ASE324: Aerospace Materials Laboratory

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1 ASE324: Aerospace Materials Laboratory Instructor: Rui Huang Dept of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics The University of Texas at Austin Fall 2003

2 Lecture 3 September 4, 2003

3 Iron and Steels Iron: pure metal (Fe) Steels: iron-based alloys Mild steel: Fe + C ( wt%) Cast iron: Fe + C (1.8-4 wt%) Stainless steel: high alloy (C, Mn, Cr, Ni) Tool steel: heavily alloyed (Cr, Mo, W, V, Co) Alloying provides a wide range of properties that can be manipulated by composition and heat treatment.

4 Carbon Steel Production Carbon and iron mixed in liquid form Poured into a mold to produce a casting known as ingot The ingot is worked into standard stock (sheet, rod, wire, tube, etc.) Stock is then machined into final form liquid Solidified

5 Hot rolled and cold rolled steels Hot rolled steels (HRS): recrystallize after rolling. Cold rolled steels (CRS): permanently deformed at room temperature with no recrystallization. Material properties depend on production processes.

6 Hot rolled Steel σ σ UTS Unstable necking σ YU σ YL Stable necking Strain hardening Fracture 0 elastic ε f ε

7 Cold rolled steel Permanent deformation by cold rolling σ σ Y Higher strength due to hardening elastic 0 ε f ε Higher strength, but lower ductility

8 Understanding plastic deformation Materials remain intact after plastic deformation: atomic bonds broken and reformed. Plastic deformation occurs by shear. σ Y τ τ Y = σ Y 2 τ Y τ Y σ Y τ

9 Theoretical shear strength Approximate sinusoidal potential τ = τ max sin 2πx b x b τ τ a τ max 0 b x τ

10 Theoretical shear strength For small deformation (x << b): Hooke s law: Sinosoidal potential: Thus: τ = G γ = G τ = τ max 2πx b x a x b τ τ max = G b 2π a a τ For steel: τ max ~ psi, but τ Y ~ psi.

11 Discrepancy between theoretical and measured strength The theoretical shear strength is much greater than the measured value. The discrepancy is due to defects in the microstructure. Let s learn something about microstructures.

12 Atomic bonds Primary bonds: Ionic: NaCl (sodium chloride) Covalent:ceramics and glasses Metallic: metals and alloys Secondary bonds: Hydrogen bonds: water, polymer Van der Waals: polymer

13 Packing of atoms Crystalline: regular and repeating pattern (may have defects), for most metals and ceramics Amorphous: no long-range order, such as glasses Polymer: chain-like molecules hold together by secondary bonds, either crystalline or amorphous.

14 Metals and alloys Crystalline Polycrystalline: many small crystals (grains) Phases: regions of material with uniform properties (composition, structure, etc.) Let s look at the structure of a single crystal first.

15 Body-centered cubic (bcc) Fe, Cr, Mo William D. Callister, Jr., Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2003)

16 Face centered cubic (fcc) Al, Cu, Ni William D. Callister, Jr., Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2003)

17 Hexagonal closed packed (hcp) Mg, Zn, Cd William D. Callister, Jr., Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2003)

18 fcc vs hcp Both are closed packed structures Different packing sequences: ABA for hcp, ABC for fcc.

19 Density of solids Mass per atom: Volume per atom: m A V atomic weight from periodic table (g/mol) = (atoms/mol) = 4 π 3 3 A R A Number of atoms per unit cell (N) 2 for bcc, 4 for fcc, 6 for hcp Volume per unit cell (V C ) Depends on crystal structure Packing factor = NV V C A Mass density: ρ = Nm V C A

20 Crystal directions Start from the origin of a unit cell Take the coordinate of the end point referred to primitive translation vectors: (ku, kv, kw) Clear the common factor and fractions: [uvw] Specify negative coordinate with a bar on top. A set of crystallographically equivalent directions are denoted by <uvw>. z z y x [111] [100] [110] b a c [021] y [ 1 11] [ 012] x

21 Crystal planes Miller indices Find the intercepts of the plane with the three primitive axes: (pa, qb, rc) Take the reciprocals of the numbers (p, q, r) and reduce to three smallest integers (h, k, l) Miller indices of the plane: (hkl) Negative indices are indicated by a bar on top Same indices for parallel planes A family of crystallographically equivalent planes (not necessarily parallel) is denoted by {hkl}

22 Example: determine Miller indices z Intercepts: (a/2, 2b/3, ) p = ½, q = 2/3, r = Reciprocals: h = 2, k = 3/2, l = 0 Miller indices: (430) a c y x b

23 Important planes in cubic crystals {100} family: (100) (010) (001) {110} family: (110) (101) (011) ( 1 1 0) ( 10 1) (01 1) {111} family: (111) ( 1 1 1) (1 11)(11 1) {100} planes {110} planes

24 Hexagonal indices A special case for hexagonal crystals Miller-Bravais indices: (hkil) h = Reciprocal of the intercept with a 1 -axis k = Reciprocal of the intercept with a 2 -axis i = -(h + k) l = Reciprocal of the intercept with c-axis c c (1100) (1120) a 2 a 2 a 1 (0001) a 1

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