409 HIGH PERFORMANCE ULTRA FORM

Transcription

1 49 HIGH PERFORMANCE-1 49 ULTRA FORM STAINLESS STEEL Exhaust Systems Fuel Filers Pipes Heat Exchangers Tubular Manifolds TYPE 49 STAINLESS STEEL is especially useful for applications requiring oxidation or corrosion protection beyond the capability of carbon steel and some coated steels. Current uses include automotive and truck exhaust systems, tubular manifolds, agricultural spreaders, gas turbine exhaust silencers, heat exchangers and fuel filters. This alloy provides good oxidation and corrosion resistance for automotive and non-automotive exhaust applications. AK Steel 49 ULTRA FORM Stainless Steel was created to meet more severe forming requirements than typical Type 49 and is particularly suitable for parts requiring more complex shapes and improved weldability.

2 Product Description Type 49 offers economical corrosion resistance and good formability. The nominal 11% chromium (Cr) content offers improved corrosion resistance over carbon steel. The composition of Type 49 is balanced with a titanium (Ti) addition and low-carbon levels to avoid austenite formation making the alloy essentially non-hardenable when exposed to annealing temperatures and when welding. The titanium additions not only stabilize the steels to prevent hardening during welding, but also prevent the formation of chromium carbides. Welds and weld heat affected zones perform nearly as well as the base metal in corrosion resistance and forming. AK Steel 49 ULTRA FORM Stainless Steel provides an outstanding combination of improved forming, ridging and roping. These benefits are achieved through precise control of chemistry and thermomechanical processing from melting to finishing. Composition (wt %) Carbon (C).3 max. Manganese (Mn) 1. max. Phosphorus (P).4 max. Sulfur (S).2 max. Silicon (Si) 1. max. Chromium (Cr) Nickel (Ni).5 max. Nitrogen (N).3 max. Titanium (Ti) 8(C+N) min AVAILABLE FORMS AK Steel produces Type 49 in coils and cut lengths in thicknesses from in. ( mm) in widths up to and including 48 in. (1219 mm). For welded applications over.12 in. (3.48 mm) thick, AK Steel 49 Ni will provide improved toughness and weldability. The surface finish of Type 49 stainless is obtained by annealing and pickling after rolling. The pickled surface is relatively matte and, like other titanium stabilized stainless steels, it may have some cosmetic titanium streaks. Therefore, where a uniform surface finish is required, these stainless steels may not be satisfactory. In cases where surface appearance is important, and titanium streaks are objectionable, AK Steel 4 should be considered. The values shown in this bulletin were established in U.S. customary units. The metric equivalents of U.S. customary units shown may be approximate. 1

3 Mechanical Properties TABLE 1 TYPICAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES ANNEALED CONDITION TRANSVERSE ORIENTATION Acceptable Specifications ASTM A24 UNS S492 UTS,.2% YS, Elongation % in 2" (5.8 mm) Rockwell Hardness, B 55 (379) min. 25 (172) min. 2 min. 88 max. Type 49 6 (414) 34 (234) AK Steel 49 ULTRA FORM SS 62 (427) 35 (241) TABLE 2 EFFECT OF COLD WORK ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES*.62 in. (1.545 mm) Condition UTS,.2% YS, Elongation % in 2" (5.8 mm) Rockwell Hardness, B Annealed 6.6 (418) 32.6 (258) 36 7 Cold Worked 5% 63. (434) 51.5 (352) 32 7 Cold Worked 1% 71.1 (49) 7.5 (486) Cold Worked 16.4% 79. (545) 78.5 (541) 1 89 Cold Worked 32.5% 95.4 (657) 94.5 (652) 4 94 Cold Worked 45.4% 15.9 (73) 14.5 (721) 4 85 *Average results of duplicate laboratory tests on randomly selected coils. TABLE 3 EFFECT OF 885 F (475 C) EMBRITTLEMENT ON ROOM-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES AND ROOM-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES AFTER 3% COLD WORK Unlike higher alloyed ferritic stainless steels, Type 49 stainless steel annealed and cold worked do not show any detrimental effect on ductility after exposure of up to 1 hours within the 885 F (475 C) embrittlement range. Condition UTS,.2% YS, Elongation % in 2" (5.8 mm) Rockwell Hardness, B Annealed 64.4 (444) 37.5 (258) Annealed + 1 ºF (492 ºC) Annealed + 1 ºF (492 ºC) Annealed + 1 ºF (492 ºC) 64. (441) 38.4 (265) (443) 39.3 (271) (447) 39.8 (275) 34 7 Cold Worked 3% 99.3 (685) 96.4 (631) 96 Cold Worked 3% + 1 ºF (492 ºC) 99.5 (687) 96.6 (632)

4 Mechanical Properties TABLE 4 TYPICAL SHORT-TIME ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES (Average of duplicate tests on randomly selected coils) Temperature, F ( C) UTS,.2% YS, 7 (21) 59. (47) 33.9 (233) 4 (24) 52. (358) 25. (172) 7 (427) 48. (33) 23. (159) 1 (538) 34.9 (241) 17.4 (12) 12 (649) 22.8 (157) 12.5 (86) 13 (74) 1.6 (73) 7.5 (52) 14 (76) 6.1 (42) 4.4 (3) 15 (816) 4.2 (29) 3. (21) 16 (871) 3. (21) 2.4 (16) TABLE 5 ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE FATIGUE STRENGTH (Tension/Tension R =.1) Temperature, F ( C) Fatigue Strength to Surpass 1 7 Cycles, 7 (21) (371) (593) (74) (816) 1.5 TABLE 6 STRESS RUPTURE PROPERTIES.45.6 in. ( mm) Temperature, F ( C) Maximum Stress to Failure, 1 hrs. 1 hrs. 13 (74) 4.1 (27.5) 3.2 (22.) 15 (816) 1.5 (1.3).9 (6.2) 3

5 FIGURE 1 SPECIFIC HEAT Specific Heat, W sec/gm-k Temperature, F Temperature, C 5 Type 49 Aluminized Steel Type Specific Heat, BTU/lb. F FIGURE 2 ELEVATED TEMPERATURE THERMAL EXPANSION DATA 7.5 Average Coefficient in./in./ F Type 49 AK Steel 11 Cr-Cb SS AK Steel 18 Cr-Cb SS Type Test Temperature, F Test Temperature, C TABLE 7 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Density, lbs./in. 3 (g/cm 3 ).28 (7.8) Specific Electrical Resistance (µω cm) 6. Modulus of Elasticity in Tension at room temperature psi. (MPa) 3.2 x 1 6 (2.8 x 1 4 ) 4

6 Physical Properties TABLE 8 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, SPECIFIC HEAT AND DIFFUSIVITY Temperature Conductivity Specific Heat Diffusivity F ( C) W(m K) BTU (hr. ft. F) J/(Kg K) BTU/(lb. F) mm 2 /sec. ft. 2 /hr. 73 (23) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) * (87) * *Extrapolated values TABLE 9 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY TEST DATA E = average Young's modulus of elasticity at temperature, based on triplicate longitudinal sample tests Temperature Test E ASME (1) E F ( C) psi. x 1 6 MPa x 1 4 psi. x 1 6 MPa x (21) (93) (149) (24) (26) (316) (371) (427) (482) (538) (649) Notes: (1) Data from 1989 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 2, Table AMG-2, Chromium steels 12 Cr 17 Cr (Group F). Note that Type 49 is nominally 11 Cr. 5

7 Corrosion Resistance The general corrosion resistance of Type 49 is similar to Type 41, performing far superior to carbon steel products in most applications. Both AK Steel 49 ULTRA FORM Stainless Steel and regular Type 49 exhibit good wet corrosion resistance to chlorides, sulfates, and many organic acids and have proven to be acceptable for many automotive exhaust applications. Very little difference in corrosion behavior has been observed when comparing AK Steel 49 ULTRA FORM Stainless Steel to regular Type 49. Type 49 products contains a certain number of surface inclusions which are the normal result of titanium additions. Occasional red rust may occur at these inclusion sites and lead to cosmetic corrosion. As a result, these steels are not suggested for applications where surface appearance is a factor. SALT CYCLE TESTING When comparing the pitting resistance of various alloys used for automotive exhaust applications, a cyclic 5% sodium chloride exposure is used to mimic road salt exposure experienced during service. Flat sheet samples mm (.6.69 in.) are heat treated for 1 hr. at 427 C (8 F) once per week and then immersed in neutral, sodium chloride solution for 15 minutes followed by a 1 hr. 3 min. ambient air dry. The balance of the 24 hour period is held in a fixed temperature/humidity chamber set at 6 C (14 F)/85% RH. This process is repeated five days/week. Samples are removed from test every two weeks, cleaned and pit depth measurements are collected. Pit Depth, (µm) FIGURE 3 AK STEEL SALT CYCLE TESTING TEST PROCEDURE Type 49 Type 439 Aluminized Type Days 6

8 Corrosion Resistance ACIDIC MUFFLER CONDENSATE TEST Corrosion caused by internal exhaust condensate is a common occurrence in the field. This test is used as a materials screening to evaluate the corrosion resistance of various alloys under very aggressive cyclic acid condensate exposure similar to what is experienced during service in some locations. TEST SETUP: Partial immersion of 2 x 4 in. (7.6 x 1.2 cm) coupon in synthetic condensate TEST SOLUTION: 5, ppm SO ppm CI - 1 ppm NO ppm Formic Acid Solution ph is adjusted to using sulfuric acid by adding approximately 3 4 ppm SO 4 2- TEST CYCLE PROCEDURE: Heat 1 hour at 5 C (932 F) Humidity exposure for 6 hours at 6 C (14 F)/85% RH 16 hours exposed to boiling test solution (boil to dryness) Pit Depth, (µm) FIGURE 5 AK STEEL MUFFLER CONDENSATE TEST 5 45 Type 49 4 Aluminized Type Type AK Steel 18 Cr-Cb SS Days Condensing Vapor Beaker FIGURE 4 Watch Glass Steel Sample Boiling Condensate 7

9 Corrosion Resistance AK STEEL HOT SALT CYCLE The following accelerated lab test was designed to simulate hot end operating conditions. This test is used to evaluate the effect of residual salt attack on exhaust components at high temperatures. TABLE 1 HOT SALT TEST Alloy Mass Loss, (mg/cm 2 ) 1 Cycles 2 Cycles AK Steel 18 Cr-Cb SS Type AK Steel 11 Cr-Cb SS Type Mass Loss, (mg/cm 2 ) FIGURE 6 HOT SALT TEST 1 Cycle 2 Cycle AK Steel 18 Cr-Cb SS Type 439 AK Steel Type Cr-Cb SS TEST PROCEDURE Four inch by four inch sheet specimens are exposed to a 5 minute immersion to 5% sodium chloride solution followed by a heat treatment exposure to 677 C (125 F) for 9 minutes. Upon completion of the 9 minute heat treatment the test specimens are water quenched for 1 minute. This salt dip-heat treatment cycle is repeated four times per day with the balance of the day exposed to 6 C (14 F)/85% RH. This is equal to four cycles within a 24 hour period. Specimens are removed at 1 and 2 cycles, bead blasted, and measured for mass loss. 8

10 Oxidation Resistance The temperature at which Type 49 start to exhibit destructive scaling in air is 145 F (789 C). This is considered the general maximum service temperature for continuous exposure in air. However, maximum service temperatures will vary appreciably, depending on the atmospheres involved. TABLE 11 CONTINUOUS SERVICE SCALING TESTS Alloy Weight Gain, mg/cm 2 * Temperature F ( C) 14 (76) 155 (843) Type Type Type *Constant temperature for 1-hour exposure in air. Mass Change, (mg/cm 2 ) FIGURE 7 CYCLIC OXIDATION OF TYPE 49 AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE 1 CYCLE = 25 min. HEAT, 5 min. COOL F (816 C) 16 F (871 C) 17 F (927 C) Number of Cycles 9

11 Properties TABLE 12 CYCLIC SCALING WITH TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS EXPRESSED IN WEIGHT CHANGE (mg/cm 2 ) 15 F (816 C) Cycles of 25 min. heat 5 min. cool 165 F (899 C) Excursions cycles daily for 2 hrs. Alloy 564 cycles, 15 F (816 C) 564 cycles 15 F/ 1 cycles, 165 F (899 C) Type Type AK Steel 11 Cr-Cb SS Type While 145 F (789 C) is considered the practical upper temperature oxidation service limit, brief excursions above 16 F (871 C) can be tolerated. Note: The austenitic Type 34 alloy shows large negative weight changes indicating oxide spalling due to thermal expansion differences between the oxide and base metal. FORMABILITY A uniform grain structure, improved r m value, and improved ridging and roping resistance allow AK Steel 49 ULTRA FORM Stainless Steel to be formed into more complex shapes than is possible with standard Type 49. AK Steel 49 ULTRA FORM Stainless Steel provides good fabricating characteristics and can be cut, blanked and formed without difficulty. Brake presses normally used on carbon steel can be used on this alloy. Forming Limit Curves (Figure 9) provide guidelines to the forming capabilities of a specific material over a range of major-to-minor strain ratios. The Forming Limit Curves define the critical strain limit that a material can undergo prior to the onset of localized thinning. It is assumed that no previous deformation has taken place and that the strain path does not dramatically change during deformation. Forming Limit Curves have proven very useful in diagnosing potential problems in sheet forming. Sheets are premarked with a known strain grid pattern and formed using either prototype or production tools. Strains near suspected trouble regions are measured and compared with the Forming Limit Curves. If the measured strains are near the experimental forming limit curve, some production failures are likely. Measured strains plotted on the forming limit diagram can also help to identify forming process changes needed, that will take advantage of the material's ability to draw or stretch. Standard forming tests show a typical Olsen Cup Height value of.4 in. (1.16 mm) and a Limiting Draw Ratio of 2.2 for Type 49. At times, forming ability has been affected by temperature in particular Ductile-to-Brittle Transition Temperatures (DBTT). AK Steel 49 Ni offers improved resistance to brittle impact fractures at lower temperatures. The DBTT for hot-rolled.2 in. (5.8 mm) thick material is below -2 ºF (-29 ºC), while after cold rolling to.75 in. (1.9 mm) thick material and annealing, the DBTT is below -75 ºF (-59 ºC). The plastic strain ratio or r m ( r) value may be thought of as a material s resistance to thinning during drawing or tube bending operations. The higher the value, the greater the resistance to tearing or thinning. These stainless steels have a typical r m ( r) value of 1.1 to 1.7 based on chemistry. Major Engineering Strain Strain, (%) (%) Major Engineering Strain, (%) FIGURE 8 TYPICAL FORMING LIMIT CURVES TYPE 439,.4 in. THICK, PRIMARY STRAIN TRANSVERSE TO SHEET ROLLING DIRECTION e Minor Engineering Strain, (%) ULTRA FORM HIGH PERFORMANCE-1 Constant Thinning Lines FIGURE 9 TYPICAL FORMING LIMIT CURVES TYPE 49,.4 in. THICK, PRIMARY STRAIN TRANSVERSE TO SHEET ROLLING DIRECTION Minor Engineering Strain, (%) 4 ULTRA FORM HIGH PERFORMANCE-1 Constant Thinning Lines

12 Properties WELDABILITY Type 49 is readily welded by arc welding processes. When gauge thickness and weld joint geometry permit the use of gas shielded metal-arc welding, joints having good properties are easily obtained. The electrode wires most often suggested are AWS ER39 or ER38L austenitic stainless steel when the application does not include exposure to high temperatures. AWS ER39 or ER38L stainless wire may also be employed for joining these stainless steels to mild steel. Thin wall components for elevated-temperature service should be weld fabricated with a matching weld filler such as AK Steel 49 Cb. AWS ER43 and W18 Cr-Cb filler wires are suitable alternatives. Guidelines for the Shielded Metal-Arc (SMA) process and selection of electrodes are about the same as those employed for GMA and GTA welding, except that matching fillers for thermal application are not available in covered electrode form. Suitable substitutes are E41Ni Mo and E33. Type 49 also is readily adaptable to resistance spot and seam welding. TUBING PRODUCTION Type 49 are readily produced on both high frequency and Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) tubing mills. Such tubing generally has good formability. Even greater formability develops with a short-time post-weld anneal near F ( C). 11

13 MAKING INNOVATION HAPPEN SAFETY QUALITY PRODUCTIVITY INNOVATION AK Steel Corporation 9227 Centre Pointe Drive West Chester, OH STEEL AK Steel is a leading producer of flat-rolled carbon, stainless and electrical steel products, primarily for the automotive, infrastructure and manufacturing, electrical power generation and distribution markets. Through its subsidiaries, the company also provides customer solutions through carbon and stainless steel tubing products, die design and tooling, and hot and cold stamping. Headquartered in West Chester, Ohio (Greater Cincinnati), the company employs approximately 9,2 men and women at manufacturing operations across seven states (Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia), as well as Canada and Mexico. Additional information about AK Steel is available at The information and data in this document are accurate to the best of our knowledge and belief, but are intended for general information only. Applications suggested for the materials are described only to help readers make their own evaluations and decisions, and are neither guarantees nor to be construed as express or implied warranties of suitability for these or other applications. Data referring to material properties are the result of tests performed on specimens obtained from specific locations of the products in accordance with prescribed sampling procedures; any warranty thereof is limited to the values obtained at such locations and by such procedures. There is no warranty with respect to values of the materials at other locations. AK and the AK Steel logo are registered trademarks of the AK Steel Corporation. 218 AK Steel. All Rights Reserved