CHAPTER 9. The Uses of Sulphuric Acid

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1 CHAPTER 9 MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY SULPHURIC ACID The Uses of Sulphuric Acid 175

2 POLLUTION of Sulphur DIOXIDE Formation of Acid Rain Burning of Sulphur Burning of Sulphur Dioxide 176

3 Effect of Acid Rain 177

4 Industrial Process in the Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid Contact Process Burn in the air Stage 1 Catalyst: Temp. : Pressure: Stage 2 Dissolves in concentrated H 2 SO 4 Stage 3 ( i ) Dilute with water Stage 3 ( ii ) 178

5 AMMONIA [ Label the uses of ammonia ] The Uses of ammonia 179

6 of ammonia Glass rod dipped into concentrated HCl acid White fumes Ammonia gas, NH 3 180

7 Industrial Process in the Manufacture of Ammonia Haber Process 1 part 3 parts Catalyst : Temperature : Pressure : Catalyst chamber The unreacted mixture will flowed back [ Write the balance chemical equation ] Condenser 181

Preparation of Ammonium Fertilisers in the laboratory Ammonia

Preparation of ammonium sulphate salt Burette H 2 SO 4 acid solution

8 Preparation of Ammonium Fertilisers in the laboratory Ammonia fertilizers can be prepared by using neutralization reaction between acid and ammonia solution. Acid + Ammonia Ammonium salts H 2 SO 4 + NH 3 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 Eg: Preparation of ammonium sulphate salt Burette H 2 SO 4 acid solution (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 solution Evaporating dish Ammonia solution (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 crystal salt (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 crystal salt 182

9 Alloys Pure metal is soft and not strong. Atom of pure metal have similar shape and size. The particles in pure metal are arranged layer by layer and easily slide along between each other. Physical Of pure metal Ductile [ state the definition of the ductile and draw the particle arrangement ] malleable [ state the definition of the malleable and draw the particle arrangement ] 183

alloys Alloy is a mixture of two or more elements which is the

Foreign elements either metal or non-metal is added into pure

It will disrupt the orderly arrangement of pure metal.

10 alloys Alloy is a mixture of two or more elements which is the major component is pure metals. Foreign elements either metal or non-metal is added into pure metal. The size of foreign elements either smaller or bigger. It will disrupt the orderly arrangement of pure metal. Thus, the properties of pure metals improved. [ draw the particle arrangement of alloy ] Aim of making alloys 184

11 STEEL Uses of Alloys & Their Compositions [ state the components, properties & uses of alloy ] COPPER-NICKEL DURALUMIN Pure metal : 99% Iron Foreign element : 1% Carbon - Strong - Hard - Withstands corrosion - To make bridge, vehicles, building & train tracks BRASS STAINLESS STEEL PEWTER BRONZE 185

Two types of polymer: i) Natural polymer ii) Synthetic polymer Polymer that occurs naturally made

12 Synthetic Polymers Polymers are long chains of molecules made from combination of monomers by polymerisation process. Two types of polymer: i) Natural polymer ii) Synthetic polymer Polymer that occurs naturally made by living organisms. Polymer RUBBER Monomer Natural polymers Polymer CELLULOSE Monomer Polymer PROTEIN Monomer Polymer STARCH Monomer Polymer FAT Monomer Amino acid Isoprene 186

13 Polymer that are man-made polymer produced from chemical compound through polymerisation. Two types of polymerisation: i) Addition polymerisation ii) Condensation polymerisation Polymer POLYTHENE Monomer Synthetic polymers Polymer POLYPROPENE Monomer Polymer NYLON Monomer Polymer POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) Monomer Polymer PERSPEX Monomer 187

14 Glass & ceramics Main component of glass is silica & silicon dioxide, SiO 2. glass Main characteristics 188

15 Type of Glass FUSED SILICA GLASS Method of Productions SODA-LIME GLASS Method of Productions Compositions Compositions - Very high melting point - Not easy to change its shape - Does not easily expand or shrink with changes of temperature - Transparent to ultraviolet ray Uses - Transparent - Low melting point - Easily shaped - Easily broken - Cannot withstand heat & chemical reaction Uses 189

16 Type of Glass BOROSILICATE GLASS Method of Productions LEAD CRYSTAL GLASS Method of Productions Compositions Compositions - Withstand heat & chemical reaction - High melting point - Transparent to light & infrared ray but not to ultraviolet ray - Expand & shrink a little when temperature changes Uses - Very transparent - Shiny - High density Uses 190

17 Made from clay at very high temperature and the main component is silicate. ceramics Common properties 191

18 Uses of ceramics 192

19 Composite Materials Produced from the combination of two or more different compound such as alloys, metals, glass, ceramic & polymers. USES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS REINFORCED CONCRETE Compositions SUPERCONDUCTOR Compositions Uses Uses 193

20 USES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS Compositions FIBRE GLASS Compositions FIBRE OPTICS Uses Uses Success is not the key to happiness. Happiness is the key to success. If you love what you are doing, you will be successful. - Albert Schweitzer - 194

21 USES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS Compositions Compositions CERAMIC GLASS Uses Uses There are no secrets to success. It is the result of preparation, hard work, and learning from failure. - Colin Powell - 195

Chapter 9: Manufactured Substances in Industry

Chapter 9: Manufactured Substances in Industry The manufacture of sulphuric acid, H 2 SO 4 through the Contact Process Stage 1: Combustion of Sulphur In the furnace, molten sulphur is burnt in dry air