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1 ROLE OF NANO-SILICON AND OTHER SILICON RESOURCES WITH NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ON DISEASE PARAMETERS AND YIELD OF RICE (ORYZA SATIVA) * Hossein Yzdpour 1, Ghorbn Noormohmdi 1, Hmid Mdni 2, Hossein Heidri Shrif Abd 1 nd Hmid Rez Mobsser, 1 Deprtment of Agronomy, Science nd Reserch Brnch, Islmic Azd University, Tehrn, Irn. 2 Deprtment of Agronomy, Ark Brnch, Islmic Azd University, Ark, Irn. Deprtment of Agronomy, Qemshhr Brnch, Islmic Azd University, Qemshhr, Irn. *(Corresponding uthor: hossein_yzdpoor@yhoo.com) ABSTRACT In order to investigtion of role of nno-silicon nd other silicon resources with nitrogen nd phosphorus ppliction on yield nd yield components of rice (Trom Hshemi vriety), this experiment ws crried out s fctoril in rndomized complete blocks design with three replictions t north of Irn, Mzndrn province in sri region in nd. Tretment ws silicon resources in four levels including clcium silicte nd potssium silicte the lnd use nd nno-silicon folir ppliction nd non-ppliction (control), s nitrogen ppliction from Ure resource in two levels including nd kg h -1 nd phosphorus ppliction from P 2 O resource in two levels including nd 2 kg h -1.The results showed tht the lest percentge of infected lef blst nd grin number of infected blst in pnicle in both yers ws obtined with potssium silicte ppliction nd nno-silicon folir ppliction, respectively. As, the lowest infected blst percentge in pnicle ws observed with potssium silicte in second yer. Nitrogen use cuse to increse infected lef blst equl to.1 nd 1. % nd dimeter of lef blst equl to. nd. mm for first nd second yer, respectively, s nitrogen use cuse to increse infected blst in pnicle equl to.9 % in second yer. The minimum lef blst dimeter in both yers hd chieved t triple interction of potssium silicte in non-nitrogen use with both phosphorus rtes. Therefore, potssium silicte ppliction ws benefit for control of blst disese nd increse in grin yield. KEYWORDS: Blst, Grin yield, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Silicon resource INTRODUCTION Rice is one of the most importnt crops in the world nd fter of whet ws ccounted second plce in terms of nnul production nd mkes up stple food for hlf the world's popultion. Silicon is the second most bundnt element in soil, s very useful element for higher plnts is discussed (Nkt et l., 2). Silicon soluble form in soil is Si (OH) 4 nd so it cn be bsorbed similrly directly (Chen et l., 2). In food nutrition, silicon hs not been considered n essentil element in plnt nutrition but mny benefit effect of tht including reduce the hevy metl toxicity, positive effect on photosynthesis, plnt resistnt to pests nd diseses, lodging in cerel nd reduce physiologicl disorders (Rhimi nd Kfi, 2; Romero-Arnd et l., 2). Chen et l. (2) stted tht silicon cn increse enzyme ctivity thst hs importnt role for defense rection to gene expression nd blst disese. Benefit effect of silicon in plnt re increse resistnce of plnt to stress (Ling et l., 2; M nd Ymji, 2). In pthology nd crop physiology deprtment studies positive reltion between silicon nd disese nd expressed silicon hs control bcteri nd fungi disese (Dtnoff, 2). In lef tissue especilly of lignin time or silicon gther in epiderml cell, n effective physicl brrier ginst penetrtion of Hyfh, tht this process cuse to plnt resistnce especilly in grss leves to diseses (Shewood nd Vnce 19). Concentrtion of silicon with to % lid to control of diseses in tissue surfce (Dtnoff et l., 199). Silicon ppliction incresed plnt resistnce to disese nd reson of tht ws silicon sitting in epiderml cell in lef blde nd defenses enzyme in lef incresed. As, silicon ppliction hd decresed H 2 O 2 in rice, s ethylene surfce in root nd leves (Ge et l., 2). Seebold et l. (2) found tht blst surfce in lef nd pnicle for tolernce cultivrs compre to sensitive cultivr with silicon ppliction cuse to increse grin yield, in experiment with silicon solubilizing bcteri showed tht in tretment soil this biologicl fertilizer hs increse soluble silicon content of soil compre to control tretment. With biologicl silicon ppliction lef ngle hs decresed nd plnt photosynthesis ws improved. As well s, lodging, rice blst, grin discolortion nd sheth decy ws decresed (Du et l., 2). Fllh Volume- Issue- (2) ISSN: (p); 219 (e) 2 DAMA Interntionl. All rights reserved.

2 (2) stted tht in rice production nitrogen ppliction for enhnced to yield cuse to increse blst disese but silicon ppliction hd decresed disese extension. Dtnoff nd Mitni (2) in studies effects of nno-silicon stted tht in ll tretment with silicon ppliction cuse to decrese blst extension compre to control tretment. Elwd et l. (192) with studies silicon resource nd rte nnounced tht 1 ton/h silicon use decresed lef spots in min crop nd rtoon equl to 4 nd 41 %. Mgnesium silicte consumption rte of to2kg per hectreincresedriceyieldfrom21 to % (Bernl, 2). Clcium silicte use in rice with decrese bending moment nd lodging cuse to increse number of filled spikelet per pnicle, due to cuse to increse grin yield nd silicon nd nitrogen interction hs not been significnt none of gronomic trits (Mobsser et l., 2). Appliction of clcium silicte rte of 2tons per hectre incresed the plnt height, number of tiller per hill, pnicle length nd thereby increse-2% grin yield, s excess of kg N h- 1 hs not reduced grin yield, but simultneously ppliction of clcium silicte nd 1 kg N h -1 cuse to increse grin nd strw yield (Shshidhr et l., 2). MATERIAL AND METHODS In order to survey the role of nno-silicon nd other silicon resources with nitrogen nd phosphorus ppliction on yield nd yield components of rice (Trom Hshemi vriety), n experiment ws conducted over two yers in pddy field in Sri region, Mzndrn province(, N,, ' E, m elevtion) from My to September during the nd. This experiment ws conducted s fctoril in rndomized complete blocks design with three replictions. Tretment ws silicon resources in four levels including non-ppliction or control(s 1 ), clcium silicte (S 2 ) nd potssium silicte (S ) the lnd use nd nno-silicon folir (S 4 ) ppliction nd s nitrogen ppliction from Ure resource in two levels including (N 1 ) nd kg h -1 (N 2 ) nd phosphorus ppliction from P 2 O resource in two levels including (P 1 ) nd 2 kg h -1 (P 2 ).Clcium silicte, potssium silicte nd phosphorus fter pddling ( dys before trnsplnting) without wter mixed with soil. Nitrogen ws used in three stge the top dress; first stge equl to kg Ure h -1 ( dys fter trnsplnting), second stge equl to kg Ure h -1 in initil heding stge ( dys fter trnsplnting) nd third stge ws fter full heding ( dys fter trnsplnting) equl to kg Ure h -1. Time of nno-silicon folir ppliction with 2 ppm concentrtion ws in three stges including strt of tillering (1 dys fter trnsplnting), the end of tillering ( dys fter trnsplnting) nd fter full heding ( dys fter trnsplnting).the field ws ploughed with trctor drwn disc plough followed by through hrrowing to brek the clods. The field ws properly levelled nd 2 m 2 size plots were ermrked with rised bunds ll round to minimize the movement of wtering nd nitrogen. Chnnels were lid to fcilitte irrigtion to plots individully nd ech repliction. When rice seedlings were of 2 to 2 cm in height nd 4 weeks old; they were uprooted nd trnsplnted to experimentl plots with 1 seedlings per m 2 (2 2 cm 2 ). Nitrogen levels in heding stge nd phosphorus rtes were done by design mp. All opertions like plnt illnesses controlling nd pests controlling were done during the growth process with chemicl components. Weed control in specific plots ws done by hnding severl stges fter trnsplnting. Wter deep tht different stges of rice growth ws to cm. The results of soil nlyses re shown in Tble 1 nd the wether conditions in growth seson re shown in Tble 2. Tble 1. Soil nlysis of experimentl frm t - cm Yer Depth (cm) - - EC (ds/m) PH of pste K (ve) p.p.m 9 2 P (ve) p.p.m 2.. Totl N %.. O.M % M Soil Texture CL L-C.L Volume- Issue- (2) ISSN: (p); 219 (e) 2 DAMA Interntionl. All rights reserved. 1

3 Tble 2. Men temperture, reltive humidity, totl sunshine hours, monthly evportion, mount of rinfll nd number of riny dys from plnting to hrvesting Months 2Mr-2Apr 2Apr-2My 2My-2June 2June-2July 2July-2Aug 2Aug-2Sep Yer Num ber of riny dys 1 Amou nt of rinfl l (Mm) Monthl y evpor tion (Mm) Totl sunshine hours Relti ve humid ity (%) Men Temper ture ( C) Mximu m Temper ture ( C) Minimu m Temper ture ( C) Smpling methods For mesurement of infected lef blst percentge, dys fter trnsplnting in plots with 4 leves (leves under flg lef) in hills in plnts with move rndomly in length, width nd dimeter of ech plots hs investigted nd number nd dimeter of spots in ech leves mesurement (the length nd width of spots hd mesurement with ruler), infected of lef blst percentge in ech plots ws clculted with Seebold et l. (2) method. Infected to lef blst percentge = number of infected lef number of totl leves. For mesurement of infected pnicle blst percentge, dys fter trnsplnting with pnicles in ech plots move rndomly in length, width nd dimeter of ech plots hs investigted nd infected pnicle to blst ws mesurement from lst inter-node to pnicle. Then infected of pnicle blst percentge in ech plots ws clculted with Seebold et l. (2) method. Infected to pnicle blst percentge = number of infected pnicle number of totl mesurement pnicles in plots. For mesurement of infected grin blst percentge, pnicles in ech plots move rndomly in length, width nd dimeter of ech plots hs investigted nd infected grin to blst ws mesurement. Then infected of grin blst percentge in ech plots ws clculted with Seebold et l. (2) method. Infected to grin blst percentge in ch plot = number of infected grin in pnicles for ech plot number of totl mesurement grin in pnicles for ech plots. Men of spots dimeter trits ws chieved from dding the verge dimeter of spots (the most spots of 4 leves) nd then they re invded on tht numbers men.grin yield from pnicle in ech plot ws scled s finl grin yield. Anlysis of dt: All the dt were subjected to sttisticl nlysis (one-wy ANOVA) using SAS softwre. Differences between the tretments were performed by Duncn s Multiple Rnge Test (DMRT) t % confidence intervl. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Disese prmeters in rice Infected lef blst percentge in both yers hd significnt for silicon tretment in 1% probbility levels nd for nitrogen tretment in % nd 1% for first nd second yers, respectively. As, this trit hs significnt in % probbility level t interction of nitrogen nd phosphorous tretment (Tble ). Potssium silicte nd nno-silicon resource hd decresed infected lef blst percentge in first yer with difference of. nd 9.49% nd second yer with difference.9% nd 9.4% compre to control tretment. Nitrogen ppliction for first nd second yers cuse to Volume- Issue- (2) ISSN: (p); 219 (e) 2 DAMA Interntionl. All rights reserved. 2

4 increse 4. nd 42.2% of infected lef blst percentge compre to control tretment (Tble 4). As, in second yer nitrogen use in two level nd non-phosphorous rte with.% nd.% ws the highest surfce (Figure 1). Silicon ppliction incresed plnt resistnce to disese nd reson of tht ws silicon sitting in epiderml cell in lef blde nd defenses enzyme in lef incresed s, silicon ppliction hd decresed H 2 O 2 in rice, s ethylene surfce in root nd leves (Ge et l., 2). Ghnbri Mlidrreh (29) reported tht with incresed nitrogen use lef blst percentge hd incresed. Fllh (2) stted tht in rice production nitrogen ppliction for enhnced to yield cuse to increse blst disese but silicon ppliction hd decresed disese extension. Dtnoff nd Mitni (2) in studies effects of nno-silicon stted tht in ll tretment with silicon ppliction cuse to decrese blst extension compre to control tretment. As, in soluble nd non-soluble silicon resource hd used for lef nd plnt resistnce to blst. Lef blst dimeter in both yers ws significnt by nitrogen tretment nd interction of silicon with nitrogen in 1% probbility level, s this prmeter in first nd second yer hd significnt t triple interction in nd 1% probbility level, respectively (Tble ). Nitrogen ppliction in first nd second yers cuse to increse 4.% nd.44%of lef blst percentge compre to control tretment (Tble 4). Potssium silicte tretment nd non nitrogen use in both yers ws chieved the lowest lef blst dimeter equl to 2. nd 2 mm (Figure 2 nd ). Ghnbri Mlidrreh et l. (2) reported tht silicon use cn decrese blst disese extension nd blst dimeter in rice. In other reserch stted tht silicon ppliction hd significnt on men lef blst dimeter tht with increse silicon use men of spots lef blst decrese (Ghsemi Lemrski, 2). Results showed tht sh resource of silicon (2 g per pod) hd suitble results for blst control, s N2SiO ppliction per pod hd decresed lef nd pnicle blst (Quzi nd Mohmmed, 2). Pnicle infected blst hd significnt only in second yer on silicon nd nitrogen effect in nd 1% probbility level, respectively (Tble ). Silicon control tretment hd the highest pnicle infected to blst nd potssium silicte hs the lowest pnicle infected blst in second yer As, nitrogen ppliction in second yer hs the most pnicle infected blst equl to 1.44% compre to control tretment (Tble 4). Results in reserch showed tht pnicle blst hd significnt by silicon nd nitrogen use in 1% probbility level tht nitrogen use increse pnicle blsting, s silicon use compre to control tretment decresed pnicle blst (Ghnbri Mlidrreh, 29). As, Ghsemi Lemrski (2) found tht pnicle infected to blst hs not significnt by silicon nd phosphorous tretment but pure phosphorous ppliction with kg/h nd kg/h silicon hd decresed pnicle infected to blst equl to.2% nd %, respectively. Ghnbri Mlidrreh (29) stted tht with increse nitrogen ppliction blst extension but silicon use cuse to decrese blst disese. Seebold et l. (2) found tht blst surfce in lef nd pnicle for tolernce cultivrs compre to sensitive cultivr with silicon ppliction cuse to increse grin yield. Grin infected to blst in both yers hd significnt by silicon tretment in 1% probbility levels (Tble ). In both yers the most grin infected to blst ws observed in silicon control tretment nd the lest of these trits ws obtined for potssium silicte in first yer nd potssium silicte nd nno-silicon in second yer (Tble 4). Chen et l. (2) stted tht silicon cn increse enzyme ctivity thst hs importnt role for defense rection to gen expression nd blst disese. Benefit effect of silicon in plnt re increse resistnce of plnt to stress (Ling et l., 2; M nd Ymji, 2). In pthology nd crop physiology deprtment studies positive reltion between silicon nd disese nd expressed silicon hs control bcteri nd fungi disese (Dtnoff, 2). Grin Yield Grin yield in first yer hs been effect by nitrogen in 1% probbility level, s effect by phosphorus rte in % probbility level, s in second yer it hs been significntly effect by silicon resource nd nitrogen in 1 % probbility level (Tble ). Grin yield in second yer with ppliction of potssium silicte hs incresed 1.2% compre to control tretment. Nitrogen use in every two yers cuse to increse grin yield equl to 1.4 nd 21. %. Grin yield in first yer with ppliction of phosphorus rte hs increse. % (Tble 4). Noll et l. () found tht silicon use with reduce lodging nd increse number of filled spikelet per pnicle nd -grin weight due increse grin yield. Appliction of mgnesium silicte cuse to increse grin yield equl to 21-2% in rice (Bernl, 2). Silicic cid folir ppliction with dys distnce in rice plnt ws cuse to increse number of pnicle per plnt due incresed grin yield (Bhvy et l., 2). Potssium silicte ppliction cuse to increse grin yield equl to 4.2 % compre to control tretment (Wng nd Du, 2).ppliction of 2 ton per hectre clcium silicte cuse to increse number of tiller per hill nd pnicle length s due increse 2-% in grin yield compre to control tretment. Volume- Issue- (2) ISSN: (p); 219 (e) 2 DAMA Interntionl. All rights reserved.

5 Lef blst infected Tb. Anlysis of vrince of experimentl chrcteristics. S.O.V. DF Lef blst Lef blst dimeter Pnicle blst Grin blst Grin Yield Repliction 2 4.** 4.19** 2.1**.4** * 4.21 Silic(S) 24.** 1.1** * 4.** 1.9** ** Nitrogen(N) 1.*.** 1.**.1** ** ** 442.9** S N ** 1.2** Phosphorus(P) * S P N P * S N P * 4.4** Experimentl error C.V % Ns, **, *: significnt nd non-significnt, respectively, t the level of %1 nd % Tble 4. Men comprison for lef blst percentge, Lef blst dimeter (mm), Pnicle blst percentge, Grin blst percentge nd Grin yield (Kg/h) Tretments Lef blst (%) Lef blst dimeter(mm) Pnicle blst (%) Grin blst (%) Grin yield (Kg/h) Silic S 1 S 2 S S 4 Nitrogen N 1 N 2 Phosphorus b b 1.2.2b.4.2b b 2.b 1.92b 191 b.92b.2c.4.2b..2c 1.42c 1.4b b.c bc 1.9bc 1.492b 1 4 b.2b 9.194b.b.4b.1.2b b 9 b P b P *: Mens with similr letters in ech column re not significntly different t the % level of probbility. S 1 = non ppliction or control, S 2 = Clcium silicte, S = Potssium silicte, S 4 = Nno-silicon folir ppliction, N 1 =, N 2 = kg h -1, P 1 =, P 2 = 2 kg h b P1 NI b P2 N2 Figure 1. Interction of nitrogen nd phosphorus on lef blst infection in N1=, N2= kg h -1 P1=, P2= 2 kg h -1 Volume- Issue- (2) ISSN: (p); 219 (e) 2 DAMA Interntionl. All rights reserved. 4

6 Lef blst dimeter Lef blst dimeter bcd b Volume- Issue- (2) ISSN: (p); 219 (e) 2 DAMA Interntionl. All rights reserved. N1 cd N2 bc Figure 2. Interction of silicon resource nd nitrogen on lef blst dimeter in S1= non ppliction or control, S2= Clcium silicte, S= Potssium silicte, S4= Nno-silicon folir ppliction, N1=, N2= kg h d -1 bc S1 S2 S N1 N2 bc Figure. Interction of silicon resource nd nitrogen on lef blst dimeter in S1= non ppliction or control, S2= Clcium silicte, S= Potssium silicte, S4= Nno-silicon folir c ppliction, N1=, N2= kg h -1 The highest grin yield ws rrived with use of kg N h -1 (Shshidhr, 2). Silicon use with increse tolernce to drought nd number of tiller per plnt hd due to increse grin yield nd dry mtter in plnt (Noll et l., ). bc S1 S2 S REFERENCE Bernl J. (2). Response of rice nd Sugrcne to Mgnesium Silicte in different Soils of Colombi, South Americ. Proceedings of the 4 th Interntionl Conference on Silicon in Agriculture.2-1 October 2. South Afric. Bhvy H.K., Nchegowd V., Jgnth S., Sreenivs K.N. nd Prksh N.B. (2). Effect of folir silicic cid nd boron cid in Bnglore blue grpes. Interntionl Conference on Silicon in Agriculture September 1-1, Beijing, Chin. Chen J.N., Ci K.Z., Ge S.B. nd Luo S.M. (2). Silicon nd slicylic cid induced defense response in rice (Oryz stiv L.)Aginst Mgnporthe grise. Proc. th Int. Con. Silicon Agricult.1-1 September 2 Beijing, Chin Chen W., Yo X., Ci K. nd Chen J. (2). Silicon llevites drought stress of rice plnts by improving plnt wter sttus, Photosynthesis nd minerl nutrient bsorption. Biol. Trce Element Res. 2: -.

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