Bulk Metallic Glasses - Characteristics and Possibilities

Transcription

1 Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Apr 03, 2019 Bulk Metallic Glasses - Characteristics and Possibilities Eldrup, Morten Mostgaard; Byrne, Cormac Publication date: 2009 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Eldrup, M. M. (Invited author), & Byrne, C. (Invited author). (2009). Bulk Metallic Glasses - Characteristics and Possibilities. Sound/Visual production (digital) General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.

2 Bulk Metallic Glasses Characteristics and Possibilities Morten Eldrup and Cormac Byrne Materials Research Division

3 Overview - What is a metallic glass - How to make a metallic glass and a - Bulk Metallic Glass (BMG) - Some properties of BMGs - Supercooled liquid range - Surface imprinting - Forming in 3D - Problems - Near-net-shaping - Mechanical properties - Conclusion 2 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark

4 What is an amorphous alloy/metallic glass? Glass Solid where the atom positions are disordered Ceramic Polymer Metallic Crystal Solid where the atom positions are ordered Ceramic Polymer Metallic 3 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark MIKROMETAL

5 1959 First report of rapid cooling of a metallic alloy to form a glass Paul Duwez, California Institute of Technology, USA 4 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark

6 Glass Crystal Liquid T T x T m Rapid cooling ~ 10 6 K/s Results in thin ribbons 5 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark MIKROMETAL

7 1959 First report of rapid cooling of a metallic alloy to form a glass Paul Duwez, California Institute of Technology, USA 1970s Magnetic applications of rapidly cooled metallic glasses Electrical transformers, antitheft strips 6 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark

8 1959 First report of rapid cooling of a metallic alloy to form a glass Paul Duwez, California Institute of Technology, USA 1970s Magnetic applications of rapidly cooled metallic glasses Electrical transformers, antitheft strips 1984 First report of metallic alloys that avoid crystallization without rapid cooling by Kui et al., Harvard University, and Akihisa Inoue et al., Tohoku University, Japan (1989) Bulk metallic glass = BMG 7 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark

9 Super-cooled Liquid Glass Crystal Liquid T T g T x T m K/s Moderate cooling rate is sufficient to avoid crystallisation 8 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark MIKROMETAL

10 Making BMG Castings Drop casting in arc melter ~4 g Rods 3-5 mm Ø, 25 mm long Plate casting in induction melter ~ 10 g 25 x 25 x 2 mm 3 plates Ribbon Spinning ~ 3 g 70 µm x 4 mm x 3 m 9 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark MIKROMETAL

11 Specimens produced by melt spinning, drop casting or suction casting metallic glass specimens 1 mm Ø 10 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark

12 No visual difference between amorphous and crystalline casting Check castings by x-ray 11 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark MIKROMETAL

13 Examples of BMG Alloy Family Specific alloy Critical cooling rate (K/s) T g (K) T x (K) Ti-Zr-TM Ti 34 Zr 11 Cu 47 Ni Mg-Ln-(Cu,Ni, Zn) Mg 65 Cu 25 Y Ln-Al-TM La 55 Al 25 Ni 15 Cu Zr-Ti-Al-TM Zr 52.5 Ti 5 Al 10 Ni 14.6 Cu ~700 ~795 Zr-Ti-TM-Be Zr 38.5 Ti 16.5 Ni 9.75 Cu Be Pd-Cu-Ni-P Pd 42.5 Cu 30 Ni 7.5 P TM = Group VI VIII transition metals (Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Re, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt) Ln = Y, Lanthanide metals (La or rare earth metals) 12 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark MIKROMETAL

14 Glass SCL Crystalline 1000 Flow Stress, MPa Mg-Cu-Y BAA Mg 60 Cu 30 Y 10 BMG Conventional Mg-Al-Zn Alloy Watanabe (1999) 0, Temperature, C Strain rate = 10-3 s Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark MIKROMETAL

15 Shaping Surfaces with micro- or nano-scale topology BMG SCL Hard die BMG SCL BMG glass 14 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark

16 Some patterns Si/SiO 2 master BMG replica Pd 40 Cu 30 Ni 10 P 20 T = 640K, P = 10 Mpa, time = 1000s 15 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Inoue et al.

17 Linear sine pattern replicated on Mg 60 Cu 30 Y nm How small can these features be? 16 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark MIKROMETAL

18 Diffraction pattern on Ni surface imprinted on a BMG (Zr 44 Ti 11 Cu 10 Ni 10 Be 25 ) BMG Ni 17 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark MIKROMETAL

19 Nanoscale surface topology 100 nm 1 µm 12 nm 18 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark MIKROMETAL

20 19 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Schroers et al. 2007

21 HOT CUTTING OF BMGs 20 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Schroers et al. 2009

22 Pt-BMG rods formed by embossing on porous alumina 21 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Schroers et al. 2009

23 Using one BMG as a mould for another BMG 22 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Schroers et al. 2009

24 Using one BMG as a mould for another BMG or a polymer PMMA Pt-BMG 23 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Schroers et al. 2009

25 BMG screwdriver tip 24 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark MIKROMETAL

26 BMG-material: Vitreloy 1B, Vit1B, LM1B (Zr 44 Ti 11 Cu 10 Ni 10 Be 25 ) CTE ~ /K Ejection Experiment T g ~350 C T x ~470 C Dies with different thermal expansion coefficients: - Stainless steel (CTE ~ /K) - Pure molybdenum (CTE ~ /K) - HRA-929 superalloy (CTE ~ /K) (Hitachi) Polished and un-polished 25 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark MIKROMETAL

27 Maximum ejection force SS unpolished 6 Force (kn) SS polished 25 C 2 1 HRA-929 unpolished HRA-929 polished Pure molybdenum unpolished Pure molybdenum polished Molykote Boron Nitride Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark MIKROMETAL

28 Shaping of BMG by pressing or casting Glass SL Crystal Liquid T Volume per atom Glass Crystal Supercooled liquid Liquid T g T m Temperature 27 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark MIKROMETAL

29 Casting - to near net-shape 28 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark

30 Extrudet microcomponent (10 mm 10 µm) Mg 60 Cu 30 Y 10 Viscosity glass super-cooled liquid crystal liquid 10-3 T g T x T m T Innovationskonsortium projekt MIKROMETAL 29 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark MIKROMETAL

31 Characteristic BMG properties below T g Stress BMG * Crystalline Modulus ca. 40% of cryst. alloy * Virtually no plastic flow in tension * * Strain Fracture stress in tension (*) depends on BMG and quality of casting 0 - several % plastic flow in compression 30 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark MIKROMETAL

32 Elastic Modulus stress Fe-B-BMG Steel strain 31 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark

33 Energy Storage Comparison Medium kw h / kg Hydrogen 38 Gasoline 14 Dynamite 1.2 Carbon fiber flywheel 0.2 Steel flywheel 0.05 Lead-acid battery 0.04 Amorphous Fe spring Steel spring Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark MIKROMETAL

34 Mechanical properties at room temperature Properties Mg 60 Cu 30 Y 10 Zr 55 Cu 20 Ni 10 Al 15 Zr 44 Cu 40 Al 8 Ag 8 Zr 41.2 Be 22.5 Ti 13.8 Cu Ni 10 Vitreloy1 Zr 44 Ti 11 Cu 10 Ni 10 Be 2 5 Vitreloy 1B Zr 58.5 Cu 15.6 Ni 12.8 Al 10.3 Nb 2.8 Vitreloy 106 Pt 57.5 Cu 14.7 Ni 5.3 P 22.5 Fe 48 Cr 15 Mo 14 Er 2 C 15 B 6 E, GPa G, GPa (25) Yield strength, compression, MPa Plastic strain at fracture, compression 0.007% 0.2% % ~20% 0 Fracture strength tension, MPa ca Plastic strain at fracture, tension 0% 0% 1 0% Vickers hardness, GPa Fracture toughness, MPa m 1/ ± Zr 52.5 Ti 5 Cu 17.9 Ni 14.6 Al Zr 58 Ni 13.6 Cu 18 Al Zr 55 Cu 30 Ni 5 Al Fe 49 Cr 15 Mo 14 C 15 B 6 Er 1 5. Fe 48 Cr 15 Mo 14 C 15 B 6 6. Zr 57 Nb 5 Cu 15.4 Ni 12.6 Al Zr 48 Cu 36 Al 8 Ag 6 33 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark

35 Comparison of mechanical properties for some BMGs with conventional alloys 34 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark MIKROMETAL

36 35 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark

37 BLOW-MOLDING Zr 44 Ti 11 Cu 10 Ni 10 Be 25 T=460 C, t =100 sec Lung power, ~10 4 Pa T=460 C, t =40 sec 10 5 Pa, 400% strain 36 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark Schroers et al. 2008

38 The unique characteristic of all BMG is the tremendous softening that occurs abruptly above T g - Microcomponent and microdevice shaping - Faithful replication down to nm sizes (dependent on aspect ratio) - Smooth surfaces Each BMG is an individual material with its own characteristics No BMG has all desirable characteristics: hard, strong, fatigue resistant, corrosion resistant, extremely formable, cheap, No known BMG exhibits plastic strain in unconstrained tension All BMG contain at least 3 elements, composition is not very flexible 37 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark

39 Thanks for collaboration with colleagues at Risø and participants in the innovation consortium MIKROMETAL: Mekanik 38 Risø DTU, Technical University of Denmark