Grade Etch color C Si Mn Cr Mo P S Ni. 416 Dark 0,22 <1 <1,25 13 <0,6 <0,06 0, Bright 0,23 <1 < <0,04 0,03 3

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1 Stainless damascus barrel steel for rifles Damasteel s stainless Barrel steel is a RSP (Rapid Solidification Powder) based steel with AISI 416/431 as the constituent alloys. The steel is developed and tested specifically for hunting firearm applications. This steel has gone through a torsion twisting operation to turn the grain structure towards the transverse direction. The results are improved ductility and fatigue properties compared to nontorsioned variations of the steel. Damasteel s stainless barrel damascus should be your first choice when it comes to: Producing a maintenance free product High hardness after hardening and tempering High corrosion resistance High ductility and fatigue properties High purity and cleanliness Ease of machining Grade Etch color C Si Mn Cr Mo P S Ni 416 Dark 0,22 <1 <1,25 13 <0,6 <0,06 0, Bright 0,23 <1 < <0,04 0,03 3 Table 1. Nominal chemical compositions in wt-% of the constituent alloys

2 Physical properties Mechanical and physical properties of annealed 968 (bar), minimum values at 20 C. Yield strength, Rp 0,2 380 MPa Young s modulus 200 GPa Tensile strength, Rm <700 MPa Poisson s ratio 0,3 - Elongation, A5 22 % Thermal conductivity 25 W/m K Hardness <300 HV Heat capacity 460 J/kg K Density 7,8 kg/dm 3 Linear Thermal expansion coefficient, α 10 µ m/m K Table 2. Mechanical and physical properties of Damasteel stainless barrel steel (968) in annealed condition. Corrosion resistance Damasteel s martensitic stainless barrel damascus has good corrosion resistance after hardening and tempering. 431 has excellent corrosion resistance and the free-machining grade 416 has a high resistance to acids, alkalis, fresh water and dry air. Temperatures Hot working temperature C ( F).

3 Heat treatment Annealing at 660 C (1220 F) for 5 hours. Because of the risk of cracking; no grinding, cutting or machining should be done after hot working until the material is annealed. The recommendation is to have the material relaxation annealed which means five hours at 660 C (1220 F). All material supplied from Damasteel is delivered in annealed condition. Ac1 temperature 710 C (1310 F) Ac3 temperature 900 C (1650 F) For all heat treatment processes, a good control of the heating temperature is needed. An electric or gas fired furnace is recommended. Long heating times can lead to decarburization and scale formation. Hardening Heat treatment of Ø 25 mm (1 ) bars for: Brinell Hardness (HB) Approx. tensile strength (MPa) Hardening Tempering (66 tsi) 1040 C 1904 F (87 tsi) 1040 C 1904 F 565 C 1050 F 375 C 710 F Table 3. Hardening and tempering suggestions for a Ø 25 mm bar with corresponding hardness Harden the bar at 1040 C (1900 F) for 30 min, quench in oil. Tempering at C ( F) for 3 hours. Higher tempering temperature gives better fatigue and ductility properties but lower hardness and corrosion resistance.

4 Welding Welding of Damasteel s stainless damascus is a challenge due to the risk of cracking. It is recommended to pre-heat the materials to C ( F) before welding, and carry out post-weld heat treatment at 650 C (1200 F). Welding can be performed using grade 410 filler rods, but ductile welds can be achieved using grades 308L, 309 or 310 steels. Machining Grade 416 steel is a free-machining stainless steel with a machinability of 85%, highest of all stainless steels. 431 is easily machined in their annealed state. This steel is hard to machine if it has been hardened above 300 HB. Machining data Hardness 300 HB 400 HB Type Speed m/min Feed mm/rev Speed m/min Feed mm/rev (in/rev) (in/rev) Drilling, HSS-drill 6 mm 21 (70) 0,13 (0,005) 14 (45) 0,08 (0,003) mm 21 (70) 0,23 (0,009) 14 (45) 0,18 (0,007) Gun drilling, carbide Ø 6 mm (1/4 ) Ejection- or STS-drilling Ø 19 mm (3/4 ) 80 (250) 0,03 (0,001) 40 (125) 0,004 (0,0002) 85 (280) 0,16 (0,006) 40 (125) 0,20 (0,008) Reaming Mm/tooth (in/tooth) Mm/tooth (in/tooth) HSS 14 (45) 0,03 (0,001) 9 (30) 0,03 (0,001) Carbide 18 (60) 0,03 (0,001) 12 (40) 0,03 (0,001)

5 Turning Depth of cut m/min mm/rev m/min mm/rev (in/rev) (in/rev) HSS 1 mm (0,04 in) 30 (100) 0,18 (0,007) 18 (60) 0,13 (0,005) 4 mm (0,16 in) 24 (80) 0,40 (0,015) 15 (50) 0,25 (0,010) 8 mm (0,32 in) 18 (60) 0,50 (0,020) 12 (40) 0,40 (0,015) Coated carbide 1 mm (0,04 in) 175 (575) 0,18 (0,07) 90 (300) 0,13 (0,005) 4 mm (0,16 in) 160 (525) 0,40 (0,015) 76 (250) 0,25 (0,010) 8 mm (0,32 in) 120 (400) 0,50 (0,020) 60 (200) 0,40 (0,015) Face milling Depth of cut m/min mm/tooth (in/tooth) m/min mm/tooth (in/tooth) HSS 1 mm (0,04 in) 32 (125) 0,15 (0,006) 18 (60) 0,10 (0,004) 4 mm (0,16 in) 27 (90) 0,23 (0,009) 14 (45) 0,15 (0,006) 8 mm (0,32 in) 21 (70) 0,30 (0,012) 11 (35) 0,20 (0,008) Coated carbide 1 mm (0,04 in) 200 (650) 0,13 (0,005) 115 (375) 0,08 (0,003) 4 mm (0,16 in) 140 (455) 0,18 (0,007) 90 (300) 0,13 (0,005) 8 mm (0,32 in) 110 (355) 0,23 (0,009) 69 (225) 0,18 (0,007) Grinding Wheel identity Wheel speed m/s Work speed m/min Infeed mm (in) Surface grinding A46HV 30 (6000) 20 (70) 0,05 (0,002) Surface finishing A46HV 30 (6000) 20 (70) 0,013 (0,0005) Cylindrical grinding A46IV 30 (6000) 20 (70) 0,05 (0,002) Cylindrical finishing A46IV 30 (6000) 20 (70) 0,013 (0,0005) Internal grinding A46JV 30 (6000) 30 (105) 0,013 (0,0005) Internal finishing A46JV 30 (6000) 30 (105) 0,005 (0,0002)

6 Surface treatment When the piece is into shape, visible surfaces shall be carefully polished. Before etching, degrease and clean in acetone. Etching Before etching, close the bore with a rubber cork in the dipped end. 1. Mix the etching acid in one of the below ratios and remember to always pour the acid into the water Acid Chem. comp. Blend (%) Time (min) Color 431 Color Hydrochloric acid 37 % HCl Bright grey Dark grey 2 Sulfuric acid 30 % H 2SO Light grey Grey Table 4. Etching suggestions with corresponding colors and relief of the different alloys Beware of noxious fumes. Acids must be handled with great care. 2. Put the piece in the mix and leave it in for the time you choose. The suggested times above gave proper results 3. Neutralize the piece by, for example, dip it into water with bicarbonate 4. Clean in water 5. If needed, carefully polish the surface so the tops will be shiny. If you polish too much the pattern will not show and you will have to start over from the beginning 6. Clean the piece from polish paste residues Etching is done to reveal the pattern on the finished piece. The best conditions for etching are good polished surfaces which are carefully degreased. The work piece is preferably dipped into the etching acid. After etching the piece must be thoroughly cleaned in water. A final cleaning with brush and soap eliminates the risk for acid dwell.

7 Pattern On our barrel steel we have Dense Twist TM as standard pattern due to the benefits in transverse ductility and fatigue. On our standard martensitic and austenitic damascus we have a lot more patterns to choose from. Dense Twist TM

8 Products and dimensions Damasteel has a standard product program that can be found on our website We make stainless martensitic damascus steel for barrels in following formats Round bars, dimensions Ø61 mm Even if it comes to creating customized patterns on our damascus products or if you like dimensions outside our standard range either on barrel steel, damascus, RWL34 or Nitrobe 77 do not hesitate to contact us at sales@damasteel.se or Information given in this datasheet may be subject to alterations without notice. Care has been taken to ensure that the contents of this publication are accurate but Damasteel and its affiliated companies do not accept responsibility for errors or for information which is found to be misleading. Suggestions for or descriptions of the end use or application of products or methods of working are for information only and Damasteel and its affiliated companies accept no liability in respect thereof. Before using products supplied or manufactured by the company the customer should satisfy themselves of their suitability.