Chapter 2 Porosity (2.15)
|
|
- Kristopher Ramsey
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 2.3 Measurement Porosity can be estimated through volumetric measurements of core samples, or from geophysical logs, which measure a property of the rock and infer porosity, or from Petrographic Image Analysis (PIA), which is pore level evaluation of a small sample size. This section is directed towards the measurement of porosity from rock samples or cores, because it provides the basic concepts for understanding. Equation (2.1) is derived from the volume balance of a given sample, i.e., b (2.15) g p where the sum of the grain and pore volumes is equal to the bulk volume. Measurement of any two of the three volumes allows for the calculation of the third, and subsequent determination of porosity. Therefore, the following measurement techniques are organized into their particular measurements taken. Bulk olume Measurements Bulk volume measurements are classified into two types: linear measurement and displacement methods. Linear measurement is simply physically measuring the sample with a vernier caliper and then applying the appropriate geometric formula. This method is quick and easy, but is subject to human error and measurement error if the sample is irregularly shaped. Displacement methods rely on measuring either volumetrically or gravimetrically the fluid displaced by the sample. Gravimetric methods observe the loss in weight of the sample when immersed in a fluid, or observe the change in weight of a pycnometer filled with mercury and with mercury and the sample. olumetric methods measure the change in volume when the sample is immersed in fluid. For all displacement methods, the fluid is prevented from penetrating into the pore space by coating the rock surface with paraffin, saturating the rock with the same fluid, or using mercury as the displacing fluid. Example 2.5 A clean, dry sample weighed 20 gms. This sample was saturated in water of density 1.0 gm/cc and then reweighed in air, resulting in an increase in weight to 22.5 gms. The saturated sample was immersed in water of the same density and subsequently weighed 12.6 gms. What is the bulk volume of the sample? 1. Weight of clean, dry sample: W dry = 20 gms. 2. Weight of saturated sample in air: W sat = 22.5 gms 2.19
2 3. Weight of saturated sample, immersed in water: W imm = 12.6 gms. 4. Weight of water displaced: W displaced wtr = = 9.9 gms. 5. Calculate the bulk volume: b =W displaced wtr / wtr =9.9/1.0=9.9 cc. Grain olume Measurements Several methods have been developed over the years to determine the grain volume. The simplest is to obtain the dry weight of the sample and then divide by the matrix density, g = W dry / gr. Unfortunately, accurate matrix densities are not usually known and thus this method is not reliable. A second direct method of measuring grain volume is similar to the previous discussion on displacement methods. A crushed sample is placed in a pycnometer and the weight change is measured (Melcher-Nutting Method) or the volume change is measured (Russell Method). Example 2.6 The following sequence of measurements were obtained from the sample in Example 2.5 to determine the grain volume. Using the bulk volume from Ex. 2.6, calculate the porosity of the sample. 1. Weight of dry, crushed sample in air: W dry = 16 gms 2. Weight of pycnometer filled with water: W py+wtr = 65 gms. 3. Add crushed sample to pycnometer and water: W py+wtr+sample = 75 gms. 4. Calculate weight of displaced water: W displaced wtr = = 6 gms. 5. Calculate the grain volume: g =W displaced wtr / wtr =6.0/1.0=6.0 cc. To determine the porosity of the original sample we must first determine the grain density of the sand. gr = W dry / g =16 gms/6 cc = 2.67 gm/cc Next the grain volume of the original sample must be calculated. g = W dry / gr = 20 gms/2.67 gm/cc = 7.5 cc The porosity can now be determined, b g b %
3 Several drawbacks of these methods have limited their application. First, it is a destructive method and therefore no further tests can be performed on the sample. Second, the crushing usually reduces the accuracy of the method. Therefore an alternative, reliable method has been developed which is based on Boyle s Law. A Boyle s Law porosimeter as shown in Figure 2.18 consists of two sample chambers. The first step is to calibrate the volumes of the sample chambers by injecting inert gas such as helium or nitrogen and recording the pressure differences when the valve between the two chambers is open and equalization occurs. The next step is to place the core sample in one chamber at some pressure, p 1, which is isolated from the second chamber at p 2. When the valve is opened pressure equilibrium occurs at some final pressure, p f. The pore space of the sample is penetrated by the gas; therefore the gas volume difference between the two tests is a measure of the grain volume. Mathematically, this procedure can be described as follows: The total moles of gas is constant, thus n t n 1 n 2 Substituting the ideal gas equation, p f f RT p 1 1 RT p 2 2 RT Isothermal conditions prevail, p f f p p Substituting for the volumes, p f ( ) p ( ) p 1 2 g 1 1 g 2 2 Example 2.7 Rearranging results in an expression for grain volume g ( p p ) ( p p ) 1 f 1 2 f 2 (2.16) p f p 1 where 1 and 2 are the calibrated chamber volumes. A calibration procedure resulted in 1 = 100 cc and 2 = 80 cc, respectively. A core sample was placed in the first chamber at 0 kpa pressure. Gas was admitted to the second chamber 2.21
4 to a pressure of kpa. The valve was open and the final equalized pressure was recorded as kpa. What is the grain volume? Substitution into Eq. (2.15) of the given parameters results in a g = cc. g 100( ) 80( ) cc The accuracy of this method has been estimated to be 0.1% to 0.5% of the grain volume [Jenkins,1960]. It is also nondestructive therefore the test can be repeated or the core sample can used for further tests. An inert gas is used to minimize any adsorption effects on the pore surfaces. Adsorption will cause erroneously low values of grain volume and subsequent overestimation of porosity. The Boyle s Law method yields effective porosity of the sample. An isolated pore, will not be penetrated by the gas, and therefore will act as if it is a portion of the grain volume. Pore olume Measurements Several methods have been developed to measure the pore volume of a sample. The original mercury injection methods such as Washburn-Bunting and Kobe (see Figure 2.18) are obsolete and seldom used. Their elimination was due to the destructive nature of mercury and the lack of accurate results. A second method is called the fluid resaturation method. A clean and dried sample is weighted, saturated with a liquid of known density, and then reweighed. The weight change divided by the density of the fluid results in the pore volume. Example 2.8 The following procedure was run to obtain pore and bulk volume of a sample and thus effective porosity. 1. Weight of clean, dry sample: W dry = gms. 2. Evacuate core and saturate with liquid: W sat = gms ( w =1.01 gm/cc) W sat W dry 3. Calculate the effective pore volume: cc p w 3. Weight of sat. sample, immersed in water: W imm = gms. 4. Weight of water displaced: W dis. wtr = = gms. 5. Calculate the bulk volume: b =W dis wtr / wtr =19.404/1.01= cc. 6. Calculate the porosity: = p / b = 4.233/ = 22% 2.22
5 This technique also yields effective porosity; however, complete saturation is seldom obtained and therefore porosity is commonly lower than that determined from the Boyle s Law method. Furthermore, if the sample is water sensitive then oil should be used as the saturating fluid. The procedure is slow, however numerous samples can be run simultaneously [Helander,1983]. A final method of determining pore volume is known as the summation of fluids or retort method. The basis for this method is the independent measurement of the volumes of oil, water and gas and then the summation of these volumes to obtain the pore volume, p = o + w + g. Unlike other methods, the samples are not clean and dried, but instead are used directly as received at the lab. The samples are split into two portions, which are adjacent to each other. The first sample is placed in a pycnometer and the bulk volume is measured. Next, the sample is placed in a mercury cell and injected with mercury at high pressures (750 psi), resulting in an estimation of the gas volume. The second sample is heated to evaporate the oil and water, which is condensed in a graduated cylinder and then oil and water volumes are measured. The gas volume (adjusted for sample 2) and the bulk volume from sample one are used to obtain the pore volume and porosity of the core. The advantages of this method are the fast speed of the measurements and the simultaneous determination of saturations. The disadvantages are the dependency on similarity of the adjacent samples, homogeneous formations are better suited for this method; a distinction is required between the pore water and the water of hydration, the high temperatures will coke some of the oil in the pore space, and the sample must be at insitu conditions to provide original reservoir saturations. Table 2.4 is a comparative study by Jenkins, 1960 of the various porosity measuring methods. Numerous samples from the United States, Canada and Iran were included in the study. Based on the trends indicated from this data, the conclusion was that the Boyle s Law, and summation of fluids methods yielded porosity values accurate to 0.5%. The Washburn- Bunting method normally exhibited an accuracy of 1% and the resaturation method routinely resulted in low porosity values of 2 to 10% than the other methods. 2.23
6 Number of samples Type Porosity Range, % Washburn Bunting, % Fluids, % Resat. % Boyle s Law, % Grain density, % 232 Clean sand Sl. Shaly Conglomerate Carbonate Clean sand Sl. Shaly Conglomerate Carbonate Sand Sand ALL Table 2.4 Comparison of porosity measuring methods [Jenkins, 1960] 2.24
7 Method Advantages Limitations Washburn-Bunting Low equipment costs. Equipment must be kept very clean; extremely careful techniques must be used in order to obtain acceptably accurate results. Sample cannot be used for further testing. Resaturation Grain density Summation of fluids Boyle s Law Accurate. Determination of porosity convenient while preparing samples for other tests. Samples can be used for further testing. Accurate. Measures total porosity. Accurate for most rock types encountered. Rapid - particularly when fluid saturations are also to be determined. Well suited for routine laboratory work. Allows porosity and saturation to be determined on the same sample. Utilizes relatively large sample, even for conventional type analyses. Elapsed time in the laboratory is shortest of all methods. Accurate Fairly rapid for majority of samples encountered. Samples can be used for further testing. Preparation and drying of sample are critical, as in the Boyle's Law method. Slow and fairly difficult. Wetting the rock surfaces with either brine or hydrocarbon saturants is difficult. Incomplete resaturation causes erroneously low porosity values. Preparation and drying of sample are critical, as in the Boyle's Law method. Slow and fairly difficult, requiring very careful laboratory techniques. Preparation and drying of sample are critical, as in the Boyle's Law method. Oil and water content determinations subject to calibration and corrections. Water calibration difficult when hydratable minerals are present. Conventional plug samples cannot be used for further tests. Slow for low permeability samples. Preparation of sample for test is important. Drying technique is critical when hydratable minerals are present. Measurement of bulk volume is critical in the grain volume determination type test. Adsorption of gas on the rock surfaces tends to give an erroneously high porosity value. Table 2.5 Comparison of porosity methods [Core Lab, 1983] 2.25
8 Figure 2.18 Illustration of porosity measuring apparatus [Core Lab, 1983] 2.26
Chapter Two Reservoir Properties Porosity
Chapter Two Reservoir Properties Porosity The porosity of a rock is a measure of the storage capacity (pore volume) that is capable of holding fluids. Quantitatively, the porosity is the ratio of the pore
More informationPorosity. Theory on porosity. Determination of porosity. pores in rocks, pore types, porosity. Determination of porosity in laboratory
1 Theory on porosity pores in rocks, pore types, porosity Determination of porosity Determination of porosity in laboratory 2 Theory on porosity 3 4 Theory on porosity Reservoir rock has interconnected
More informationRecent Advances in the Analytical Methods Used for Shale Gas Reservoir Gas-in-Place Assessment*
Recent Advances in the Analytical Methods Used for Shale Gas Reservoir Gas-in-Place Assessment* By Robert C. Hartman 1, Pat Lasswell 2, and Nimesh Bhatta 1 Search and Discovery Article #40317 (2008) Posted
More informationCORE ANALYSIS REPORT Conventional Core. Vecta Oil & Gas, Ltd.
CORE ANALYSIS REPORT Conventional Core FINAL REPORT Performed for: 575 Union Blvd., Suite 208 Lakewood, Colorado 80228 Report issued: February 9, 2010 Performed by: Weatherford Laboratories 16161 Table
More informationPorosity and permeability for the Berea sandstone exhibiting large interfacial tensions Lab 3 and lab 4 by Group 38
Porosity and permeability for the Berea sandstone exhibiting large interfacial tensions Lab 3 and lab 4 by Group 38 Losoi, Henri Henri( a )Losoi.com Sigvathsen, Christoffer Sigvaths( a )Stud.NTNU.No March
More informationPOROSITY AND PERMEABILITY IN TIGHT ROCK
POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY IN TIGHT ROCK THESIS PART B By: Wade Jenkins Student No. s164065 Supervisor: Dr. Daria Surovtseva Co-Supervisor: Mehrdad Rezazadeh School of Engineering & Information Technology
More informationChapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 1: 1.1 This course aims to provide an understanding of the behaviour of fluids in reservoirs, and the use of core analysis in the evaluation of reservoir potential. It is intended to give the end
More informationPART 1: SUGGESTED METHODS FOR DETERMINING WATER CONTENT, POROSITY, DENSITY, ABSORPTION AND RELATED PROPERTIES. VW - x loo (%)
Suggested Methods for Determining Water Content 143 Suggested Methods for Determining Water Content, Porosity, Density, Absorption and Related Properties and Swelling and Slake-Durability Index Properties
More informationCore Analysis of the Round Tank Queen Reservoir, Chaves County, New Mexico. By: Garrett Wilson
Core Analysis of the Round Tank Queen Reservoir, Chaves County, New Mexico By: Garrett Wilson 1. Introduction 2. Apparatus 3. Procedure 4. Results and Calculations 1. Porosity 2. Permeability 3. Fluid
More informationPorosity
Fundamentals: www.gateinpetroleum.com Porosity Porosity is one of the most important rock properties in describing porous media. It is defined as the ratio of pore volume to bulk volume of a rock sample.
More informationSTUDY OF DRILL CUTTINGS POROSITY FOR FORMATION EVALUATION
SCA2017-075 Page 1 of 9 STUDY OF DRILL CUTTINGS POROSITY FOR FORMATION EVALUATION S. T. Dang, M. M. Rolke, C. H. Sondergeld and C. S. Rai Mewbourne School of Petroleum and Geological Engineering University
More informationKATEDRA MATERIÁLOVÉHO INŽENÝRSTVÍ A CHEMIE. 123MAEN basic materials properties
KATEDRA MATERIÁLOVÉHO INŽENÝRSTVÍ A CHEMIE 123MAEN basic materials properties Porosity very important quantity - especially for insulating materials. Determination on the basis of bulk and matrix density
More informationMECHANISMS OF WATER IMBIBITION IN CARBONATE-RICH UNCONVENTIONAL RESERVOIRS
SCA2017-027 1/9 MECHANISMS OF WATER IMBIBITION IN CARBONATE-RICH UNCONVENTIONAL RESERVOIRS Robert L. Krumm and James J. Howard Premier Oilfield Laboratory This paper was prepared for presentation at the
More informationInfluence of Clay Content on Surfactant- Polymer Flooding For an Egyptian Oil Field. Prof. Atef Abdelhady, British University in Egypt
Influence of Clay Content on Surfactant- Polymer Flooding For an Egyptian Oil Field Prof. Atef Abdelhady, British University in Egypt Presentation Outline Background. Surfactant- Polymer Flooding Overview
More informationA PROTOCOL TO EVALUATE CAPROCK INTEGRITY FOR THERMAL HEAVY OIL AND BITUMEN RECOVERY OPERATIONS
SCA2014-032 1/6 A PROTOCOL TO EVALUATE CAPROCK INTEGRITY FOR THERMAL HEAVY OIL AND BITUMEN RECOVERY OPERATIONS U. Romanova 1, M. Piwowar and T. Ma Weatherford Laboratories Canada, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
More informationBulk Density Protocol
Bulk Density Protocol Purpose To measure the soil bulk density of each horizon in your soil profile. Overview Students obtain a soil sample in the field using a container with a measured volume. The soil
More informationGas measurement method and weighing method to measure the core porosity research and comparative analysis
IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) ISSN (e): 50-0, ISSN (p): 78-879 Vol. 05, Issue 0 (March. 05), V PP 0-6 www.iosrjen.org Gas measurement method and weighing method to measure the core porosity research
More informationThis is Reservoir Engineering COPYRIGHT. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
Learning Objectives This is Reservoir Engineering By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: Describe what reservoir engineers do, and why they do it Describe the general layout and structure of this
More informationCoal Bed Methane (black coal, green future.)
Global coal distribution Coal Bed Methane (black coal, green future.) What is CMB? Formation of Also know as: - Coalbed gas - Coal seam gas (CSM) Biogenic methane is produced by anaerobic bacteria in the
More informationComparison of Image Logs to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Logs*
Comparison of Image Logs to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Logs* Charles H. Smith 1, Kyle Nelson 2, and Ashely Hall 2 Search and Discovery Article #70169 (2014) Posted September 22, 2014 *Adapted from oral
More informationAUTOPORE V. Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry
AUTOPORE V Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry CLASS LEADING, PROVEN PERFORMANCE AutoPore V Mercury Intrusion Porosimeter The mercury porosimetry analysis technique is based on the intrusion of mercury into
More informationTHERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS OF BARNETT SHALE SAMPLES
SCA2007-45 1/7 THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS OF BARNETT SHALE SAMPLES T. Greg Easley, Richard Sigal, and Chandra Rai MPGE, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma This paper was prepared for presentation
More informationFELIX JARIA Soil Moisture measurement
FELIX JARIA Soil Moisture measurement PRESENTATION OUTLINE Introduction Direct soil moisture measurements Feel Gravimetric Volumetric Advantages and Disadvantages Indirect soil moisture measurements Dielectric
More informationDensity Neglected but Essential
Density Neglected but Essential The poor orphan in mineral resource estimation Andrew Scogings, Grant Louw and Bill Shaw 16 September 2015 Setting the scene Bulk Density Presentation outline What is bulk
More informationLab. Analytical Services
Lab Quantachrome Instruments Lab QMC 1900 Corporate Drive Boynton Beach, FL 33426. 561.731.4999 561.732.9888 www.labqmc.quantachrome.com lab.qt@anton-paar.com. 09-0041-1 REV E Single Point BET with Single
More informationAn experimental study of permeability determination in the lab
Petroleum and Mineral Resources 221 An experimental study of permeability determination in the lab E. Lock, M. Ghasemi, M. Mostofi & V. Rasouli Department of Petroleum Engineering, Curtin University, Australia
More informationKarl Koerner, 4/15/2012
Determination of Porosity of Rock Samples, Torrefied Biomass, Activated Carbon and Proppant Sand for Usage in Wastewater Treatment and Simulation of Oil Reservoir Analysis using the Barnes Method and Helium
More informationSoil Water Relationship. Dr. M. R. Kabir
CHAPTER 4 Soil Water Relationship Dr. M. R. Kabir Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering University of Asia Pacific (UAP), Dhaka LECTURE 10 Introduction Root zone (depth of soil penetrated
More informationACCELERATED FIELD TEST METHOD FOR WATER PENETRATION OFMASONRV
ACCELERATED FIELD TEST METHOD FOR WATER PENETRATION OFMASONRV Kamran Farahmandpour 1 and Val S. Dubovoy2 Presenting Author: Kamran Farahmandpour Summary Since water leakage through masonry is a common
More informationBulk Density Protocol
Bulk Density Protocol Purpose To measure the bulk density of each horizon in a soil profile Overview In the field, students collect three soil samples from each horizon in a soil profile using a container
More informationCased Hole Coal Bed Methane Measurements Written by Hermann Kramer
Cased Hole Coal Bed Methane Measurements Written by Hermann Kramer Introduction This talk will discuss learning's from both Hotwell Canada and Roke Technologies. Roke Technologies is the continuation of
More informationA CASE STUDY OF SATURATION EXPONENT MEASUREMENT ON SOME CARBONATE CORES AT FULL RESERVOIR CONDITIONS
SCA2011-42 1/6 A CASE STUDY OF SATURATION EXPONENT MEASUREMENT ON SOME CARBONATE CORES AT FULL RESERVOIR CONDITIONS Hamid Sharifi Galiuk 1, Kazem Saadat 2 and Ezatollah Kazemzadeh 3 1, 2 and 3 Research
More informationApproaches to characterize the degree of water repellency
Journal of Hydrology 231 232 (2000) 61 65 www.elsevier.com/locate/jhydrol Review Approaches to characterize the degree of water repellency J. Letey*, M.L.K. Carrillo, X.P. Pang University of California,
More information2012 Soil Mechanics I and Exercises Final Examination
2012 Soil Mechanics I and Exercises Final Examination 2013/1/22 (Tue) 13:00-15:00 Kyotsu 155 Kyotsu 1 Kyotsu 3 W2 Lecture room Attention: There are four questions and four answer sheets. Write down your
More informationOverview. Learning Objectives: This module provides step-by-step instructions in how to do the Bulk Density Protocol.
Overview This module provides step-by-step instructions in how to do the Bulk Density Protocol. Learning Objectives: After completing this module, you will be able to: Explain why bulk density is worth
More informationPROBLEMS & CONSIDERATIONS IN DETERMINING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HORTICULTURAL SUBSTRATES
PROBLEMS & CONSIDERATIONS IN DETERMINING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HORTICULTURAL SUBSTRATES William C. Fonteno Horticultural Substrates Laboratory Department of Horticultural Science North Carolina State
More informationHow to Obtain Primary Drainage Capillary Pressure Curves Using NMR T2 Distributions in a Heterogeneous Carbonate Reservoir
SCA2017-066 Page 1 of 9 How to Obtain Primary Drainage Capillary Pressure Curves Using NMR T2 Distributions in a Heterogeneous Carbonate Reservoir Fabian Brandimarte, QGC; Martin Eriksson, KPO; Adam Moss,
More informationQuick and Simple Porosity Measurement at the Well Site Abstract Introduction
SCA2017-013 1/10 Quick and Simple Porosity Measurement at the Well Site M.J. Dick 1, D. Green 1, T. Kenney 1, D. Veselinovic 1, J. Tallarita 2, and M.A. Smith 2 1 Green Imaging Technologies, Fredericton,
More informationDETERMINATION OF BULK DENSITY OF ROCK CORE USING STANDARD INDUSTRY METHODS
Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports - Open Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports 2013 DETERMINATION OF BULK
More informationINJEÇÃO DE CO 2 PARA PRODUÇÃO ACRESCIDA DE METANO DE CARVÃO EM CAMADA CO 2 INJECTION FOR ENHANCED COALBED METHANE (ECBM)
INJEÇÃO DE CO 2 PARA PRODUÇÃO ACRESCIDA DE METANO DE CARVÃO EM CAMADA CO 2 INJECTION FOR ENHANCED COALBED METHANE (ECBM) C.F. Rodrigues 1 & M.J. Lemos de Sousa 3 1 FP-ENAS, University of Fernando Pessoa,
More informationGEL Hydrogeology (Groundwater) LAB 2: POROSITY & HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY - Porosity Segment - Grade: /25
GEL 4250 - Hydrogeology (Groundwater) LAB 2: POROSITY & HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY - Porosity Segment - Name: Section: Grade: /25 COMPLETE & TURN IN ONLY PAGES THAT HAVE A FIELD FOR YOUR NAME. ALL OTHER PAGES
More informationMB for Oil Reservoirs
Koya University Faculty of Engineering Petroleum Engineering Department MB for Oil Reservoirs Lecture 8 Prepared by: Haval Hawez E-mail: haval.hawez@koyauniversity.org 1 Reservoir Engineering Tasks Be
More informationFundamentals Of Petroleum Engineering ROCK AND FLUID PROPERTIES
Fundamentals Of Petroleum Engineering ROCK AND FLUID PROPERTIES Mohd Fauzi Hamid Wan Rosli Wan Sulaiman Department of Petroleum Engineering Faculty of Petroleum & Renewable Engineering Universiti Technologi
More informationSimplified Procedure for Unsaturated Flow Parameters
American Journal of Applied Sciences 8 (6): 635-643, 2011 ISSN 1546-9239 2011 Science Publications Simplified Procedure for Unsaturated Flow Parameters 1 Natthawit Jitrapinate, 2,3 Vichai Sriboonlue, 3
More informationOptimization of Perforation Tunnels Productivity in Reservoirs Diminishing the Formation Damage
Optimization of Perforation Tunnels Productivity in Reservoirs Diminishing the Formation Damage Md. Azizur Rahman 1 Abstract The objective of perforating is to maximize well productivity by establishing
More informationAREN 2110: Thermodynamics Spring 2010 Homework 7: Due Friday, March 12, 6 PM
AREN 2110: Thermodynamics Spring 2010 Homework 7: Due Friday, March 12, 6 PM 1. Answer the following by circling the BEST answer. 1) The boundary work associated with a constant volume process is always
More informationInstrumentation for Soil Measurement: Progress and Hurdles
Instrumentation for Soil Measurement: Progress and Hurdles Colin S. Campbell, Ph.D. 1 Outline Soil moisture sensors Soil water potential Mars update Introduction 2 1 Water Content Measurement ECH 2 O high
More informationDensity Neglected but Essential
Density Neglected but Essential The poor orphan in mineral resource estimation Andrew Scogings, Grant Louw and Bill Shaw 16 September 2015 Setting the scene Bulk Density Presentation outline What is bulk
More informationAnalytical Services REV D
Quantachrome Instruments Lab QMC 1900 Corporate Drive Boynton Beach, FL 33426. 561.731.4999 561.732.9888 www.labqmc.quantachrome.com qc.lab@quantachrome.com 09-0041-1 REV D Single Point BET with Single
More informationPrimary Recovery Mechanisms
Primary Recovery Mechanisms The recovery of oil by any of the natural drive mechanisms is called primary recovery. The term refers to the production of hydrocarbons from a reservoir without the use of
More informationINDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GANDHINAGAR Department of Civil Engineering Soil Mechanics Laboratory
UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST (IS-2720-PART-10-1991)Reaffirmed-2006 THEORY: An Unconfined compression test is also known as uniaxial compression tests, is special case of a triaxial test, where confining
More informationThe Coal-Seq Consortium: Advancing the Science of CO 2 Sequestration in Coal Bed and Gas Shale Reservoirs Project Number (DE FE )
The Coal-Seq Consortium: Advancing the Science of CO 2 Sequestration in Coal Bed and Gas Shale Reservoirs Project Number (DE FE0001560) George J. Koperna Jr. Advanced Resources International, Inc. U.S.
More informationOil Fields & Porosity of Sandstone Algebra: Manipulation and Factoring
GEOL 452 - Mathematical Tools in Geology Lab Assignment # 3 - Feb 4, 2010 (Due Feb 11) Name: Oil Fields & Porosity of Sandstone Algebra: Manipulation and Factoring A. Gas, Oil, and Water Recovery Look
More information1. 3 Extrusion molding
1. 3 Extrusion molding 9 Extrusion is a widely used technique, both in the field of traditional and technical ceramics. This method allows the continuous manufacture of products with a constant cross-
More informationLatest Developments at the EERC and CO 2 Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) in Bakken Shale
Latest Developments at the EERC and CO 2 Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) in Bakken Shale 12th Annual EOR Carbon Management Workshop, Session I Midland, Texas December 9, 2014 John Harju Associate Director
More informationCurrent Research Activities
January 23, 2014 Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas Petroleum Engineering Group Speaker: Paolo Macini paolo.macini@unibo.it ALMA MATER STUDIORUM UNIVERSITA DI BOLOGNA Current Research Activities
More informationEffect of Network Topology on Relative Permeability; Network Model and Experimental Approaches
International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Engineering 2017; 5(5): 90-96 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ogce doi: 10.11648/j.ogce.20170505.14 ISSN: 2376-7669(Print); ISSN: 2376-7677(Online) Effect
More information5. INVESTIGATION OF POROSITY IN THE PASTILLES
5. INVESTIGATION OF POROSITY IN THE PASTILLES 5.1. Introduction Many different types of controlled dosage forms have been developed to improve clinical efficiency of drug and patient compliance. In vivo
More informationIntroduction. Relationship between Capillary Pressure and other Petrophysical properties
Permeability Predication by using Capillary Pressure data in Carbonate Reservoir from Southern Iraqi oil field Mr. Adnan A. Abed 1, Dr. Samir N. AL-Jawad 2 1,2 Petroleum Engg. Dept. / College of Engg.
More informationChapter 2. Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties
Chapter 2 Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties Table of Contents Pages 1. Introduction... 3 2. Rock and Minerals... 3 3. Porosity... 4 3.1. Porosity Classification... 6 3.2. Range of porosity values for
More informationThe soil is a very. The soil can. The manure. Soil Characteristics. effective manure treatment system if manures are applied at the proper rate.
The soil is a very effective manure treatment system if manures are applied at the proper rate. The soil can filter pollutants and prevent them from reaching groundwater. The manure application rate should
More informationSPECIAL PETROPHYSICAL TOOLS: NMR AND IMAGE LOGS CORE
SPECIAL PETROPHYSICAL TOOLS: NMR AND IMAGE LOGS CORE NMR Logging LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: Understand the basic concepts of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) logging
More informationThermodynamic Third class Dr. Arkan J. Hadi. Henry's Law
Henry's Law Application of Raoult's law to species i requires a value for at the temperature of application, and thus is not appropriate for a species whose critical temperature is less than the temperature
More informationLogging solutions for optimizing field development. Well Evaluation for Coalbed Methane
Logging solutions for optimizing field development Well Evaluation for Coalbed Methane Logging solutions for optimizing field development Maximizing the net present value (NPV) from coalbed methane (CBM)
More informationPOREMASTER MERCURY POROSIMETRY. automated mercury porosimeters. Catalysts. Ceramics. Energy. Carbons. Zeolites. Pharma
POREMASTER MERCURY POROSIMETRY Catalysts Ceramics Energy Carbons Zeolites Pharma Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry is a pore size measurement technique based on the physical principle
More informationArbuckle Formation. Wellington Field (Rev 1)
Permeability From NMR Log of Well 1-32 Arbuckle Formation Wellington Field (Rev 1) Revised: May 2013, By: Mina F. Alavi Kansas Geological Survey Open File Report 2015-24 First it was attempted to calculate
More informationImproved Oil Recovery by Injection of Water and Gas
Improved Oil Recovery by Injection of Water and Gas Dr. Amin Azhdarpour Department Of Petroleum Engineering, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran. E-mail: aminazh22@gmail.com;amin.azhdarpour@miau.ac.ir
More informationPOROSITY LOGGING CORE COPYRIGHT. Density Log. By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES POROSITY LOGGING CORE Density Log By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: Describe the logging tool configuration in the borehole and the basic physics of the Density Log and
More informationSteady-State Permeability Analysis in Unconventional Plays
Steady-State Permeability Analysis in Unconventional Plays Pat Lasswell, Weatherford Laboratories, Houston, USA pat.lasswell@weatherfordlabs.com Abstract Shale/tight rock permeability determinations have
More information23rd World Gas Conference, Amsterdam 2006
23rd World Gas Conference, Amsterdam 2006 INCREASING HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION CAPACITY OF RESERVOIR AT FINAL STAGE OF GAS-CONDENSATE FIELD DEVELOPMENT. TECHNOLOGY, MODELING, FIELD TEST N.A. Guzhov V.A. Nikolaev
More informationTriStar II Plus Surface Area and Porosity Analyzer
TriStar II Plus Surface Area and Porosity Analyzer Advanced Hardware and Software Features The unique stainless steel analysis manifold is corrosive resistant and designed for highlyaccurate gas management
More informationClient Support Laboratory
Client Support Laboratory Specialized Support in Europe and Africa OUR MISSION WORLD-CLASS LABORATORIES To provide support for a wide range of environmentally sound well construction and production fluid
More informationFLEXURAL STRENGTH AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF CEMENT BINDERS REINFORCED WITH WOLLASTONITE MICRO-FIBRES
FLEXURAL STRENGTH AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF CEMENT BINDERS REINFORCED WITH WOLLASTONITE MICRO-FIBRES Norman M. P. Low Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa. Canada J. J. Beaudoin Materials
More informationNUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE LOG EVALUATION OF LOW RESISTIVITY SANDSTONE RESERVOIRS BY-PASSED BY CONVENTIONAL LOGGING ANALYSIS
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE LOG EVALUATION OF LOW RESISTIVITY SANDSTONE RESERVOIRS BY-PASSED BY CONVENTIONAL LOGGING ANALYSIS Hamada, G.M., Al-Blehed, M.S. and Al-Awad, M.N.J. King Saud University, Saudi
More informationExperiment 1: The Densities of Liquids and Solids (from Masterson & Hurley)
Experiment 1: The Densities of Liquids and Solids (from Masterson & Hurley) One of the fundamental properties of any sample of matter is its density, which is its mass per unit of volume. The density of
More informationAccelerated carbonation: changes in water transport, porosity and phases of mortar due to different CO 2 pressures
Accelerated carbonation: changes in water transport, porosity and phases of mortar due to different CO 2 pressures Charlotte Thiel, Robin Beddoe, Dirk Lowke, Christoph Gehlen Centre for Building Materials,
More informationSURFER (the Surfaces Analyzer) Draft product specifications
SURFER (the Surfaces Analyzer) Draft product specifications ThermoFisher Scientific Surfer applies the principle of static volumetric gas adsorption (physical and chemical adsorption) under controlled
More informationGaps and Challenges for Light and Tight EOR
Gaps and Challenges for Light and Tight EOR Williston Basin Petroleum Conference Regina, May 3, 2017 Presented by Kelvin (Kelly) D. Knorr, P. Eng. Operations Manager, Energy Division Saskatchewan Research
More informationCO 2 -Brine Relative Permeability Characteristics of Low Permeable Sandstones in Svalbard
SCA22-42 /6 CO 2 -Brine Relative Permeability Characteristics of Low Permeable Sandstones in Svalbard Raheleh Farokhpoor, Erik Lindeberg 2, Mai Britt E. Mørk, Ole Torsæter, NTNU, 2, SINTEF This paper was
More informationPetroleum and Natural Gas Engineering is accredited by European Accreditation Agency (ASIIN).
General information Today, in scope with the world s gradually increasing demand for oil and gas sectors, we are at the forefront in petroleum education and technology. The high demand for petroleum engineers
More informationPORE VOLUME OF NANOFIBER NONWOVENS. Akshaya Jena and Krishna Gupta Porous Materials Inc., 20 Dutch Mill Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
PORE VOLUME OF NANOFIBER NONWOVENS Akshaya Jena and Krishna Gupta Porous Materials Inc., 20 Dutch Mill Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA ABSTRACT Pore volume, pore diameter, pore volume distribution and pore
More informationMicrostructural characterization of Green River shale from GSA inversion Malleswar Yenugu* and Tao Jiang, University of Houston
Microstructural characterization of Green River shale from GSA inversion Malleswar Yenugu* and Tao Jiang, University of Houston Summary A detailed knowledge of microstructure properties help us to understand
More informationLABORATORY TECHNIQUES TO CHARACTERIZE NMR DIFFUSION IN CARBONATES
Abstract LABORATORY TECHNIQUES TO CHARACTERIZE NMR DIFFUSION IN CARBONATES James Funk, Shameem Siddiqui, Mohammed BaTaweel, and Sultan Al-Faqeer Saudi Aramco Lab R&D Center, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia Petrophysical
More informationEFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE ON CONTACT ANGLE OF QUARTZ-WATER-BITUMEN SYSTEM
SCA2008-52 1/6 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE ON CONTACT ANGLE OF QUARTZ-WATER-BITUMEN SYSTEM Maryam Rajayi, Apostolos Kantzas University of Calgary, Canada This paper was prepared for presentation
More informationENGINEERED BRICK MASONRY STANDARDS
Technical Notes 39 - Testing for Engineered Brick Masonry- Brick and Mortar November 2001 Abstract: Testing of brick, mortar and grout is often required prior to and during construction of engineered brick
More informationDetermination of the Soil Water Retention Curve with Tensiometers
Determination of the Soil Water Retention Curve with Tensiometers Sérgio Lourenço 1, Domenico Gallipoli 1, David Toll 1, Fred Evans 2,and Gabriela Medero 3 1 School of Engineering, Durham University, South
More informationFor contact information, please visit our website:
Weatherford s Integrated Laboratory Services (ILS) effectively combines the experience and expertise of leaders in the oil and gas service industry by integrating their considerable abilities under one
More informationComparison of Carbonation Models
Comparison of Carbonation Models I. Galan and C. Andrade Eduardo Torroja Institute IETcc-CSIC, Madrid, Spain ABSTRACT: In order to describe the CO 2 diffusion process into the concrete, several carbonation
More informationOptimized log evaluation method of unconsolidated sandstone heavy oil reservoirs
Optimized log evaluation method of unconsolidated sandstone heavy oil reservoirs Abstract ing Chen a, ei Chen, Shusheng Guo, Ming Chen CNOOC Ltd.-Zhaniang, Zhaniang, China a chenping6@cnooc.com.cn, It
More informationAnalysis Fraction Flow of Water versus Cumulative Oil Recoveries Using Buckley Leverett Method
Analysis Fraction Flow of Water versus Cumulative Oil Recoveries Using Buckley Leverett Method Reza Cheraghi Kootiani, and Ariffin Bin Samsuri International Science Index, Physical and Mathematical Sciences
More informationGeological sequestration. or storage of CO 2
Geological sequestration 10-100 mm or storage of CO 2 Porous matrix Berea sandstone Dmitriy Silin - UC Berkley, 2005 Fluids (oil, natural gas, CO 2 and/or water) are contained in tiny pore spaces in porous
More information2 SECARB Anthropogenic Test SP030414
This presentation is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory under DE-FC26-05NT42590 and was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of
More informationAn Approach for Estimating Porosity from Sonic-Logs in Shaly Formations
JKAU: Earth Sci., Vol. 19, pp: 21-33 (2008 A.D./1429 A.H.) An Approach for Estimating Porosity from Sonic-Logs in Shaly Formations Walid M. Mabrouk Geophysics Dept., Faculty of Science, Cairo University,
More informationWell Stimulation and Sand Production Management (PGE 489 ) Sandstone Acidizing. By Dr. Mohammed A. Khamis
Well Stimulation and Sand Production Management (PGE 489 ) Sandstone Acidizing By Dr. Mohammed A. Khamis 23-02-2016 Sandstones Acidizing The goal of sandstone matrix acidizing is to remove siliceous particles
More informationDepartment of Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.
2383015 Proppant Damage Characterization using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Measurements Saurabh Tandon 1, Aderonke Aderibigbe 2, Zoya Heidari 1, Jingyu Shi 3, and Tihana Fuss-Dezelic 3 1 Department of Petroleum
More informationCEEN Laboratory 1 Mechanical Sieve Analysis Specific Gravity of Soil Solids Gravimetric/Volumetric Relations
INTRODUCTION CEEN 3160 - Laboratory 1 Mechanical Sieve Analysis Specific Gravity of Soil Solids Gravimetric/Volumetric Relations Grain size analysis is widely used for the classification of soils and for
More informationNEW MINIMUM MISCIBILITY PRESSURE (MMP) CORRELATION FOR HYDROCARBON MISCIBLE INJECTIONS
NEW MINIMUM MISCIBILITY PRESSURE (MMP) CORRELATION FOR HYDROCARBON MISCIBLE INJECTIONS Maklavani, A. M. a ; Vatani, A. a ; 1 Moradi, B. b ; Tangsirifard, J. b a Petroleum Engineering Department, Faculty
More informationAnalytical Gas-Oil Relative Permeability Interpretation Method for Immiscible Flooding Experiments under Constant Differential Pressure Conditions
SCA2016-034 1/6 Analytical Gas-Oil Relative Permeability Interpretation Method for Immiscible Flooding Experiments under Constant Differential Pressure Conditions Hashem Nekouie, Jie Cao, L.A. James, T.E.
More informationJerzy M. Rajtar* SHALE GAS HOW IS IT DEVELOPED?
WIERTNICTWO NAFTA GAZ TOM 27 ZESZYT 1 2 2010 Jerzy M. Rajtar* SHALE GAS HOW IS IT DEVELOPED? 1. INTRODUCTION XTO Energy, Inc. has been engaged in development of major gas shale plays in the continental
More informationComparative analysis of sonic and neutron-density logs for porosity determination in the South-eastern Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH 2013, Science Huβ, http://www.scihub.org/ajsir ISSN: 2153-649X, doi:10.5251/ajsir.2013.4.3.261.271 Comparative analysis of sonic and neutron-density
More information