GLOSSARY OF SPRING TERMINOLOGY

Transcription

1 GLOSSARY OF SPRING TERMINOLOGY CUSTOM SPRINGS Active Coils those coils which are free to deflect under load. Allow for Set spring is supplied longer than specified to compensate for length loss when fully compressed in assembly by customer. Usually recommended for large quantity orders to reduce cost. Angular Relationship of Ends the relative position of the plane of the hooks or loops of extension springs to each other. Blue a thin blue film of oxide on ferrous alloys, sometimes used to indicate that the material has been stress relieved. Baking heating of electroplated springs to relieve hydrogen embrittlement. Buckling bowing or lateral deflection of compression springs when compressed, related to the slenderness ratio (L/D). Closed Ends ends of compression springs where pitch of the end coils is reduced so that the end coils touch. Closed and Ground Ends same as with closed ends, except that the end is ground to provide a flat plane. Closed Length see Solid Height. Close-Wound coiled with adjacent coils in contact. Coils Per Inch see Pitch. Deflection Motion of spring ends or arms under the application or removal of an external load. Elastic Limit maximum stress to which a material may be subjected without producing permanent set. Endurance Limit maximum stress at which any given material will operate indefinitely without failure for a given minimum stress. Free Angle angle between the arms of a torsion spring when the spring is not loaded. Free Length the overall length of a spring in the unloaded position. Frequency (natural) the lowest inherent rate of free vibration of a spring itself (usually in cycles per second) with ends restrained. Gradient see Rate. Heat Setting fixturing a spring at elevated temperature to minimize loss of load at operating temperature. Helix the spiral form (open or closed) of compression, extension and torsion springs. Hooks open loops or ends of extension springs. Hot Pressing see Heat Setting. Hydrogen Embrittlement hydrogen absorbed in electroplating or pickling of carbon steels, tending to make the spring material brittle and susceptible to cracking and failure, particularly under sustained loads. Hysteresis the mechanical energy loss that always occurs under cyclic loading and unloading of a spring, proportional to the area between the loading and unloading load-deflection curves within the elastic range to a spring. Initial Tension the force that keeps the coils of an extension spring closed and which must be overcome before the coils start to open. Load the force applied to a spring that causes a deflection. Loops coil-like wire shapes at the ends of extension springs that provide for attachment and force application. Mean Coil Diameter outside spring diameter minus one wire diameter. Modulus in Shear or Torsion coefficient of stiffness for extension and compression springs. Modulus in Tension or Bending coefficient of stiffness used for torsion and flat springs (Young s Modulus). Moment see Torque. Open Ends, Not Ground end of a compression spring with a constant pitch for each coil. Open and Ground End open ends, not ground followed by an end grinding operation. Passivating acid treatment of stainless steel to remove contaminants and improve corrosion resistance. Permanent Set a material that is deflected so far that its elastic properties have been exceeded and it does not return to its original condition upon release of load is said to have taken a permanent set. Pitch the distance from center to center of the wire in adjacent active coils (recommended practice is to specify number of active coils rather than pitch). Preset see Remove Set. Rate change in load per unit deflection, generally given in pounds per inch. Remove Set full compression of a spring to solid state by manufacturer when needed to prevent length loss in operation. Residual Stress stresses induced by set removal, shot peening, cold working, forming or other means. These stresses may or may not be beneficial, depending on the application. Set length loss in operation due to the high stress condition of the spring. Shot Peening a cold working process in which the material surface is peened to induce compressive stresses and thereby improve fatigue life. Slenderness Ratio ratio of spring length to mean coil diameter. Solid Height height of a compression spring when under sufficient load to bring all coils into contact with adjacent coils. Spring Index ratio of the mean coil diameter to wire diameter Squared and Ground Ends see Closed and Ground Ends. Squared Ends see Closed Ends. Stress Range the difference in operating stresses at minimum and maximum loads. Stress Relieve to subject springs to low-temperature heat treatment so as to relieve residual stresses. Squareness of Ends angular deviation between the axis of a compression spring and a normal to the plane of the ends. Squareness Under Load same as in Squareness of Ends, except with the spring under load. Torque a twisting action in torsion springs which tends to produce rotation, equal to the load multiplied by the distance (or moment arm) from the load to the axis of the spring body. Usually expressed in inchoz., inch-pounds or in foot-pounds. Total Number of Coils number of active coils plus the coils forming the ends. Trapped Stress see Residual Stress. 382 leespring.com Call: 888-SPRINGS ( ) Fax:

2 REGULATORY COMPLIANCE AND CERTIFICATIONS ROHS COMPLIANCE RoHS 2 (European Directive 2011/65/EU on Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances) is European legislation that restricts the levels of Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Hexavalent Chromium, Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBB) and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE) present in electrical and electronic equipment sold in the European Union, commencing July 1, All Lee Spring Stock Products, with the exception of Cadmium Plated MIL-SPEC Springs, comply with the RoHS 2 Directive, including Directive (EU) 2015/863 amendment. REACH COMPLIANCE REACH (Regulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals) refers to European Union Regulation No 1907/2006. The aim of REACH is to ensure a high level of protection of human health and the environment from the risks that can be posed by chemicals. All Lee Spring Stock Products, with the exception of Cadmium Plated MIL-SPEC Springs, comply with this regulation. While the vast majority of Lee Spring Custom Products are also RoHS and REACH compliant, please note that certain specifications requested by our customers may not be compliant. Lee Spring only manufactures products that are not in compliance with these regulations upon customer request and can advise customers on RoHS or REACH compliance issues if there is any uncertainty. DFARS COMPLIANCE DFARS , Alt.1 prohibits prime government contractors and all suppliers at every tier from incorporating specialty metals (as defined in the clause) into military parts, components and/or end item deliverables unless the specialty metals have been: melted in the United States its outlying areas, or a qualifying country listed in DFARS Articles manufactured in a qualifying country, regardless of where the specialty metal may have been melted, are not subject to the requirement. Based on the definition of specialty metals, as given in DFARS , Music Wire Hard Drawn MB, and Oil Tempered MB spring wire are excluded from this requirement. However, Stainless Steel 301, Stainless Steel 302, Stainless Steel 316, Stainless Steel 17-7, and Oil Tempered Chrome Silicon are considered specialty metals (are not excluded) and therefore may be restricted for use under DFARS Not all of the wire used by Lee Spring in the manufacture of our products is melted in the United States or in any of the other qualifying countries. Should the products you need fall under the DFARS requirement, you will need to contact Lee Spring Customer Service or Engineering so that your requirement can be processed as a custom transaction. This may involve an increase in price, lead time, or both, on a case by case basis, depending on the availability of a suitable supply of the restricted alloy required. MS (MATERIAL TRACEABILITY) All Stock Spring products are available with Material Traceability certification; these products should be designated with the suffix MS. There is a documentation surcharge included in the price. Please contact Lee Spring for pricing. All Custom Spring products are available with Material Traceability certification. Please be sure to specify your requirement for these documents when placing a custom order. EXPORT REGULATIONS All Lee Spring Stock products are exempt from and therefore compliant with the International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR) (22 CFR ). Note that any customer required modifications to form, fit or function specifically for a military application would preclude such exemption. MIL-SPEC SPRINGS Lee Spring now stocks the complete line of products meeting Military Standards Compression Springs (AS24585) and Extension Springs (AS24586) as detailed on page 329. Material Traceability certification is included with MIL-SPEC Spring orders. DFARS material compliance is also included for stainless steel MIL-SPEC Springs. CUSTOM SPRINGS 383

3 Global Flexibility An expanding global presence and an in-depth knowledge of the worldwide marketplace puts Lee Spring at the leading edge of creating market-specific solutions. With steady focus and attention to detail, Lee Spring partners with your business to find solutions that meet your geographic requirements wherever your business takes you in the world. Serving Industries Worldwide Lee Spring is your global source for stock springs, custom springs, and wire products for international industries including: Aerospace Computer and Telecommunications Defense Industrial and Manufacturing Equipment Instrumentation and Controls Medical, Dental and Veterinary Devices Pharmaceutical Delivery Systems Robotics and Automations Sporting Goods and Toys Stampings and Machining Tools and Hardware Transportation Valves and Pumps and more 384 leespring.com Call: 888-SPRINGS ( ) Fax:

4 LOCATIONS Global Headquarters New York Lee Spring th Street #3C Brooklyn, NY Phone: Fax: North America Locations Arizona 1235 North Hobson Street Gilbert, AZ Missouri 1334 Charlestown Ind. Dr. St. Charles, MO Connecticut 245 Lake Avenue Bristol, CT North Carolina 104 Industrial Ave. Greensboro, NC Mexico & Latin America Mexico Lee Spring de Mexico Ave. Apolo 519, Edificio 22 Parque Industrial Kalas del Poniente Santa Catarina, N.L Mexico Phone: Phone (Mexico): Fax: ventas@leespring.com Europe England Lee Spring Limited Latimer Road Wokingham, Berkshire, RG41 2WA, England Phone: Fax: sales@leespring.co.uk Germany Lee Spring GmbH Altenaer Straße Lüdenscheid Germany Phone: Fax: verkauf@leespring.de Asia China Lee Spring Suzhou 2F Block 15 No. 8 Dong Fu Road Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, , PRC Phone: /7/8 Fax: sales@leespring.cn Lee Spring Tianjin 2nd Floor. Building 1 1F Block 3, No. 7 Hongxuan Road Huaming High-Tech Zone Tianjin, PRC, Phone: Fax: sales@leespring.cn India & Middle East India Lee Spring Company India Pvt. Ltd. Plot No: 182, Hosur Main Road Bommasandra Industrial Area, Bommasandra, Bengaluru, Karnataka India Phone: Fax: india-sales@leespring.com leespring.com Call: 888-SPRINGS ( ) Fax:

5 HOW TO ORDER Free Standard Ground Shipping on all stock spring orders of $40 or more in the Continental United States. Ordering is Easy Call: (888-SPRINGS) Visit: leespring.com Fax: Convenient Payment Methods Order using your Lee Spring account or Credit Card. Free Shipping! Lee Spring offers free standard ground shipping on all stock spring orders of $40 or more within the Continental United States. Need Parts Fast? Lee Spring offers expedited services to get you the springs you need when and where you want them. Lee Spring stocks a huge inventory of springs in stock and ready to ship. Need a Quote? Lee Spring can provide a stock or custom quote on the parts you need. Get up to the minute inventory information on all stock parts with just one call. Lee Spring pricing is available online 24/7 for quantities up to 1,000 pieces. For higher quantity, contact Lee Spring by calling , sales@leespring.com or fax Need Engineering or Technical Support? Work directly with an experienced Lee Spring Engineer from design through production. Lee Spring has been manufacturing springs since 1918 and we offer the highest quality technical support in the industry. Call us at or us at sales@leespring.com Convenient Online Ordering! Quickly Order Parts Find Pricing View Product Specification Download CAD Drawings Submit a Quote for Custom Springs and more! Visit Lee Spring online today at leespring.com! 386 leespring.com Call: 888-SPRINGS ( ) Fax:

6 The Lee Spring Difference Selection 25,000+ products available plus custom products made to your specifications. In Stock Springs ready to ship today. Support Engineering and customer service ready to assist. More Value FREE Standard Ground Shipping on Stock Springs in the Continental United States. FREE Plating on all Music Wire Stock Springs. FREE Grinding on all Standard Stock Compression Springs. FREE Passivation on 302, 316 & 17-7 Stainless Steel Springs. Expert Engineering Assistance on Stock Springs and Custom Springs. Certificate of Compliance on all Stock Springs and Custom Springs. Guaranteed RoHS Compliance on all Music Wire Stock Springs. Live Customer Service Support at all locations. Comprehensive Website with online ordering. Enhanced CAD Downloads on Stock Spring designs.

7 Free Standard Ground Shipping on all stock spring orders of $40 or more in the Continental United States. Custom Springs Made to Your Specifications Engineering support from design through production Extensive material and finish options Global manufacturing and distribution CAD Assisted product design Governmental and industrial regulatory expertise Prototypes through large production runs Global Flexibility Manufacturing and Distribution North America Latin America Asia Europe See page 385 for locations. Springs In Stock, Ready to ship. STOCK & CUSTOM SPRINGS 2019 P 888.SPRINGS ( ) F leespring.com sales@leespring.com Copyright 2019 Lee Spring Company. All registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.