Physical Behavior of Metals

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1 Activity 4 Physical Behavior of Metals GOALS In this activity you will: Discover what an alloy is. Make a brass-coated penny. Determine how the properties of a metal are affected by making it into an alloy. What Do You Think? In the previous activity, you found that the chemical properties of metals are dependent upon their valence electrons. How can the physical properties of metals be modified? What properties of metals make them useful as works of art or tools for creating art? Record your ideas about these questions in your log. Be prepared to discuss your responses with your group and the class. Investigate Safety goggles and a lab apron must be worn at all times in a chemistry lab. Follow all safety rules for working with an open flame. Part A: Making Brass In the first part of this activity, you will attempt to make brass from a penny with a mint date after Get a shiny new penny. If it is not shiny, use steel wool to shine it. Wear gloves when shining the penny. 2. Fill a beaker with water and set it near a Bunsen burner. Light the burner and adjust the flame to get the inner blue cone. 3. Hold the edge of a penny with tongs. Place the penny in the Bunsen burner flame just above the inner blue cone. Heat the penny, turning it in the flame. Look for a color change. 201

2 Artist as Chemist Safety goggles and a lab apron must be worn at all times in a chemistry lab. Follow all safety rules for working with an open flame. The penny and the bobby pin can get very hot. Use extreme caution. Do not touch the heated bobby pin until you are sure it has cooled. Wash your hands and arms thoroughly after the activity. inner blue cone 4. When a color change occurs, quickly put the penny in the water. 5. Remove the penny from the water and observe the penny closely. a) Record your observations in your log. b) What color did the penny turn? Pennies minted since 1982 have a core of zinc with a layer of copper covering it. The melting point of zinc is low enough for the flame of a Bunsen burner to melt it. Copper becomes very soft in the flame, but won t quite melt. The resulting copper-zinc mixture (called an alloy) is brass. c) Lower percentages of zinc with the copper produce a yellow color. With more zinc, the color is redder. Does the penny have a higher percentage or a lower percentage of zinc? 6. Dispose of the materials as directed by your teacher. Clean up your workstation. Part B: Properties of Steel In this part of the activity, you will determine how to change the properties of iron by introducing carbon and changing the way it is heated and cooled. 1. Make a table in your Active Chemistry log similar to the one shown to record your observations and answers to questions. 2. Your teacher will provide you with several bobby pins. These are made of steel, which is an alloy of iron and carbon. The bobby pins are made of spring steel. Examine one of the bobby pins by trying to bend it. Open it up, close it, and generally manipulate it for a few minutes. a) Describe its properties in your log. 3. Light a Bunsen burner. Adjust the flame until you see a light blue cone in the center. Hold a second bobby pin by the ends using tongs or heatproof gloves. Place the bent portion of the bobby pin at the tip of the inner blue flame. 4. When the bend is red hot, gently pull the ends apart to straighten the bobby pin. Remove the bobby pin from the flame. Do not touch the middle of the bobby pin. a) When the bobby pin was red hot, was it easier or more difficult to open it? 5. Using tongs, hold one end of the open bobby pin in the flame to burn off the plastic tip. Let it cool and repeat with the other end. Spring steel Annealed steel Hardened steel Tempered steel 202

3 Activity 4 Physical Behavior of Metals 6. Heat the entire bobby pin to red-hot. Let it cool slowly on a porcelain dish on the counter. When the pin is cool, again observe the properties by manipulating the bobby pin. This process is called annealing. Heating the bobby pin to red-hot introduces carbon atoms into the iron-crystal structure. The flame from the burner is the source of the carbon. As the iron slowly cools, many of the carbon atoms are squeezed out of the crystal. You can wipe these off the surface. a) Compare and contrast this annealed steel with the original spring steel. b) Would annealed steel be useful for tools? Why or why not? 7. Fill a 250-mL beaker with water. Take the annealed bobby pin and bend the end around your finger to form a J-shaped hook. 8. Hold the other end of the bobby pin with tongs and heat the hook to red-hot. This time quickly immerse the entire hook in the beaker of cold water to cool it off quickly. Examine the hook end of the bobby pin. Try to bend it. What happens? a) Record your observations in your log. b) How can you explain your observations? This process is called hardening. When the iron is cooled quickly after introducing additional carbon atoms, the carbon atoms do not have a chance to escape and become trapped with the iron. The extra carbon atoms can hold onto electrons and make the metal less malleable. c) Would hardened steel be useful for tools? Why or why not? 9. Open up another bobby pin. Burn off the plastic tips and heat the entire length to red hot, and then let it cool slowly on the counter. a) What type of steel have you made again? 10 When the bobby pin is cool, form the J-hook and reheat it to red-hot and then immerse it in cold water. a) What type of steel is it now? 11. The next step is to temper the steel. This will allow some of the bonds that the carbon atoms have to loosen up and relieve some of the stresses in the steel. 12. Use tongs to hold the bobby pin. Slowly run the entire bobby pin through the flame without heating it to red-hot. You should see a bluish sheen appear on the bobby pin if it is done correctly. Let the bobby pin cool on a porcelain dish on the counter when heating is completed. 13. Manipulate the hook. What has changed? a) Describe the properties of this steel. b) Is tempered steel useful for making tools? Explain your answer. 14. Be sure to turn off the burner. Dispose of the bobby pins as directed by your teacher. Wash your hands and arms thoroughly after the activity. 203

4 Artist as Chemist Chem Words electron-sea model: a model of the structure of metal that places valence electrons floating around the metal cations, appearing not to belong to any one cation. cation: an ion that has a positive charge. malleability: the property of a material to be hammered into various shapes without breaking. alloy: a substance that has metal characteristics and consists of two or more different elements. ALLOYS AND THEIR PROPERTIES The Electron-Sea Model of Metals In metals, the atoms are held together by metallic bonds. These bonds are formed by the sharing of valence electrons among all the atoms in the metal. The nature of the metallic bond can best be shown as the electron-sea model. The electron-sea model for metallic bonding. The large spheres represent metal cations (positively charged metal ions). The small spheres represent electrons. As you saw in the previous activity, metals do not hold on tightly to their valence electrons. These outer electrons are in constant motion around the cations, not really belonging to any one cation. Instead, they are part of the whole metal crystal. The negatively charged electrons are moving about in a sea-like fashion that has the effect of holding the positively charged metal ions in their somewhat fixed positions. It may seem weird, but, yes, metals are crystalline like diamonds or salt. You do not, however, see metals cut like diamonds or shear off along an edge like a salt crystal. The metals have a crystal structure with a sea of valence electrons surrounding metal cations. Diamonds have directed covalent bonds between carbon atoms. The electrons on the cations and anions in salt compounds are localized. Because the electrons are free to move about, the atoms in most metals can move past each other when hammered. This property is called malleability. The malleability of many metals also makes them rather soft and pliable, and not very strong. What is an Alloy? When other elements are introduced into the iron metal, an alloy is formed. An alloy is a substance that has the properties of a metal, but consists of two or more elements. When other elements are introduced, the properties of a base metal are changed. 204

5 Activity 4 Physical Behavior of Metals Tools from the Bronze Age. It is difficult to say precisely when the human species started to use and adapt materials to its benefit. However, different types of blades and cutting tools were certainly being developed about 100,000 years ago, during the late Stone Age. One of the earliest alloys used by humans was bronze, a mixture of copper and tin. A second important alloy was brass, a mixture of copper and zinc. The alloys were more durable than copper, which allowed for better tools. Over time, even stronger alloys were formed from iron, which brought about tremendous changes in human culture warfare, agriculture and art. Properties of Different Types of Steel In the activity you used three processes to change the properties of steel. Through these processes, you altered the arrangement of iron atoms as carbon atoms were introduced into the crystal structure. (Recall that steel is an alloy of iron and carbon.) Chem Words annealed steel: steel that contains fewer carbon atoms between the iron atoms and is a softer, more malleable, and more pliable steel. It is formed as iron is slowly cooled. hardened steel: a hard and brittle type of steel that results when steel is cooled quickly after being heated to red hot, causing the carbon atoms to be locked into the crystalline structure. tempered steel: steel that is heated to an appropriate temperature for a short period of time and then cooled rapidly to give it properties of both hardened and annealed steel. As the iron slowly cooled, the crystalline structure was rearranged and excess carbon was squeezed out. The annealed steel contains fewer carbon atoms between the iron atoms and the result is a softer, more malleable, and more pliable steel. If the steel is cooled quickly after being heated to red hot, the carbon atoms are locked into the crystalline structure. Since carbon atoms tend to hold onto electrons, the iron atoms have a more difficult time sliding past each other. The resulting hardened steel is hard and brittle. If the hardened steel is gently heated, the crystalline structure again changes, relieving some of the bonds between the carbon atoms and electrons. This results in tempered steel that has properties of both the annealed and hardened steels. It is hard, malleable, and useful for tools and building materials. cold iron body-centered cubic hot iron face-centered cubic 205

6 Artist as Chemist Chem Words brass: an alloy that consists of copper and zinc. bronze: an alloy that is primarily made up of copper and tin. Alloys in the World of Art Pure gold (also referred to as 24-carat gold) is a deep-yellow color, soft, and very malleable. Because pure gold is so soft, the gold used in jewelry and artworks is made of gold-silver-copper alloys to increase its strength. That is why most gold jewelry is only 18-carat, 16-carat, 14-carat, etc., gold. The variation of color of gold jewelry from yellow to pink is determined by the metals added to increase strength. The malleability of gold is very important in art. It is seen in the use of gold leaf, which has a range of thicknesses of 0.1 to 0.3 µm (millionths of a meter). Brass alloys are made of copper and zinc (generally 5% to 40%). They may also contain small amounts of other elements. Additions of aluminum, iron, and manganese to brass improves its strength. Adding silicon improves its resistance to wear. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin, sometimes containing small amounts of other elements like zinc or phosphorus. It is stronger, harder, and more durable than brass, and has been used since antiquity for sculpture. Bronze has desirable properties that also make it useful for symbols and gongs. Bronze alloys vary in color from a silvery hue to a rich, coppery red. The U.S. has set a standard for bronze that is 90% copper, 7% tin, and 3% zinc. While alloys like bronze have been used for ages, more recently the art world has seen the use of exciting types of alloys called shape-memory alloys (SMAs). They are sometimes referred to as smart materials. They are 206

7 Activity 4 Physical Behavior of Metals metal alloys that, after being strained at a certain temperature, revert back to their original shape. After being bent, these alloys revert back to their original shape upon heating. This is caused by a reversion to the original crystal structure at their transformation temperature. The most effective and widely used SMAs include NiTi (nickel-titanium), CuZnAl (copper-zinc-aluminum), and CuAlNi (copper-aluminumnickel). A Swiss artist named Etienne Krähenbühl has used nickel titanium and other SMAs to create sculptures that can remember and return to their original shapes even after being severely deformed. Krähenbühl makes sculptures that play with viewers perceptions, moving and reacting to wind and temperature. Some of them are musical, and all of them are designed to be touched and handled. Checking Up 1. Explain the electronsea model. 2. What is meant by malleability? 3. Describe the properties of three different types of steel. What Do You Think Now? At the beginning of the activity you were asked: How can the physical properties of metals be modified? What properties of metals make them useful as works of art or tools for creating art? What are alloys? Why are they made? What are some properties of metals that make them useful as works of art or tools to create art? Record your answers in your log. 207

8 Artist as Chemist What does it mean? Chemistry explains a macroscopic phenomenon (what you observe) with a description of what happens at the nanoscopic level (atoms and molecules) using symbolic structures as a way to communicate. Complete the chart below in your log. MACRO NANO SYMBOLIC Referring to your experiences in this activity, explain how you were able to observe how the properties of a metal were modified. How do you know? Explain how you were able to see the different properties of annealed, hardened, and tempered steel. Why do you believe? Explain the modified properties of the metal in terms of what happened at the molecular level. Alloys surround you in your daily lives jewelry, tools, auto parts, and other everyday objects are made of alloys. What are some examples of alloys that you come across in the course of an average day? Why should you care? Create a drawing to show the introduction of new atoms into a metal s crystal structure. Your work of art might have some metal or alloy incorporated into it. Having a good understanding of the physical properties of metals at the atomic level will enhance your explanation in your museum placard. How flexible will the metal be that you decide to use in your art display? Reflecting on the Activity and the Challenge Once again, you have seen that chemistry involves change. On the macro level you learned how to manipulate the properties of metal by subjecting it to various changes in temperature. Introducing other elements into the metal also caused changes in the properties of the metal. On the nano and symbolic level, you can use the electron-sea model of metals to help explain the changes in behavior of the metals. As humans learned more about the chemistry of metals, the tools and materials they used for creating sculpture changed over time. Think about how materials used for sculpture changed through the ages. Explaining the chemistry behind this may be an important part of your museum display. 208

9 Activity 4 Physical Behavior of Metals 1. What are the differences in composition of bronze and brass? 2. What are the components of steel? List some different uses for steel and explain why an alloy is better for the job. 3. a) Provide a summary of the formation and properties of each type of steel annealed, hardened, and tempered. b) Describe a use for each type of steel. 4. What is the difference between 24-carat gold and gold used for normal jewelry? 5. Is there a connection between the tools used for creating art and the technology of the time? Explain your answer. 6. Preparing for the Chapter Challenge Sculpting artworks has changed over time from simply carving out an image from some soft material to forming molds and casting to the use of high temperatures to weld metals together. Create a small sculpture either out of metal materials or some other material using a metal tool. What properties of the materials allowed you to create the effect you sought? Inquiring Further 1. The changing composition of alloys The composition of alloys of pewter and solder has changed in recent times. What is different in these alloys and why have they changed? (Hint: Think in terms of health concerns.) 2. The difference between soldering and welding For what purpose is solder used? How is this different from welding? How can each process be used in creating art? 209

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