Fate of Organic Matter from Leachate Discharged to Wastewater Treatment Plants

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1 Fate of Organic Matter from Leachate Discharged to Wastewater Treatment Plants D e b ra Re i n h a r t, P h D, PE, BCEE S t e p h a n i e C. Bolya rd, E P I U n i vers i t y o f C e n t ra l F l o r i d a SWA N A W i n t e r M e eting Fe b r u a r y 1 0,

2 Presentation Outline Leachate organic matter production Leachate organic nitrogen production Challenges with leachate at WWTP HCSHWM project Potential solutions

3 Organic Waste Degradation MSW Organic Fraction Non-Biodegradable Organic Fraction

4 Leachate Characteristics After a landfill is stabilized the organic matter will persist well beyond closure and require continued management of leachate. Chemical Oxygen Demand Young Leachate: 6-60 g/l Mature Leachate: up to 4.5 g/l Ammonia-Nitrogen mg/l Young Leachate Mature Leachate

5 BOD/COD (Unitless) Production of Leachate Organic Matter (LOM) LOM transitions from dominance by aliphatic, low molecular weight compounds to primarily complex and recalcitrant organic matter The leachate biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) to COD ratio becomes very low as the landfill ages, However, leachate COD remains fairly high (up to 4.5 g/l) for many decades suggesting LOM recalcitrance L/S

6

7 Significance of Leachate Organic Matter (LOM) The humification of LOM is often used as an indicator of the extent of waste stabilization in landfills, Humic substances (HS) are the degradation products of plant and microbial material (cellulose, hemi-cellulose, proteins) HS are not a unique group of chemical compounds; the macromolecular structure observed is a result of aggregation by hydrogen bonding and complexation with metal cations

8 Primary Nitrogen Species in Landfills TIN Total Nitrogen (TN) = ON + NH NO 3- + NO 2 - TKN Organic Nitrogen (ON) = Recalcitrant Organic Nitrogen + Biodegradable Organic Nitrogen Total Inorganic Nitrogen (TIN) = NH NO 3- + NO 2 - Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen (TKN) = ON + NH 3 +

9 Leachate Dissolved Organic Nitrogen DON is primarily comprised of complex compounds DON ranges from 37 mg/l to 150 mg/l in leachate but is less than 2.0 mg/l in domestic wastewater Approximately 4% (by wt.) of the leachate organic matter (LOM) is nitrogen - much of DON in landfill leachates is bound up in LOM Generally less than 15% of the compounds contributing to DON can be identified

10 Leachate Management 90% of Florida Class I landfills sent leachate to WWTPs with ~ 25% providing on-site pre-treatment (Meerhoff, 2010) 10% 90% Discharge to WWTP Direct Discharge

11 Leachate Management Challenges at WWTP Ammonia removal inhibition Biological treatment upset Metals (e.g., arsenic) Color UV transmittance (POTW issue) TDS/Chlorides (e.g. deflocculation, pass through into effluent) Refractory dissolved organic nitrogen (rdon) Non-degradable COD Odors Foaming Sulfide (sewer odor) Source: Leachate Management Decision Making & Available Technologies Kevin D. Torrens, EREF Leachate Forum

12 Leachate Management Challenges at WWTP Ammonia removal inhibition Biological treatment upset Metals (e.g., arsenic) Color UV transmittance TDS/Chlorides (e.g. deflocculation, pass through into effluent) NRefractory dissolved organic nitrogen (rdon) Non-degradable COD Odors Foaming Sulfide (sewer odor) Source: Leachate Management Decision Making & Available Technologies Kevin D. Torrens, EREF Leachate Forum

13 LOM Fate in WWTP The dissolved organic nitrogen fraction of LOM is often comprised of low molecular weight material that will not be removed in conventional activated sludge processes LOM may transport heavy metals and hydrophobic contaminants LOM color may effect use of UV for disinfection rdon will be particularly problematic for WWTPs with low total nitrogen effluent limits. Chlorination of organic nitrogen passing through WWTPs has been attributed to the formation of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a potent carcinogen, and other disinfection byproducts

14 Hinkley Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste Project Research Objectives: Fate of Organic Matter from Leachate Discharged to Wastewater Treatment Plants 1. To identify WWTPs currently receiving leachate by developing a leachate management database, 2. To characterize leachate-impacted wastewater with respect to organic matter, 3. To identify a leachate "fingerprint" in wastewater, 4. To evaluate the potential for leachate DON to contribute to effluent WWTP total nitrogen concentration permit exceedances, 5. To quantify the extent of interference with UV transmittance by leachate in WWTP effluents

15 Methodology Task 1: Database Development of Leachate Generation, Management, and Disposal in Florida Task 2: Leachate and Wastewater Characterization Task 3: Data Analysis

16 Transmittance UV Transmittance Leachate and Wastewater Effluent Dilution Test 100% 96% 99% 100% 100% 97% 80% 78% 64% 60% 49% 40% 20% 0% 0.0% 9% 5.4% 0% 10% 1.0% 0.10% 0.01% Percent by Volume Leachate/Wastewater WW/DI Leachate/DI

17 Database Development of Leachate Generation, Management, and Disposal in Florida Data request for all active landfills (104 total), including landfills in longterm care, were sent to FDEP. Leachate Generation (2013 and 2014) Contacting landfills directly for any information we did not get from FDEP. Leachate management and disposal is acquired from Operational Reports. GIS Database Updating existing active landfill database Impaired waters Domestic wastewater facilities

18 Database Development of Leachate Generation, Management, and Disposal in Florida

19 Potential Solutions

20 Biological/Physical Leachate Treatment

21 Extended Landfill Treatment Flushing Landfill Stabilization through Treatment, Aeration, and Bioreactor Leaching (STABL)

22 Summary of the Fate of Carbon in the Biodegradable Waste Fraction Flushing Bioreactor 1 Flushing Bioreactor 2 Flushing Bioreactor 3 1% 2% 1% 1% 5% 47% 48% 45% 52% 52% 46% Remaining Carbon in the Waste (% of Carbon i ) Fenton s Reagent Removal (% of Carbon i ) Carbon Leached (% of Carbon i ) Biological Removal of Carbon (% of Carbon i )

23 Summary of the Fate of Nitrogen in the Biodegradable Waste Fraction Flushing Bioreactor 1 Flushing Bioreactor 2 Flushing Bioreactor 3 24% 15% 10% 5% 22% 76% 75% 73% Remaining Nitrogen in the Waste (% of Nitrogen i ) Biological Removal of N (% of Nitrogen i ) Nitrogen Leached (% of Nitrogen i ) N Sorbed to the Waste (% of Nitrogen i )

24 Passive Treatment of MSW Leachate Organic Matter (LOM) Post Closure

25 Acknowledgments Project Funding and Support Hinkley Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Environmental Research and Education Foundation (Doctoral Scholar) National Science Foundation Undergraduate Research Assistants Duncan Lozinski Christian Pilato

26 Questions? Debra R. Reinhart, PhD, PE, BCEE Stephanie C. Bolyard, EPI Image Courtesy of Google Images

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