TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT ABSTRAK

Transcription

1 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF SYMBOLS LIST OF APPENDICES ii iii iv v vi vii Xi xii xiv xv xvi 1 INTRODUCTION Introduction Problem Statement Objectives Scope of Study Importance of study 7 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 8

2 viii 2.1 Introduction Bottom Ash Properties of bottom ash Physical Characteristics Physical Appearance Specific Gravity and Water Adsorption Gradation Mechanical Properties Compaction Shear Strength Compressibility Permeability Coal Combustion Residues Utilization of Bottom Ash Soft Clay Physical and chemical properties Shear Strength Compressibility Characteristics Experimental works on Bottom Ash as an admixture Physical Charactristics Specific Gravity and Water Adsorption Gradation Mechanical Characteristics Compaction Shear Strength Permeability Compressibility Strength 43

3 ix 3 METHODOLOGY Introduction Collecting Literature Reviews Collection Of Sample Laboratory Works Physical Properties Grain Size Analysis Test Specific Gravity Test Mechanical Properties Compaction Test Direct Shear Test Dimentional Consolidation Test Permeability Test California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test Triaxial Test 56 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Introduction Physical Properties Grain Size Distribution Specific Gravity Mechanical Properties Compaction Test Permeability Test California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test Direct Shear Test Unconsolidation Undrained Test Triaxial Test Dimentional Consolidation Test 80

4 x 5 CONCLUSIONS Conclusions Recommendations 86 REFERENCES 87 APPENDIX 94

5 xi LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE 2.1 Indiana grading requirements for base and sub-base 13 materials 2.2 Result of direct shear tests on Indiana bottom ash Typical of permeability coefficient Hydraulic Conductivity of Ash Mixtures Total coal combustion product production and use The physical and chemical properties of the natural 25 White Kaolin 2.7 Typical values of coefficient of Volume 27 Compressibility 2.8 Grain Size Distribution of Natural Lateritic Soil with 29 Addition of Kiln Ash Wastes 2.9 Basic Grain Size Indices and Unified Soil 30 Classification System Framing of the Investigated Ash 2.1O Standard Proctor Compaction, Permeability, 32 Unconfined Compressive Strength and Soil Solution ph Test Results 2.11 Hydraulic Conductivity of Ash Mixtures Magnitudes of Cu and Cc in different mixtures Samples classified by Unified System Specific gravity values Optimum Moisture Content Maximum Dry Density Swelling values for compacted specimens of 15 blows per layer 68

6 xii 4.6 Swelling values for compacted specimens of blows per layer 4.7 Swelling values for compacted specimens of blows per layer 4.8 Details for penetration resistance Allowable CBR values O Results of direct shear tests of different materials Peak Strength carried out by Direct Shear Test Summary of Unconsolidation Undrained Test Coefficient of consolidation of bottom ash+ kaolin 82 mixtures 4.14 Coefficient of volume compressibility of bottom ash residual soil mixtures 83

7 xiii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE 1.1 Salahuddin Abdul Aziz power plant Salahuddin Abdul Aziz power plant Typical gradation ranges of coal ash Typical compaction curve for cohensionless soils Compaction curve for bottom ash from Gallagher 15 Power Plant, Indiana 2.4 One-Dimensional compression curves of West Virginia 18 Bottom Ash 2.5 One-dimensional compression curves for bottom ash 19 and a medium sand 2.6 Utilization of fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag and flue 22 gas desulfurization 2.7 Leading Bottom Ash Uses Grain-size distribution of the fly and bottom ash mixture 27 used in the construction of the demonstration embankment 2.9 Particle size distributions of fly, bottom, and fly/bottom 29 Ash mixtures from (a) Wabash River plant; and (b) A. B. Brown plant 2.1O Compaction curve for the 60% of fly and 40% of 31 Bottom Ash mixture 2.11 Compaction curves of ash mixtures Variation of MDD with pulverised coal Bottom Ash 34 content for soilcement- PCBA mixtures 2.13 Variation of OMC with pulverised coal Bottom Ash content for soil (cement) PCBA mixtures 35

8 xiv 2.14 Stress-strain and volume change results from 37 consolidated-drained triaxial tests completed on ash mixtures from (a) and (b) Wabash River plant; and (c) and (d) A. B. Brown plant 2.15 Volume change behaviour from CID triaxial test 37 performed at different confining stresses on ash mixtures from (a) Wabash River plant; and (b) A. B. Brown plant 2.16 Consolidation test results for natural red soil, natural 39 red soil with 5% kiln ash after 1 day, and after 62 days 2.17 Consolidation results of natural red soil, natural soil 40 with 10% kiln ash after 7 days, after 62 days, and after 177 days 2.18 Consolidation results of natural red soil, natural red soil 40 with 20% kiln ash after 1 day, and natural red soil after 180 days 2.19 Tangent constrained moduli of ash mixtures and sands O One-dimensional compression curves of ash mixtures 43 from (a) Wabash River plant; and (b) A. B. Brown plant 2.21 Unconfined compression strength versus dry unit weight 44 of mixtures with different bentonite content 2.22 Variation of soaked CBR with pulverised coal bottom 45 ash content for soil (cement) PCBA mixtures 2.23 Variation of UCS (7 days curing) with pulverised coal 46 bottom ash content for soil-cement-pcba mixtures 2.24 Variation of UCS (7days cured + 7 days soaked) with 46 pulverised coal bottom ash content for soil-cement-pcba mixtures 2.25 Variation of UCS (14 days curing) with pulverized coal 47 bottom ash content for soil-cement- PCBA mixture 2.26 Variation of UCS (28 days curing) with pulverized coal bottom ash content for soil-cement- PCBA mixture 47

9 xv 3.1 Flow chart of the activities in the study Kapar Power Plant Ash disposed area Collection of bottom ash Grain size distributions for 75% Kaolin + 25% Bottom 59 ash 4.2 Grain size distributions for 50% Kaolin + 50% Bottom 59 ash 4.3 Grain size distributions for 40% Kaolin + 60% Bottom 60 ash 4.4 Compaction curve for 75% Kaolin + 25% Bottom ash Compaction curve for 50% Kaolin + 50% Bottom ash Compaction curve for 40% Kaolin + 60% Bottom ash Combined Compaction Curves Samples swelling curve for 15 blows per each layer Samples swelling curve for 35 blows per each layer O Samples swelling curve for 62 blows per each layer Shear stress-displacement for 40% kaolin + 60% 73 bottom ash 4.12 Shear stress-displacement for 50% kaolin + 50% 74 bottom ash 4.13 Shear stress-displacement for 75% kaolin + 25% 74 bottom ash 4.14 Results of direct shear tests (40% Kaolin + 60% 75 Bottom ash) 4.15 Results of direct shear tests (50% Kaolin + 50% 75 Bottom ash) 4.16 Results of direct shear tests (75% Kaolin + 25% 76 Bottom ash) 4.17 The Mohr Circle from UU test (40% Kaolin + 60% 79 Botttom ash) 4.18 The Mohr Circle from UU test (50% Kaolin + 50% Botttom ash) 79

10 xvi 4.19 The Mohr Circle from UU test (75% Kaolin + 25% Botttom ash) 4.2O The Void Ratio Vs pressure for 60% Bottom Ash + 40% Kaolin 4.21 The Void Ratio Vs pressure for 50% Bottom Ash + 50% Kaolin 4.22 The Void Ratio Vs pressure for 25% Bottom Ash + 75% Kaolin

11 xvii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AASHTO- - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACAA - American Coal Ash Association ASTM - American Society of Testing and Materials BS - British Standard CBR - California bearing ratio CCRs - Coal combustion residues CD - Consolidated drained CU - Consolidated undrained FGD - Flue gas desulfurization USCS - Unified Soil Classification System

12 xviii LIST OF SYMBOLS ρ d ρ w G s D S c φ σ 1 σ 2 σ 3 λ d θ C u C c γ d γ n γ w σ d ε v ε a C C Dry density Bulk density Moisture content of soil Specified gravity Diameter Shear strength Cohesion intercept Angle of internal friction Major principle stress Intermediate principle stress Minor principle stress Wavelength Inter planner spacing Angle of incidence of X-ray to the Cu target element Coefficient of uniformity Coefficient of curvature Compacted dry density Normalized density Water density Deviator stress Volumetric strain Axial strain Compression index

13 xix e σ Void ratio Effective pressure

14 xx LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX TITLE PAGE A Specific gravity 94 B Compaction 95 C Grain size distribution 97 D Permeability 100 E Soaked CBR 103 F Direct shear 115 G Triaxial UU 121 H 1- Dimensional Consilidation 123