By-Product Metals of Nickel Production. Environmental and Economics Committee Item 6 Lisbon 27 September 2011

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1 By-Product Metals of Nickel Production Environmental and Economics Committee Item 6 Lisbon 27 September 2011 Growing Interest EU report Critical Raw Materials a for the EU July 2010 UN Commission for Sustainable Development in New York, May 2011 US Department of Energy Critical Materials Strategy Dec 2010 UK House of Commons report on Strategically Important Metals May September 2011 NiEE item 10 2

2 Changing Markets Minor Metals Trade Association (MMTA) was founded in 1973 and covered seven elements Antimony, Magnesium, Nickel (not then traded on the LME and still regarded a minor metal!), cadmium, bismuth, selenium and mercury Today more than 50 metals are of concern to the MMTA 27 September 2011 NiEE item 10 3 EU Critical Materials List Antimony Niobium Beryllium Cobalt Fluorspar Gallium Germanium osmium) Graphite Indium Magnesium PGMs (Platinum Group Metals) (comprises platinum, palladium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium and ) Rare earths (Scandium included in this group) Tantalum Tungsten 27 September 2011 NiEE item 10 4

3 Renewable Energy and Byproduct Metals Metals such as cadmium, gallium, germanium, indium, selenium, and tellurium are recovered as byproducts from the production of other metals and are critical to varying extents for the efficient operation of photovoltaic cells. From a 2010 USGS publication Byproduct Mineral Commodities Used for the Production of Photovoltaic Cells 27 September 2011 NiEE item 10 5 By-Product Metals The metal wheel (after Reuter et al. (2005) and Verhoef et al. (2004) 27 September 2011 NiEE item 10 6

4 Emerging Technologies Using Minor Metals Automotive engineering, aerospace industry Electric traction motors for vehicles Fuel cells electric vehicles Super capacitors for motor vehicles Scandium alloys for constructing lightweight g airframes Superalloys High-temperature superconductors High performance permanent magnets Information and communication technology, optical technologies, micro technologies Lead-free solders RFID Radio Frequency Identification Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO) in display technology Infrared detectors in night vision equipment White LED Fiber optic cable Microelectronic capacitors High performance microchips 27 September 2011 NiEE item 10 7 Emerging Technologies Using Minor Metals (2) Energy, electrical and drive engineering Ultraefficient electric motors Thermoelectric generators Dye-sensitized solar cells Thin layer photovoltaics Solarthermal power stations Stationary fuel cells SOFC Carbon Capture and dstorage - CCS High performance lithium-ion batteries Redox flow batteries for electricity storage Chemical, process, production and environmental technology, mechanical engineering Synthetic fuels Seawater desalination Solid state lasers for industrial applications Medical engineering Medical tomography Orthopedic implants NiEE item 10 8

5 Cobalt Palladium Rhodium Scandium Some By-Product Metals of Nickel 27 September 2011 NiEE item 10 9 Cobalt Normally associated with copper or nickel, 44 % of world production came from nickel ores The majority of cobalt resources are in nickel-bearing laterite deposits, with most of the rest occurring in nickel-copper sulfide deposits in Australia, Canada, and Russia, and in the sedimentary copper deposits of Congo and Zambia. (Source: USGS) Tonnage produced in ,000 tons 27 September 2011 NiEE item 10 10

6 Palladium Palladium is produced as a by yproduct of nickel, primarily in Russia More than 80% of world palladium production is concentrated in the Russian Federation and South Africa. The Russian Federation accounts for nearly half of total palladium supply with Norilsk Nickel as an important producer 27 September 2011 NiEE item Palladium Production Source: palladium-bar.blogspot.com 27 September 2011 NiEE item 10 12

7 Rhodium Rhodium is obtained as a by-product of refining nickel sulfide ores from Canada. Catalyst for ethanol oxidation: platinum-rhodium clusters on a surface of tin dioxide. This catalyst can split the carbon-carbon bond and obtain energy from ethanol in fuel cells. (Photo: Brookhaven National Laboratory) 27 September 2011 NiEE item Scandium Scandium may be produced as a by-product of nickel from Australian laterites It is used in aluminum-scandium alloys for aerospace industry components and for sports equipment and to make high intensity lights and light bulbs Usage is about of 5,000kg/year, while the price is on the order of US$1400/kg (for Sc(2)O(3) of 99.9% purity) Scandium (Photo: GNU Free Documentation License). Scandium is an element which chemists usually ignore! 27 September 2011 NiEE item 10 14

8 Other Platinum Group Metals Platinum is also produced commercially as a by-product of nickel refining from coppernickel ores Iridium and osmium are recovered as a byproduct from the nickel mining industry 27 September 2011 NiEE item Historic Prices of PGMs US$/Troy Ounce US e Sept $/ounce 2011 Platinum 1, , , , , Palladium Rhodium 4, , , , , Iridium Source: USGS 27 September 2011 NiEE item 10 16

9 Conclusion By-product metals of nickel production are of growing interest Potential exists for realizing greater value of these metals as part of nickel production This could have an impact on economics of nickel production in future 27 September 2011 NiEE item By-Product Metals of Nickel Production i l d i C i Environmental and Economics Committee Item 10 Lisbon 27 September 2011

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