SOLID STATE TRANSFORMATIONS OF PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOUNDS UPON MILLING: LACTOSE & MANNITOL (authorized version)

Transcription

1 Laboratoire de Dynamique et Structure des Matériaux Moléculaires UMR 8024 Université de Lille 1-France SOLID STATE TRANSFORMATIONS OF PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOUNDS UPON MILLING: LACTOSE & MANNITOL (authorized version) V. Caron, J-F. Willart, R. Lefort, J. Lefebvre, M. Descamps PPXRD 08, Glasgow, May 2009

2 This document was presented at PPXRD - Pharmaceutical Powder X-ray Diffraction Symposium Sponsored by The International Centre for Diffraction Data This presentation is provided by the International Centre for Diffraction Data in cooperation with the authors and presenters of the PPXRD symposia for the express purpose of educating the scientific community. All copyrights for the presentation are retained by the original authors. The ICDD has received permission from the authors to post this material on our website and make the material available for viewing. Usage is restricted for the purposes of education and scientific research. PPXRD Website ICDD Website -

3 Phase transformations under milling In the field of A very active field of researches in metallurgy : Sursaturated solid solutions Amorphous alloys (i.e. pharmaceutical compounds) : Nanomaterials MOLECULAR MATERIALS NO Several theoretical approaches developed SYSTEMATIC but INVESTIGATIONS Description of transformation mechanisms Prediction of final states (theoretical or experimental) No universally accepted

4 Milling of pharmaceutical compounds Pharma field Milling Grain size Solubility, bioavailability G Milling : numerous contradictory effects No systematic investigations In spite of : Importancy of applications Tg Tm T Original aspects of molecular materials (Fundamental studies)

5 Molecular compounds specificities Contrast between : Weak inter-molecular interactions Strong intra-molecular interactions a b Low Symmetry Important size Molecules cells (often tricl., mono. or ortho.) Low melting temperatures Glass transition temperature close of RT T milling Low kinetics of cryst Easy Quench-Vitrification Very sensitive to mechanical and thermal perturbations

6 Transfo. on milling of pharmaceutical compounds Materials selection T g >T milling Lactose Tg = 115 C >T mi Mutarotation caramelization T milling RT Mannitol Tg = 13 C < T mi Rich polymorphism T g <T milling

7 Plan of speech I Milling Characteristics of milling experiments realized at the laboratory II Stable anhydrous α-lactose Solid-state amorphization of αl S Mutarotation ( 13 C NMR) III Mannitol Mannitol δ Mannitol β Polymorphic transformations

8 Characteristics of milling Pulverisette 7 Fritsch N 2 N 2 ZrO 2 N x 400 rpm milling (20min) pause (10min) Prevention of hygroscopy

9 Lactose possible solid-state forms Disaccharid often used in Pharmaceutical and Food industries 2 types of molecules of lactose : α-lactose β-lactose Various solid-state forms: Monohydrated α lactose (L α -H 2 O) (stable) Hygroscopic anhydrous α lactose Stable anhydrous α lactose (αl S ) Anhydrous β lactose Molecular compounds α/β with various stœchiometries

10 Problems encountered for producing amorphous lactose Thermal degradations and caramelization Mutarotation (in solution ) α-lactose β-lactose

11 Amorphization of αl S under milling NMR 1 H liq PXRD DSC Muta. α 5 C/min α α/β α β β crystal Before milling After recrys After 30h milling After 30 h milling Before milling degradations Ch. Shift (ppm) 2 θ (degrees) Temperature ( C) Crystalline α lactose milling Glassy α lactose without degradations recrys Crystalline α/β lactose

12 Solid-state NMR 13 C : characterization in situ % β Solid NMR C 1 gal C 4 glu C 1 gluc 4 gal 13 C C 1 glu αlactose C 1 glu βlactose Crystalline or amorphous states Intensity (a.u.) crys β lactose C 1 gal C1 glu C 4 gal C 1 glu C 4 glu crys α LS Detection mutarotation Quantification % β in situ Chemical Shift (ppm) 20 % β = f(t C)

13 Mutarotation during heating of amorphous αl Solid NMR 132 C β α 13 C Intensity (a.u.) 102 C 85 C 63 C 21,5 C Chemical Shift (ppm)

14 Milling amorphization local melting-quench Irreversible Tg α/β crystal T = 85 C β-lactose (%) Glassy αl Mutarotation Temperature ( C) 13 C NMR Out of equilibrium Structural relaxation below Tg Time (h) 13 C NMR T mil < 85 C < T m Local melting / quench β-lactose (%)

15 No mutarotation during heating of crystalline αl S Solid NMR 13 C 160 C Intensity (a.u.) 71,5 C 18 C Crystalline αl S Chemical Shift (ppm) 60 40

16 Mannitol Characteristics of Mannitol : Acyclic polyol present in seafood, fruits, mushrooms Used as excipient, sweetener, API G Tg = 13 C G liq G δ G α G β Adapted from Burger et al., J. Pharm. Sciences, 2000, 89, C Tm δtm αtm β T ( C)

17 Polymorphic transformation under milling of Mβ and Mδ XRD αβ Mβ δ XRD Mδ αβ Non milled milled 10 h Non milled Milled 52 h, aging 5h milled 10 h, aging 8 days Milled 52 h, aging 17h θ (degrees) 2 θ (degrees) Mannitol β Aging milling Mannitol α Mannitol β Mannitol δ Room T C

18 Interpretation of amorphization αl S under milling as a «Driven system*» T eff (1 Dbal T eff = T + ) Dch T eff T melt Milling αl S D bal > D ch T eff > T fusion T milling T Amorphization *Driven alloys, Martin et al, Solid State Physics, 50, p189 (1997)

19 Interpretations polymorphic transformations mannitol under milling as a Driven system G G liq Adapted from Burger et al., J. Pharm. Sciences, 2000, 89,457 G δ G α Single T eff > T fusion milling Mβ, Mδ glass stop glass Mα milling G β 2 T eff 0 C β Tm δtm αtm β T transition α δ α T ( C) T eff >T m Mβ, Mδ glass T eff < T m glass Mα

20 Conclusion Crystalline α lactose milling Glassy α lactose without degradations Local quench melting Glassy αl heating Mutarotation Irreversible at T < Tg Glassy αl Out of equilibrium Mannitol β Aging Milling Mannitol α Mannitol β Mannitol δ Room T C States reached are stationary states rather than thermodynamic equilibrium states

21 Acknowledgements Pr. Marc Descamps Dr. Jean-François Willart Dr. Ronan Lefort Pr. Jacques Lefebvre Dr. Patrick Derollez Mme. Florence Danede M. Dominique Prevost

22 Publications related to this presentation P. Zhang, N. Klymachyov, S. Brown, J.C. Ellington and P.J. Grandinetti, "Solid state 13C NMR investigations of the glycosidic linkage in a-a trehalose", Solid state Nuclear Magentic Resonance, 1998, 12, pp 221. J.F. Willart, V. Caron, R. Lefort, F. Danède, D. Prévost and M. Descamps, "Athermal character of the solid state amorphization of lactose induced by ball milling", Solid State Communications, 2004, 132, pp J. Lefebvre, J.F. Willart, V. Caron, R. Lefort, F. Affouard and F. Danede, "Structure determination of the 1/1 α/β mixed lactose by X-ray powder diffraction", Acta Cryst. B, 2005, 61, pp R. Lefort, V. Caron, J.F. Willart and M. Descamps, "Mutarotational kinetics and glass transition of lactose", Solid State Communications, 2006, 140, pp. 329.

23 Publications related to this presentation R. Lefort, A. De Gusseme, J.F. Willart, F. Danede and M. Descamps, "Solid State NMR and DSC methods for quantifying the amorphous content in solid dosage forms: an application to ball-milling of trehalose", International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2004, 280, pp M. Descamps, J.F. Willart, E. Dudognon and V. Caron, Transformation of Pharmaceutical Compounds upon milling and comilling : The role of Tg, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2007, 96, 00, pp J. Rodriguez-Carvajal, T. Roisnel, Fullprof 98 and WinPLOTR: New Windows 95/NT Application for Diffraction, Newletter 20, H.M. Rietveld, "Line profiles of neutron powder diffraction peaks for structure refinement", Acta Cryst, 1967, 22, pp 151. H.M. Rietveld, "A profile refinement method for nuclear and magnetic structures", J. Appl. Cryst., 1969, 2, pp 65.