4.5E+02 DEU BRA Mining and Quarrying 6.7E+02 DEU Electrical and Machinery BRA Transport -3.3E+02 Post and Public Administration Agriculture JPN BRA Telecommunications 6.5E+02 USA BRA -2.9E+02 * Country acronyms are listed in Section S8. 10

11 S2.5 Russia Table S2.5 Selected positive and negative components of the production recipe of Russia ( )*. The numbers represent the change in embodied carbon in the particular links between the sectors over the time-period , as either a positive (accelerating) change or a negative (decelerating) change. 10 positive components 10 negative components Exporting Importing Sector of importing Exporting Importing Sector of importing Sector of exporting Value(Gg) Sector of exporting Value(Gg) CHN Electrical and Machinery RUS to Private to Private 2.4E+10 USA Post and Telecommunications RUS -2.3E+08 USA RUS to Private to Private 9.9E+09 GBR Education, Health and Other RUS -1.6E+08 CHN Electrical and Machinery RUS Transport Equipment 7.1E+05 USA RUS Transport Equipment -4.9E+07 CHN Textiles and Wearing Apparel RUS Textiles and Wearing to Private 1.4E+04 NZL RUS Apparel -1.1E+07 CHN Electrical and Machinery RUS Hotels and Restaurants 3.1E+03 USA Construction RUS Transport Equipment -2.6E+06 CHN Non-Metallic RUS Non-Metallic Mineral Mineral 1.7E+03 USA RUS -1.9E+06 CHN Construction RUS 1.7E+03 GBR RUS Transport Equipment -1.7E+06 PRT Public Administration RUS Transport Equipment 1.0E+03 USA Electrical and Machinery RUS -1.9E+05 CHN Retail Trade RUS 7.0E+02 JPN RUS -9.9E+04 GIN Transport RUS to Private 7.0E+02 IND Agriculture RUS Transport Equipment -9.0E+04 * Country acronyms are listed in Section S8. 11

12 S2.6 Australia Table S2.6 Selected positive and negative components of the production recipe of Australia ( )*. The numbers represent the change in embodied carbon in the particular links between the sectors over the time-period , as either a positive (accelerating) change or a negative (decelerating) change. Exporting Sector of exporting 10 positive components 10 negative components Importing CHN Electrical and Machinery AUS CHN Non-Metallic Mineral AUS Sector of importing Value(Gg) Exporting Sector of exporting Importing Sector of importing Value(Gg) 1.2E+04 USA AUS -2.9E E+03 USA AUS Non-Metallic Mineral CHN Construction AUS 4.6E+03 JPN AUS Metal -7.9E+02 USA Wholesale Trade AUS Transport 4.0E+03 JPN Electrical and Machinery AUS -6.3E+02 DEU AUS 3.7E+03 JPN Construction AUS -2.1E+02 GBR AUS 3.6E+03 USA Electrical and Machinery AUS Maintenance and Repair -2.1E+02 CHN Electrical and Machinery AUS Non-Metallic Mineral 3.3E+03 DEU Construction AUS -8.1E+01 JPN AUS Transport 1.7E+03 GBR Public Administration AUS -7.9E+01 CHN Transport Equipment AUS 9.8E+02 ESP Education, Health and Other AUS -7.4E+01 USA Transport AUS Transport 9.0E+02 USA Transport AUS Wood and Paper -6.8E+01 * Country acronyms are listed in Section S E+05 12

13 S2.7 United States Table S2.7 Selected positive and negative components of the production recipe of United States ( )*. The numbers represent the change in embodied carbon in the particular links between the sectors over the time-period , as either a positive (accelerating) change or a negative (decelerating) change. Exporting Sector of exporting 10 positive components 10 negative components Importing CHN 1 Electrical and Machinery USA Sector of importing Value(Gg) Exporting Sector of exporting Importing Sector of importing Value(Gg) 5.9E+03 JPN Electrical and Machinery USA Transport -6.4E+03 CHN Electrical and Machinery USA Transport 3.2E+03 JPN Electrical and Machinery USA CHN CHN Non-Metallic Mineral Non-Metallic Mineral USA -3.4E E+03 JPN Electrical and Machinery USA Maintenance and Repair -1.4E+03 USA Transport 1.3E+03 DEU Electrical and Machinery USA Transport -6.2E+02 CHN Electrical and Machinery USA Wood and Paper 1.1E+03 GBR DEU USA BRA Non-Metallic Mineral USA DEU Electrical and Machinery USA CHN Textiles and Wearing Apparel USA AUS USA * Country acronyms are listed in Section S8. Textiles and Wearing Apparel 3.7E E+02 FRA GBR USA Transport -4.4E+02 USA Transport -3.8E+02 USA -3.4E E+02 CAN Transport Equipment USA Transport -2.6E E+02 ITA Electrical and Machinery USA Transport -2.4E E+02 JPN Electrical and Machinery USA Non-Metallic Mineral -2.3E+02 1 The USA has substituted Chinese for Japanese imports of telecommunications and sound equipment, electrical machinery and appliances, and office equipment, thus offsetting the domestic reductions somewhat

14 S2.8 Japan Table S2.8 Selected positive and negative components of the production recipe of Japan ( )*. The numbers represent the change in embodied carbon in the particular links between the sectors over the time-period , as either a positive (accelerating) change or a negative (decelerating) change. Exporting Sector of exporting 10 positive components 10 negative components Importing Sector of importing Value(Gg) Exporting CHN Electrical and Machinery JPN Mining and Quarrying 1.7E+04 USA CHN Non-Metallic Mineral USA Wholesale Trade JPN Maintenance and Repair 4.3E+03 SAU CHN Construction JPN Mining and Quarrying 3.6E+03 FRA AUS JPN Mining and Quarrying 2.0E+03 CAN KOR Non-Metallic Mineral Sector of exporting Importing JPN Sector of importing Value(Gg) -2.3E+04 JPN Mining and Quarrying 1.2E+04 USA Public Administration JPN Mining and Quarrying -8.9E+03 JPN Mining and Quarrying 1.3E+03 SAU USA Transport JPN Transport 1.0E+03 USA Transport Equipment JPN AUS JPN 7.1E+02 FRA USA Electrical and Machinery JPN Electrical and Machinery 4.4E+02 GBR Non-Metallic Mineral KOR * Country acronyms are listed in Section S8. JPN 4.2E+02 FRA Non-Metallic Mineral Education, Health and Other JPN Mining and Quarrying -8.8E+02 JPN Mining and Quarrying -6.1E+02 JPN Mining and Quarrying -2.5E+02 JPN Non-Metallic Mineral -1.9E E+02 JPN Mining and Quarrying -1.6E+02 JPN Mining and Quarrying -1.0E+02 JPN -9.6E+01 14

15 S2.9 Germany Table S2.9 Selected positive and negative components of the production recipe of Germany ( )*. The numbers represent the change in embodied carbon in the particular links between the sectors over the time-period , as either a positive (accelerating) change or a negative (decelerating) change. Exporting Sector of exporting 10 positive components 10 negative components Importing CHN Electrical and Machinery DEU CHN Textiles and Wearing Apparel DEU CHN Non-Metallic Mineral DEU CHN DEU CHN Electrical and Machinery DEU Sector of importing Textiles and Wearing Apparel Textiles and Wearing Apparel Value(Gg) 7.4E E+03 Exporting USA USA Sector of exporting Importing DEU 1.9E+03 USA Electrical and Machinery DEU 1.6E+03 USA Construction DEU 1.3E+03 GBR Education, Health and Other CHN Electrical and Machinery DEU Transport 1.2E+03 USA Wholesale Trade DEU CHN Electrical and Machinery DEU Maintenance and Repair 1.2E+03 FRA USA Transport DEU Transport 1.1E+03 GBR CHN Non-Metallic Mineral DEU JPN DEU * Country acronyms are listed in Section S8. Textiles and Wearing Apparel Education, Health and Other Sector of importing Value(Gg) -2.3E+04 DEU Transport -9.6E+03 DEU DEU Non-Metallic Mineral Non-Metallic Mineral -2.1E E E E E+01 DEU Transport -7.0E E+02 USA Construction DEU Mining and Quarrying -6.4E E+02 GBR Education, Health and Other DEU Non-Metallic Mineral -5.1E+01 15

16 S2.10 France Table S2.10 Selected positive and negative components of the production recipe of France ( )*. The numbers represent the change in embodied carbon in the particular links between the sectors over the time-period , as either a positive (accelerating) change or a negative (decelerating) change. 10 positive components 10 negative components Exporting Importing Sector of importing Exporting Importing Sector of exporting Value(Gg) Sector of exporting CHN Electrical and Machinery FRA 1.2E+03 USA FRA CHN Electrical and Machinery FRA Transport 1.1E+03 USA Education, Health and Other FRA DEU FRA Transport 6.6E+02 JPN Electrical and Machinery FRA CHN Non-Metallic Mineral CHN Electrical and Machinery FRA FRA Transport 4.3E+02 JPN Non-Metallic Mineral FRA Sector of importing Value(Gg) -9.3E E E E E+02 JPN Electrical and Machinery FRA Transport -2.1E+02 USA Transport FRA Transport 4.1E+02 ITA FRA -1.3E+02 Non-Metallic CHN FRA 3.7E+02 ITA Electrical and Machinery FRA -1.2E+02 Mineral DEU Transport Equipment FRA Transport 3.6E+02 GBR FRA Non-Metallic Mineral -1.0E+02 CHN FRA Transport 3.1E+02 ITA Electrical and Machinery FRA Transport -9.6E+01 Non-Metallic CHN FRA Non-Metallic Mineral 2.9E+02 DEU Construction FRA -7.5E+01 Mineral * Country acronyms are listed in Section S8. 16

17 S2.11 United Kingdom Table S2.11 Selected positive and negative components of the production recipe of the United Kingdom ( )*. The numbers represent the change in embodied carbon in the particular links between the sectors over the time-period , as either a positive (accelerating) change or a negative (decelerating) change. Exporting Sector of exporting 10 positive components 10 negative components Importing Sector of importing Value(Gg) Exporting Sector of exporting Importing Sector of importing CHN Electrical and Machinery GBR 5.1E+03 USA GBR -1.1E+05 CHN Electrical and Machinery GBR Transport 1.2E+03 USA GBR Transport -2.5E+04 CHN GBR 1.2E+03 USA Electrical and Machinery GBR -1.7E+04 CHN Non-Metallic GBR 1.0E+03 USA Mineral GBR Mining and Quarrying -9.1E+03 DEU Transport Equipment GBR Recycling 9.2E+02 JPN Electrical and Machinery GBR -2.7E+03 AUS GBR 3.8E+02 DEU GBR -2.1E+03 DEU GBR Other Manufacturing 2.5E+02 DEU Electrical and Machinery GBR -1.2E+03 AUS GBR Transport 1.7E+02 JPN Electrical and Machinery GBR Transport -5.9E+02 DEU Non-Metallic GBR Non-Metallic Mineral Mineral 1.2E+02 DEU Construction GBR -3.3E+02 DEU Transport Equipment GBR Transport 1.1E+02 FRA Non-Metallic Mineral GBR -2.7E+02 * Country acronyms are listed in Section S8. Value(Gg) 17

18 S3 Carbon leakage Figure S3 Results from a weighted-least-squares (WLS) regression of ΔRoWCFP/ΔTCFP against per-capita GDP. Circle sizes are proportional to ΔTCFP, which was also used as a weight in the WLS regression. Rest-of-World Carbon Footprint (RoWCFP); Total Carbon Footprint (TCFP). We observe a general trend indicating that with increasing per-capita GDP, the total carbon footprint (TCFP) is increasingly concentrated on imports (Figure S3). This can be demonstrated by applying a weighted least squares (WLS) regression of ΔRoWCFP/ΔTCFP against per-capita GDP, with ΔTCFP used as regression weights in order to lend high energy consumers (i.e. wealthy and/or populous countries) a more important weight in the regression. Although we did not explore various functional regression forms (neither in a theoretical nor empirical sense), we find a possible correlation between increasing per-capita GDP and increasing concentration of CO2 emission footprints on imports. 18

19 Table S3.1 Carbon leakage data for Germany* for the time-period Exporting Sector of exporting Importing Sector of importing Value(Gg) CHN Electrical and Machinery DEU 7.44E+03 CHN Textiles and Wearing Apparel DEU Textiles and Wearing Apparel 2.74E+03 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral DEU 1.86E+03 CHN DEU 1.57E+03 CHN Electrical and Machinery DEU Textiles and Wearing Apparel 1.28E+03 CHN Electrical and Machinery DEU Transport 1.22E+03 CHN Electrical and Machinery DEU Maintenance and Repair 1.21E+03 USA Transport DEU Transport 1.15E+03 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral DEU Textiles and Wearing Apparel 9.56E+02 JPN DEU 9.35E+02 GBR DEU 9.25E+02 FRA DEU 8.52E+02 CHN Construction DEU 8.32E+02 USA Wholesale Trade DEU Maintenance and Repair 7.00E+02 CHN Education, Health and Other DEU 6.04E+02 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral DEU Transport 5.88E+02 CHN Electrical and Machinery DEU Non-Metallic Mineral 5.67E+02 CHN Metal DEU 5.59E+02 CHN DEU Textiles and Wearing Apparel 5.11E+02 JPN Electrical and Machinery DEU 4.99E+02 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral DEU Non-Metallic Mineral 4.84E+02 CHN DEU Transport 4.70E+02 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral DEU Maintenance and Repair 4.39E+02 CHN DEU Maintenance and Repair 4.32E+02 USA Wholesale Trade DEU 4.27E+02 USA Non-Metallic Mineral DEU Non-Metallic Mineral 4.05E+02 CHN Transport DEU 3.88E+02 CHN Retail Trade DEU 3.75E+02 USA Non-Metallic Mineral DEU Transport 3.64E+02 JPN DEU Maintenance and Repair 3.64E+02 * Country acronyms are listed in Section S8. 19

20 Table S3.2 Carbon leakage data for the United Kingdom* for the time-period Exporting Sector of exporting Importing Sector of importing Value(Gg) CHN Electrical and Machinery GBR 5.08E+03 CHN Electrical and Machinery GBR Recycling 2.62E+03 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral GBR Recycling 1.72E+03 CHN Electrical and Machinery GBR Transport 1.25E+03 CHN Electrical and Machinery GBR Others 1.20E+03 CHN GBR 1.17E+03 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral GBR 1.02E+03 DEU GBR Recycling 1.02E+03 CHN GBR Recycling 1.01E+03 CHN Electrical and Machinery GBR Non-Metallic Mineral 9.81E+02 DEU Transport Equipment GBR Recycling 9.20E+02 CHN Electrical and Machinery GBR Other Manufacturing 8.02E+02 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral GBR Non-Metallic Mineral 6.15E+02 CHN Construction GBR 5.83E+02 CHN Construction GBR Recycling 5.43E+02 CHN Education, Health and Other GBR 5.36E+02 CHN Electrical and Machinery GBR Electrical and Machinery 5.00E+02 CHN Education, Health and Other GBR Recycling 4.78E+02 CHN Electrical and Machinery GBR Mining and Quarrying 4.78E+02 CHN GBR Transport 4.71E+02 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral GBR Transport 4.45E+02 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral GBR Others 4.42E+02 CHN Metal GBR Recycling 4.36E+02 DEU GBR Others 4.21E+02 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral GBR Other Manufacturing 4.03E+02 CHN Textiles and Wearing Apparel GBR Textiles and Wearing Apparel 3.83E+02 AUS GBR 3.81E+02 CHN Textiles and Wearing Apparel GBR Others 3.65E+02 * Country acronyms are listed in Section S8. 20

21 S4 Structural decomposition of carbon footprints for the former Soviet Republics ( ) Figure S4.1: Domestic Carbon Footprint (top panel) and Rest-of-World Carbon Footprint (bottom panel) for the former Soviet Republics. 21

22 Figure S4.2: Domestic Carbon Footprint (top panel) and Rest-of-World Carbon Footprint (bottom panel) for the former Soviet Republics. 22

23 S5 Structural decomposition of carbon footprints for China, United States, United Kingdom and Germany ( ) Figure S5.1: Domestic Carbon Footprint (top panel) and Rest-of-World Carbon Footprint (bottom panel) for China, United States, United Kingdom and Germany from 2005 to

24 S6 Individual information S6.1 Mongolia A large percentage of Mongolia s economy relies on financial inflows from abroad to finance the imports, especially after the s transition towards a market economy and opening up to world markets. From 1990 to 2010, Mongolia had more imports than exports in each year and had a trade deficit (UNSTATS 2013). Mongolia s foreign trade balance witnessed the worst historic deficit of $710 million in 2008 that accounted for 14% of the s GDP (Shagdar 2010). S6.2 Zimbabwe Zimbabwe was the 18th largest recipient of official humanitarian assistance in Total Official development assistance (ODA) of Zimbabwe in 2002 was US$305 million, which increased to US$798 million in 2009 and US$783 million in 2010 (GHA 2015). Imports into Zimbabwe have increased from 17% in 1990 to 70% in 2010, leading to excessive trade deficit and the shrinking of the s domestic economy. S6.3 South Africa, Namibia and Tanzania The economies of South Africa, Namibia and Tanzania have become carbon-intensive over time because of a shift towards coal, and transport sectors have become more carbon-intensive due to modal changes for example from road to air travel. 24

25 S6.4 China, India, Brazil and certain Middle Eastern and African nations Table S6.4.1 Top 20 components of the change in CO 2 emissions due to domestic production and in international trade of China ( )*. The numbers represent the change in embodied carbon in the particular links between the sectors over the time-period CO 2 emission in domestic production CO 2 emission in international trade Output sector Input sector Value Exporting Importing Value Exporting sector Importing sector (Gg) (Gg) Electrical and Machinery 5.8E+05 CHN Electrical and Machinery USA 2.4E+10 Non-Metallic Mineral 2.2E+05 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral USA 5.4E E+05 CHN DEU 9.4E+08 Construction to Private 1.9E+05 CHN Electrical and Machinery KOR 9.0E+07 Electrical and Machinery to Private 1.5E+05 CHN Electrical and Machinery JPN to Private 7.0E+07 Construction 1.4E+05 CHN Electrical and Machinery USA Maintenance and Repair 6.1E+07 Education, Health and Other 1.4E+05 CHN DEU to Private 2.6E+07 Construction Public Administration 1.2E+05 CHN Electrical and Machinery USA Transport 1.0E E+05 CHN Electrical and Machinery USA Other Manufacturing 7.9E+06 to Private 1.1E+05 CHN Electrical and Machinery USA Non-Metallic Mineral 5.3E+06 to Private Non-Metallic Mineral 8.9E+04 CHN Food & Beverages AUS Food & Beverages 4.4E+06 Public Administration 8.8E+04 CHN Electrical and Machinery USA Mining and Quarrying 3.1E+06 Transport Equipment 6.2E+04 CHN Transport Equipment USA 3.0E+06 Textiles and Wearing Apparel to Private 5.8E+04 CHN Electrical and Machinery DEU to Private 2.2E+06 Education, Health and Other to Private 5.5E+04 CHN Electrical and Machinery USA Metal 1.6E+06 Electrical and Machinery Maintenance and Repair 5.5E+04 CHN Electrical and Machinery SGP 1.4E+06 Construction Transport 5.5E+04 CHN Electrical and Machinery KOR to Private 1.1E+06 Electrical and Machinery Public Administration 5.2E+04 CHN GBR 7.1E+05 Transport 5.1E+04 CHN Transport Equipment DEU 5.6E+05 Non-Metallic Mineral Metal 4.5E+04 CHN USA Other Manufacturing 4.5E+05 * Country acronyms are listed in Section S8. 25

26 Table S6.4.2 Top 20 components of the change in CO 2 emissions due to domestic production and in international trade of India ( )*. The numbers represent the change in embodied carbon in the particular links between the sectors over the time-period CO 2 emission in domestic production CO 2 emission in international trade Output sector Input sector Value Exporting Importing Value Exporting sector Importing sector (Gg) (Gg) Transport 8.6E+04 IND Electrical and Machinery CHN to Private 1.4E+08 Agriculture 6.7E+04 IND Electrical and Machinery USA to Private 1.1E+08 Electrical and Machinery 5.5E+04 IND CHN to Private 8.8E+07 Construction 4.4E+04 IND DEU to Private 5.1E+07 Transport Maintenance and Repair 1.8E+04 IND Electrical and Machinery CHN 7.1E+06 Transport Other Manufacturing 1.4E+04 IND Non-Metallic Mineral Education, Health and Other CHN 6.0E+06 Transport Metal 1.4E+04 IND Electrical and Machinery DEU to Private 4.9E+06 Retail Trade 1.4E+04 IND Electrical and Machinery DEU Transport Equipment 3.9E+06 Transport Textiles and Wearing Apparel 1.2E+04 IND Metal CHN Electrical and Machinery 2.4E+06 Transport Non-Metallic Mineral Non-Metallic Mineral 1.2E+04 IND Non-Metallic Mineral GBR to Private 1.9E E+04 IND Electrical and Machinery CHN 8.0E+05 Construction Post and Telecommunications 1.1E+04 IND AUS Other Manufacturing 7.9E+05 Construction Transport 9.1E+03 IND Electrical and Machinery SGP Electrical and Machinery 7.7E+05 Transport Food & Beverages 8.9E+03 IND Non-Metallic Mineral CHN 7.1E+05 Food & Beverages Food & Beverages 8.5E+03 IND Non-Metallic Mineral DEU to Private 7.0E+05 Transport Transport 8.5E+03 IND Electrical and Machinery ITA to Private 6.8E+05 Electrical and Machinery Post and Telecommunications 8.4E+03 IND Electrical and Machinery CHN Textiles and Wearing Apparel 6.5E+05 Metal 8.1E+03 IND Electrical and Machinery CHN Metal 6.5E+05 Construction Textiles and Wearing Non-Metallic Mineral 7.4E+03 IND Apparel FRA to Private 6.4E+05 Transport Wood and Paper 7.3E+03 IND Textiles and Wearing Apparel CHN Textiles and Wearing Apparel 5.9E+05 * Country acronyms are listed in Section S8. 26

27 Table S6.4.3 Top 20 components of the change in CO 2 emissions due to domestic production and in international trade of Brazil ( )*. The numbers represent the change in embodied carbon in the particular links between the sectors over the time-period Output sector CO 2 emission in domestic production Input sector Value (Gg) Exporting Exporting sector CO 2 emission in international trade Importing Importing sector Non-Metallic Maintenance and Repair 6.1E+03 BRA Transport Equipment USA Mineral 1.8E+08 Electrical and Machinery Fishing 5.5E+03 BRA Metal CHN Electrical and Machinery 8.7E+07 Textiles and Wearing Apparel 3.7E+03 BRA Metal USA Electrical and Machinery 4.5E+07 Wood and Paper 2.5E+03 BRA Textiles and Wearing Apparel ARG Textiles and Wearing Apparel 9.5E+06 Electrical and Machinery Mining and Quarrying 2.4E+03 BRA Transport Equipment DEU Transport 4.9E+06 Textiles and Wearing Apparel Textiles and Wearing Apparel 1.7E+03 BRA Agriculture CHN Food & Beverages 1.7E+06 Transport Mining and Quarrying 1.6E+03 BRA Metal JPN Electrical and Machinery 1.6E+06 Hotels and Restaurants Recycling 1.5E+03 BRA Metal DEU Electrical and Machinery 8.7E+05 Transport Maintenance and Repair 1.0E+03 BRA Agriculture ARG to Private 4.5E+05 Electrical and Machinery Metal 1.0E+03 BRA Non-Metallic Mineral ARG Other Manufacturing 3.5E+05 Wholesale Trade 9.7E+02 BRA ARG Other Manufacturing 9.5E+04 Non-Metallic Mineral Textiles and Wearing Apparel 8.9E+02 BRA Transport Equipment NLD Transport 8.0E+04 Transport Textiles and Wearing Apparel 6.8E+02 BRA Mining and Quarrying CHN Metal 6.9E+04 Post and Telecommunications Post and Telecommunications 6.7E+02 BRA Metal DEU Transport Equipment 6.2E+04 Other Manufacturing 6.6E+02 BRA Electrical and Machinery NLD to Private 6.3E+04 Transport Metal 6.3E+02 BRA Metal CHN Transport Equipment 2.8E+04 Electrical and Machinery Textiles and Wearing Apparel 6.0E+02 BRA Textiles and Wearing Apparel NLD Wholesale Trade 2.6E+04 Transport Equipment Maintenance and Repair 5.4E+02 BRA Agriculture USA Food & Beverages 2.0E+04 Non-Metallic Mineral Wood and Paper 5.3E+02 BRA Food & Beverages AUS Electrical and Machinery 1.7E+04 Non-Metallic Mineral 4.7E+02 BRA Textiles and Wearing Apparel ITA to Private 1.6E+04 * Country acronyms are listed in Section S8. Value (Gg) 27

28 Table S6.4.4 Top 20 components of the change in CO 2 emissions due to domestic production and in international trade of Indonesia ( )*. The numbers represent the change in embodied carbon in the particular links between the sectors over the time-period CO 2 emission in domestic production 28 CO 2 emission in international trade Output sector Input sector Value Exporting Importing Exporting sector (Gg) Importing sector Value (Gg) Agriculture Other Manufacturing 1.3E+04 IDN Food & Beverages CHN to Private 1.8E+07 to Private 5.5E+03 IDN AUS 1.2E+07 Mining and Quarrying 5.4E+03 IDN Food & Beverages CHN 9.6E+06 Food & Beverages Other Manufacturing 4.0E+03 IDN Electrical and Machinery KOR Transport 5.7E+06 Wood and Paper Other Manufacturing 3.1E+03 IDN Textiles and Wearing Apparel CHN Wood and Paper 2.2E+06 Non-Metallic Mineral 2.4E+03 IDN Textiles and Wearing Apparel MYS Other Manufacturing 9.7E+05 Non-Metallic Mineral Other Manufacturing 2.3E+03 IDN Wood and Paper IRN to Private 5.3E+05 Mining and Quarrying Non-Metallic Mineral Non-Metallic Mineral Non-Metallic Mineral 1.6E E+03 IDN IDN Non-Metallic Mineral Non-Metallic Mineral VNM to Private 3.3E+05 IND Textiles and Wearing Apparel 9.7E+04 Food & Beverages Transport 8.3E+02 IDN Mining and Quarrying KOR 1.0E+04 Textiles and Wearing Apparel Textiles and Wearing Apparel 8.1E+02 IDN Transport Equipment AUT Fishing 8.1E+03 Agriculture Wood and Paper 6.5E+02 IDN Non-Metallic Mineral VNM Other Manufacturing 6.3E+03 Other Manufacturing 5.7E+02 IDN Hotels and Restaurants CHN Other Manufacturing 5.3E+03 Food & Beverages Agriculture 5.3E+02 IDN Non-Metallic Mineral MYS Mining and Quarrying 4.1E+03 Food & Beverages Food & Beverages 5.2E+02 IDN Non-Metallic Mineral USA Electrical and Machinery 3.6E+03 Mining and Quarrying Other Manufacturing 4.5E+02 IDN AUS Fishing 3.5E+03 Food & Beverages Textiles and Wearing Apparel 3.8E+02 IDN Mining and Quarrying TWN 2.8E+03 Agriculture Textiles and Wearing Non-Metallic Mineral 2.8E+02 IDN VNM Apparel Non-Metallic Mineral 2.3E+03 Retail Trade Transport 2.8E+02 IDN Wood and Paper CHN Wood and Paper 1.0E+03 Mining and Quarrying Mining and Quarrying 2.8E+02 IDN Non-Metallic Mineral CHN Non-Metallic Mineral 9.8E+02 * Country acronyms are listed in Section S8.

29 Table S6.4.5 Top 20 components of the change in CO 2 emissions due to domestic production and in international trade of Iraq ( )*. The numbers represent the change in embodied carbon in the particular links between the sectors over the time-period Output sector CO 2 emission in domestic production Input sector Value (Gg) Exporting Exporting sector CO 2 emission in international trade Importing Importing sector 1.6E+03 IRQ CHN Electrical and Machinery 1.0E+06 Non-Metallic Transport 9.1E+02 IRQ Mineral CHN Electrical and Machinery 7.3E+04 Construction 1.4E+02 IRQ Non-Metallic Mineral USA Electrical and Machinery 6.4E+04 Construction Transport 1.3E+02 IRQ Non-Metallic Mineral CHN Transport Equipment 4.2E+04 Construction Non-Metallic 1.2E+02 IRQ Non-Metallic Mineral Mineral CHN Construction 3.9E+04 Non-Metallic Transport 9.0E+01 IRQ Non-Metallic Mineral Mineral IND Electrical and Machinery 3.5E+04 Transport 6.9E+01 IRQ KOR 1Electrical and Machinery 3.5E+04 Wholesale Trade 5.1E+01 IRQ Mining and Quarrying USA 2.4E+04 Post and Telecommunications 4.2E+01 IRQ Electrical and Machinery IND Non-Metallic Mineral 2.2E+04 Education, Health and Other 3.6E+01 IRQ Wholesale Trade USA Agriculture 1.8E+04 Education, Health and Other Transport 3.2E+01 IRQ Electrical and Machinery IND Electrical and Machinery 1.1E+04 to Private 2.1E+01 IRQ Electrical and Machinery IND 1.1E+04 Mining and Quarrying 1.9E+01 IRQ Food & Beverages USA to Private 1.1E+04 Hotels and Restaurants 1.7E+01 IRQ CHN 1Electrical and Machinery 9.9E+03 Non-Metallic 1.6E+01 IRQ Non-Metallic Mineral Mineral CHN Transport Equipment 9.7E+03 Mining and Quarrying Non-Metallic Mineral 1.3E+01 IRQ IND Construction 7.1E+03 Construction Electrical and Machinery 9.7E+00 IRQ Non-Metallic Mineral IRN 6.2E+03 Agriculture Recycling 9.1E+00 IRQ Non-Metallic Mineral IND Construction 5.6E+03 Construction Other Manufacturing 8.5E+00 IRQ Agriculture USA to Private 4.8E+03 Transport Transport 7.2E+00 IRQ Mining and Quarrying UZB to Private 9.9E+02 * Country acronyms are listed in Section S8. Value (Gg) 29

30 Table S6.4.6 Top 10 components of the change in CO 2 emissions due to domestic production and in international trade of South Africa ( )*. The numbers represent the change in embodied carbon in the particular links between the sectors over the time-period Output sector CO 2 emission in domestic production Input sector Education, Health and Other Retail Trade Education, Health and Other Education, Health and Non-Metallic Mineral Other Post and Telecommunications Education, Health and Other Wholesale Trade Education, Health and Other Transport Education, Health and Other Construction Education, Health and Other Education, Health and Other Wood and Paper Education, Health and Other Maintenance and Repair Education, Health and Other * Country acronyms are listed in Section S8. Value (Gg) Exporting Exporting sector CO 2 emission in international trade Importing Importing sector 2.4E+03 ZAF Metal CHN Private 3.2E E+02 ZAF Transport Equipment DEU Transport 1.0E E+02 ZAF Electrical and Machinery CHN 5.3E E+02 ZAF Mining and Quarrying CHN 3.5E E+02 ZAF Construction USA Private 5.8E E+02 ZAF Electrical and Machinery JPN Transport 1.6E E+02 ZAF Electrical and Machinery USA Electrical and Machinery 1.6E E+01 ZAF Electrical and Machinery CHN Textiles and Wearing Apparel 9.7E E+01 ZAF Textiles and Wearing Apparel GBR Textiles and Wearing Apparel 8.0E E-01 ZAF Electrical and Machinery IND Construction 7.8E+03 Value (Gg) 30

31 Table S6.4.7 Top 20 components of the change in CO 2 emissions due to domestic production and in international trade of Uzbekistan ( )*. The numbers represent the change in embodied carbon in the particular links between the sectors over the time-period CO 2 emission in domestic production CO 2 emission in international trade Output sector Input sector Value Exporting Importing Value Exporting sector Importing sector (Gg) (Gg) Textiles and Wearing Apparel Other Manufacturing 3.6E+03 UZB Agriculture CHN to Private 1.4E+05 Food & Beverages Maintenance and Repair 2.3E+03 UZB Textiles and Wearing Apparel CHN to Private 1.0E+05 Agriculture Other Manufacturing 2.1E+03 UZB Agriculture RUS to Private 2.3E+04 Agriculture Maintenance and Repair 1.1E+03 UZB Electrical and Machinery TUR 6.7E+03 Food & Beverages Other Manufacturing 8.5E+02 UZB Electrical and Machinery KAZ Maintenance and Repair 3.3E E+02 UZB Transport Equipment CHN 2.8E+03 Maintenance and Repair 5.2E+02 UZB Textiles and Wearing Apparel TUR Non-Metallic Mineral 1.5E+03 Textiles and Wearing Apparel Hotels and Restaurants 5.1E+02 UZB Non-Metallic Mineral KAZ Non-Metallic Mineral 1.0E+03 Textiles and Wearing Apparel Maintenance and Repair 3.6E+02 UZB Agriculture BGD 8.3E+02 Food & Beverages 2.8E+02 UZB Electrical and Machinery CHN Non-Metallic Mineral 7.0E+02 Non-Metallic Mineral Other Manufacturing 2.4E+02 UZB Electrical and Machinery TUR Transport 7.0E+02 Textiles and Wearing Apparel 2.1E+02 UZB Agriculture ROU to Private 4.3E+02 Agriculture Hotels and Restaurants 1.8E+02 UZB Metal IRN Electrical and Machinery 3.9E+02 Food & Beverages Wholesale Trade 1.8E+02 UZB CHN 2.6E+02 Education, Health and Other Non-Metallic Mineral 1.7E+02 UZB KGZ Hotels and Restaurants 2.1E+02 Hotels and Restaurants 1.7E+02 UZB Transport KGZ Transport 1.9E+02 Textiles and Wearing Apparel Non-Metallic Mineral 1.6E+02 UZB Metal RUS Other Manufacturing 1.3E+02 Food & Beverages Non-Metallic Mineral 1.4E+02 UZB Education, Health and Other KAZ 1.1E+02 Other Manufacturing Hotels and Restaurants 1.3E+02 UZB Transport KAZ 9.4E+01 Agriculture Textiles and Wearing Non-Metallic Mineral 1.2E+02 UZB Apparel TUR 8.9E+01 * Country acronyms are listed in Section S8. 31

32 S7 Commodity content of outsourcing Table S7 Top 1000 commodity flows between different countries for the time period The values should be read as the following example: the embodied carbon in commodities from the electricity, gas, and water of CHN consumed by the transportation equipment sector in USA resulted in an increase of 7671 Gg of emissions from The values are the cumulative values for the time period Origin Origin sector Destination Destination sector Value (Gg) CHN USA Transport Equipment 7671 CHN JPN Construction 7339 CHN USA Electrical and Machinery 7195 CHN HKG Construction 6058 CHN JPN Electrical and Machinery 5759 CHN USA Construction 5658 CHN HKG Textiles and Wearing Apparel 3907 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral JPN Construction 3363 CHN KOR Electrical and Machinery 3156 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral USA Transport Equipment 3006 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral HKG Construction 2961 CHN Metal USA Electrical and Machinery 2947 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral USA Electrical and Machinery 2936 CHN JPN Hotels and Restaurants 2856 CHN Metal USA Transport Equipment 2804 CHN USA Non-Metallic Mineral 2797 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral USA Construction 2796 CHN HKG Retail Trade 2768 CHN USA Food & Beverages

33 CHN KOR Construction 2640 CHN DEU Construction 2531 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral JPN Electrical and Machinery 2333 CHN JPN Non-Metallic Mineral 2057 CHN JPN Food & Beverages 2029 CHN USA Hotels and Restaurants 1995 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral USA Non-Metallic Mineral 1906 USA Transport JPN Transport 1884 CHN Metal JPN Electrical and Machinery 1884 CHN USA Retail Trade 1878 CHN Metal USA Construction 1804 CHN Metal HKG Construction 1776 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral HKG Textiles and Wearing Apparel 1761 CHN USA Other Manufacturing 1691 CHN DEU Electrical and Machinery 1680 CHN IND Construction 1655 CHN Metal JPN Construction 1614 CHN Mining and Quarrying JPN Construction 1486 CHN THA Electrical and Machinery 1466 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral DEU Construction 1432 CHN CAN Construction 1417 CHN JPN Transport Equipment 1404 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral USA Food & Beverages 1391 CHN JPN 1379 IDN Fishing0 IND Transport 1292 IND Recycling USA Transport Equipment 1288 VGB Fishing0 BRA Electrical and Machinery

34 CHN HKG Wholesale Trade 1269 CHN FRA Construction 1258 IND USA Electrical and Machinery 1246 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral JPN Hotels and Restaurants 1245 CHN GBR Construction 1239 CHN JPN Transport 1227 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral KOR Electrical and Machinery 1226 CHN IDN Construction 1221 CHN BRA Electrical and Machinery 1220 CHN USA Wholesale Trade 1214 CHN ESP Construction 1203 IND CHN Construction 1203 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral KOR Construction 1192 CHN SGP Electrical and Machinery 1171 CHN MYS Construction 1157 IND USA Transport Equipment 1145 IND Metal USA Electrical and Machinery 1140 IND Recycling USA Electrical and Machinery 1132 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral IND Construction 1119 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral HKG Retail Trade 1114 CHN DEU Transport Equipment 1090 CHN Metal KOR Electrical and Machinery 1086 CHN Transport JPN Construction 1084 CHN JPN Wholesale Trade 1082 CHN IND Transport 1081 CHN Transport USA Transport Equipment 1064 CHN Transport USA Electrical and Machinery

35 KOR Non-Metallic Mineral CHN Construction 1056 CHN USA Textiles and Wearing Apparel 1047 IND Metal USA Transport Equipment 1040 IDN Fishing0 IND Construction 1034 CHN USA Transport 1004 COL Fishing0 CHN Construction 996 CHN ITA Electrical and Machinery 985 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral JPN Food & Beverages 967 CHN Metal KOR Construction 964 IND USA Construction 947 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral USA Hotels and Restaurants 947 CHN AUS Construction 924 CHN Electrical and Machinery USA Electrical and Machinery 924 CHN SGP Construction 911 RUS Non-Metallic Mineral IND Agriculture 909 IND Recycling USA Textiles and Wearing Apparel 899 CAN Mining and Quarrying USA Non-Metallic Mineral 891 CHN Textiles and Wearing Apparel HKG Textiles and Wearing Apparel 890 CHN Metal DEU Construction 884 IND Recycling CHN Construction 884 CHN ITA Construction 869 IND USA Non-Metallic Mineral 859 CHN Transport JPN Electrical and Machinery 851 CHN KOR Food & Beverages 847 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral JPN Non-Metallic Mineral 846 CHN NLD Construction 839 IND Recycling USA Construction

36 CHN Mining and Quarrying HKG Construction 803 CHN IND Electrical and Machinery 797 CHN MEX Construction 794 CHN KOR Transport Equipment 792 RUS Non-Metallic Mineral USA Electrical and Machinery 792 CHN Transport USA Construction 784 CHN Mining and Quarrying JPN Electrical and Machinery 782 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral GBR Construction 781 IND USA Food & Beverages 776 CHN HKG Transport 774 CHN JPN Textiles and Wearing Apparel 774 CHN Electrical and Machinery USA Transport Equipment 772 CHN Mining and Quarrying JPN Non-Metallic Mineral 758 CHN Transport HKG Construction 757 CHN Transport JPN Transport 752 CHN JPN Retail Trade 746 CHN DEU Food & Beverages 746 CHN FRA Electrical and Machinery 737 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral USA Other Manufacturing 736 IND Metal USA Construction 733 CHN Metal USA Food & Beverages 732 CHN FRA Transport Equipment 730 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral IND Transport 726 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral USA Retail Trade 725 CHN IND Agriculture 721 VEN Mining and Quarrying USA Non-Metallic Mineral 721 CHN GBR Electrical and Machinery

37 IND Metal CHN Construction 718 KAZ Mining and Quarrying CHN Construction 711 RUS USA Electrical and Machinery 706 RUS Non-Metallic Mineral USA Non-Metallic Mineral 696 USA Transport KOR Transport 672 USA Transport CAN Transport 669 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral DEU Electrical and Machinery 667 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral FRA Construction 667 IDN Fishing IND Retail Trade 664 USA Transport DEU Transport 662 IND Non-Metallic Mineral USA Non-Metallic Mineral 662 CHN Metal DEU Electrical and Machinery 662 IND Recycling USA Food & Beverages 661 IDN Non-Metallic Mineral CHN Construction 657 MEX Mining and Quarrying USA Non-Metallic Mineral 656 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral ESP Construction 655 CHN KOR Non-Metallic Mineral 653 CHN GBR Food & Beverages 650 KOR Non-Metallic Mineral CHN Electrical and Machinery 645 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral JPN Transport 632 CHN VNM Construction 630 IND Non-Metallic Mineral CHN Construction 630 RUS Non-Metallic Mineral DEU Construction 626 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral CAN Construction 612 CHN Metal CAN Construction 607 IND Recycling ITA Textiles and Wearing Apparel 606 CHN GBR Retail Trade

38 CHN Metal USA Other Manufacturing 605 CHN Metal USA Non-Metallic Mineral 605 CHN DEU Retail Trade 603 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral JPN Transport Equipment 603 CHN ITA Non-Metallic Mineral 596 CHN Electrical and Machinery JPN Electrical and Machinery 594 CHN ITA Textiles and Wearing Apparel 593 CHN USA Wood and Paper 593 IND Recycling USA Other Manufacturing 590 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral IDN Construction 589 IND Textiles and Wearing Apparel USA Textiles and Wearing Apparel 580 KOR Transport JPN Transport 580 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral IND Agriculture 579 ZAF Metal USA Electrical and Machinery 579 CHN GBR Transport Equipment 577 CHN Metal USA Hotels and Restaurants 574 CHN THA Construction 567 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral USA Wholesale Trade 558 CHN Mining and Quarrying USA Transport Equipment 557 CHN DEU Other Manufacturing 555 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral JPN 555 CHN Metal HKG Retail Trade 548 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral THA Electrical and Machinery 548 VEN Transport USA Non-Metallic Mineral 545 CHN POL Construction 544 CHN Metal THA Electrical and Machinery 542 CHN Mining and Quarrying USA Electrical and Machinery

39 ZAF Non-Metallic Mineral USA Non-Metallic Mineral 541 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral USA Textiles and Wearing Apparel 540 CHN Mining and Quarrying JPN 540 AUS Non-Metallic Mineral CHN Construction 536 AUS Metal USA Electrical and Machinery 531 IND Recycling USA Hotels and Restaurants 528 CHN Transport HKG Textiles and Wearing Apparel 526 CHN Transport JPN Hotels and Restaurants 525 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral MYS Construction 519 IND Recycling GBR Textiles and Wearing Apparel 518 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral BRA Electrical and Machinery 518 CHN Transport HKG Retail Trade 516 CHN Metal USA Retail Trade 514 CHN Electrical and Machinery USA Construction 514 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral USA Transport 511 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral HKG Wholesale Trade 511 KOR Non-Metallic Mineral JPN Construction 509 IND CHN Electrical and Machinery 508 IND Non-Metallic Mineral USA Construction 504 AUS Metal CHN Construction 500 USA Transport NOR Transport 500 CHN Non-Metallic Mineral ITA Construction 498 CHN BRA Construction 497 IND Textiles and Wearing Apparel ITA Textiles and Wearing Apparel 497 VEN Non-Metallic Mineral USA Non-Metallic Mineral 492 RUS Metal USA Electrical and Machinery 491 CHN RUS Construction