Identifying Sources and Chemical Composition of Particulate Matter Using Single Particle Mass Spectrometry

Transcription

1 Identifying Sources and Chemical Composition of Particulate Matter Using Single Particle Mass Spectrometry Jovanna Arndt, Robert Healy, Eoin McGillicuddy, John Sodeau and John Wenger. University College Cork

2 EU limits PM µg/m 3 1 year (averaged) PM10 40 µg/m 3 1 year (averaged) 50 µg/m 3 24 hours (averaged)

3 EU limit

4 Inhalation of PM can affect the respiratory tract Depends on size and composition µm 100 PM 10 & larger usually lodge in nose & throat Irritation hay fever PM2.5 Combustion particles (solid fuel, traffic, etc.) reach alveoli aggravating asthma, chronic bronchitis, lung cancer, etc. Viruses too cold & flu Lodges in nose & throat Main breathing passages Small breathing passages Bronchi Alveoli International Agency for Research on Cancer classified PM as carcinogenic to humans (Oct. 2013)

5 DIRECT EFFECT INDIRECT EFFECT Cooling Warming Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 5 th Assessment Report, 2013

6 Components Elemental carbon (soot) Organic carbon (e.g. PAHs benzene carcinogenic) Secondary species e.g. nitrate, sulfate gas condensation onto particles Components Silicates, iron, calcium Sodium chloride, magnesium Secondary species e.g. nitrate, sulfate gas condensation onto particles

7 Since health & climate effects dependent on chemical composition of PM:

8 Individual particles Internal & external mixing state: Elemental & organic carbon Metals Sodium chloride (sea salt) Nitrate Sulfate Particle Size Range (~PM2.5) 100 nm 3000 nm

9 Elemental Wood Carbon Shipping Sea Combustion salt (Combustion)

10 Several weeks at sampling location A few hundred thousand mass spectra. Algorithm (Kmeans) Similar mass spectra grouped into particle classes Time series Size distributions Wind direction dependence SOURCE IDENTIFICATION

11 How much of a city s PM2.5 is local? Eastern Europe transport NE. Europe (Benelux) transport Healy, R.M., et. al. (2012) Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12,

12 industrial harbour Sampling site Haulbowline 2011 CORSICA Cork City ~ 10km ITALY NANOINDUS Dunkirk m altitude Chimneys COBH 850 m GMF Sampling site ADRIMED & SAFMED Corsica 2013 regional Haulbowline Is. Sampling site

13 Simplified ATOFMS Composition Particle Types & Counts Wood burning & Dust Industrial emissions

14 Some ambient particles match chimney samples others from steelmanufacturing plant Metalrich particle classes (Ca, Fe, Al, Mn, Zn) North Particle Counts NW NE West East SW SE South

15 Relative Intensity Relative Intensity Mn particles (ore sample) PO 3 AlCO 3 AlSiO 3 NO 3 SiO 3 PO 2 NO 2 AlO 2 AlO Cl CN C 2 O Na + Al + K + Mn + Fe + Mn particles (ambient) Internally mixed Mn, Fe, K, Al MATCH: Ore sample & ambient Ambient Mn particles accumulated nitrate during transport to site m/z Steelmanufacturing particles (ambient) NO 2 Na + K + Fe + Internally mixed Fe, K, Al, Na NO MATCH HSO 4 FeO 2 PO 3 NO 3 Cl O Al + No Mn neighbouring steel manufacturer m/z

16 combustion dust Identify different sources (Europe vs. Sahara) different air masses & meteorological conditions ChArMEx

17 Sea salt Transported dust Sea salt Biomass burning event NE. Italy Small combustion particles Large dust particles

18 One particle class based on composition = biomass burning BUT different size distributions during different periods = different sources Biomass burning particles (smaller) Dust particles (larger)

19 emissions outside the city mixing states of particles in emission plume manufacturing plant. ferromanganese facility vs. steel transport of regional combustion & dust

20