THE SOLUBLE SALTS IN THE BUILT HERITAGE
|
|
- Isabel Barrett
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 THE SOLUBLE SALTS IN THE BUILT HERITAGE Stone materials and conservation of the built heritage The soluble salts _ BR /1 Principal ions of the harmful soluble salts: Cations Na + (sodium) K + (potassium) Ca ++ (calcium) Mg ++ (magnesium) NH 4+ (ammonium) Anions CO -- 3 (carbonate) HCO 3- (hydrogencarbonate) SO -- 4 (sulphate) NO 3- (nitrate) Cl - (chloride) C 2 O 4 (oxalate) Stone materials and conservation of the built heritage The soluble salts _ BR /2 Principal soluble salts in building stones (in CH): English French halite " NaCl Chlorides sylvite sylvine KCl niter salpêtre, nitre KNO 3 Nitrates nitronatrite ", nitratine NaNO 3 ammonium nitrate nitrate d'ammonium NH 4 NO 3 (ph<7) thenardite thénardite Na 2 SO 4 mirabilite " Na 2 SO 4.10H 2 O Sulphates gypsum gypse CaSO 4.2H 2 O epsomite " MgSO 4.7H 2 O arcanite " K 2 SO 4 calcite " CaCO 3 (ph>7) Carbonates natron " Na 2 CO 3.10H 2 O (ph>7) thermonatrite " Na 2 CO 3.H 2 O (ph>7) trona " Na 3 H(CO 3 ) 2.2H 2 O (ph>7) Oxalates weddellite " Ca(C 2 O 4 ) 2(H 2 O) whewellite " Ca(C 2 O 4 ) (H 2 O) Complex salts ettringite " Ca 6 Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 (OH) 12.26H 2 O darapskite " Na 3 (SO 4 )(NO 3 ) H 2 O Stone materials and conservation of the built heritage The soluble salts _ BR /3 1
2 Origin of the soluble salts: Natural origins: Sea water (all ions NO 3-, NH 4+ ) Groundwaters (all ions ) Fresh waters (all ions) Organic origin (NO 3-, NH 4+, oxalates C 2 O 2-4, HC 2 O 4- ) Natural building materials: ex. : sandstone of Berne ( 0.1% Ca 2+ et SO 2-4 ) Stone materials and conservation of the built heritage The soluble salts _ BR /4 Origin of the soluble salts: Restoration materials: - cleaning products (formic acid, ammonium carbonate) - conservation products (oxalates) - additives of the conservation products (ammonia) Air pollution (sulphate, nitrogen oxides, etc.) - dry deposition - wet deposition Stone materials and conservation of the built heritage The soluble salts _ BR /5 Origin of the soluble salts: De-icing salts - NaCl, CaCl 2, Alkali building materials - Cement (Na +, K +, SO 2-4, ) - Soluble glasses (Wasserglas) (K + ± Na + ± Li + ) - Trass (Na +, K +, Mg 2+, ) Fireproof materials - Boron salts - Wasserglass Stone materials and conservation of the built heritage The soluble salts _ BR /6 2
3 The crystallization problem Stone materials and conservation of the built heritage The soluble salts _ BR /7 Fribourg, Stone materials and conservation of the built heritage The soluble salts _ BR /8 Nancy, Black crust of gypsum on the Euville limestone Stone materials and conservation of the built heritage The soluble salts _ BR /9 3
4 From: Arnold, A.; Zehnder, K. (1991): Monitoring wall paintings affected by soluble salts.- The Conservation of Wall Paintings. Proc. Symp. Courtauld Inst. Art & Getty Conservation Inst., London, July 13-16, 1987, The Getty Conservation Institute. Stone materials and conservation of the built heritage The soluble salts _ BR /10 Nancy, rampart, (photo: C. Bläuer) Stone materials and conservation of the built heritage The soluble salts _ BR /11 Paint layer on a ceramic with halite (NaCl) efflorescences (Laborexperiment) Photo Konrad Zehnder Stone materials and conservation of the built heritage The soluble salts _ BR /12 4
5 aus: Arnold, A.; Zehnder, K. (1991): Monitoring wall paintings affected by soluble salts.- The Conservation of Wall Paintings. Proc. Symp. Courtauld Inst. Art & Getty Conservation Inst., London, July 13-16, 1987, The Getty Conservation Institute. Stone materials and conservation of the built heritage The soluble salts _ BR /13 Photos: Konrad Zehnder Nitronatrite (NaNO 3 ) in ceramic (lab. experiment) Stone materials and conservation of the built heritage The soluble salts _ BR /14 Condensation (internal & nord) Origin of salts and water in buildings infiltrations mortars, concrete stones ground déjections liquid water supplies rain de-icing salts treatments smog, dust fertilizer, déjections Stone materials and conservation of the built heritage The soluble salts _ BR /15 5
6 Evolution of water and salts in case of slow drying liquid transfers little or no wind little or no insolation => efflorescences, patinas, crusts => not very harmful Stone materials and conservation of the built heritage The soluble salts _ BR /16 Evolution of water and salts in case of fast drying vapour transfers liquid transfers wind intense insolation => scaling, blistering, granular disintegration, differential weathering => very harmful Stone materials and conservation of the built heritage The soluble salts _ BR /17 The hygroscopicity (or deliquescence) problem Deliquescence humidity: the relative humidity above which a material absorbes humidity from the air and dissolves Stone materials and conservation of the built heritage The soluble salts _ BR /18 6
7 Fribourg, Notre-Dame basilica, Stone materials and conservation of the built heritage The soluble salts _ BR /19 Kaysersberg castel, Alsace, France, Vincent COURCELEAUD ( Stone materials and conservation of the built heritage The soluble salts _ BR /20 Deliquescence humidity & temperature Steiger, M. Stone materials and conservation of the built heritage The soluble salts _ BR /21 7
8 Stone materials and conservation of the built heritage The soluble salts _ BR /22 8
Sodium Peroxides (Na 2 O 2 ): Preparation: It is formed by heating the metal in excess of air or oxygen at 300, which is free from
S-Block Elements Generally one question was asked every year from this topic. This is completely theoretical and little memory based. Last minute revision generally helps. The general trends in the properties
More informationDownloaded from
I.I.T.Foundation - XI Chemistry MCQ #8 Time: 45 min Student's Name: Roll No.: Full Marks: 60 s-block Elements I. MCQ - Choose Appropriate Alternative 1. The oxides of beryllium are. (A) Acidic (B) Basic
More informationSOLUBILITY STUDY GUIDE- Multiple Choice Section
SOLUBILITY STUDY GUIDE- Multiple Choice Section Multiple Choice Section: This study guide is a compilation of questions from provincial exams since 2000. I urge you to become intimately familiar with question
More informationEidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich Institut für Denkmalpflege
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich Institut für Denkmalpflege Andreas Arnold, Oskar Emmenegger, Andreas Küng, Franz Mairinger, Manfred Schreiner und Konrad Zehnder Deterioration and Preservation
More information1. The equation that represents the equilibrium in a saturated solution of Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 is.. The precipitate which forms first is
CHEMISTRY 12 UNIT 3 - REVIEW Ksp Part A - Multiple Choice 1. The equation that represents the equilibrium in a saturated solution of Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 is A. Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 (s) 3 Fe 2+ (aq) + 2 SO 4 3 (aq)
More informationExercise 6a. Balancing equations
Exercise 6a Balancing equations Balance the following equations. To get you started _ indicates the first six questions where numbers need to be inserted to achieve the balance. In one or two difficult
More informationUnit 4 WATER 4.1 Occurrence and Physical Properties
Chemistry Form 3 Page 42 Ms. R. Buttigieg Unit 4 WATER 4.1 Occurrence and Physical Properties Water is essential for many fundamental life processes. It is however, very difficult to get pure because it
More information1. Which of the given statements about the reaction below are incorrect?
1. Which of the given statements about the reaction below are incorrect? 2PbO(s) + C(s) 2Pb(s) + CO 2 (g) a. Lead is getting reduced b. Carbon dioxide is getting oxidised c. Carbon is getting oxidised
More informationMark the Following Statements as True or False
G J Z A H R A B. E D ( H O N S ) P A G E 1 G J Z A H R A B. E D ( H O N S ) S T A L B E R T T H E G R E A T C O L L E G E W A T E R St Albert the Great College Y E A R 9, C H A P T E R 5 Mark the Following
More informationTotal Grade /150 Checked by
FIRST LETTER OF YOUR LAST NAME CHEMISTRY 1127 EXAM I NAME (PRINT) SECTION SIGNATURE TA PLEASE READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS Do NOT begin the exam until asked to do so. There are 8 numbered pages, a useful
More informationFate and Transport of Wheat in the Athabasca River: R&D in the context of a grain derailment response strategy. Karla Graf Loni Waldner, P.Eng.
Fate and Transport of Wheat in the Athabasca River: R&D in the context of a grain derailment response strategy Karla Graf Loni Waldner, P.Eng. Objectives Provide sustainable remediation by minimizing the
More informationTable 3. List of figures with mineral solubilities as a function of T, P and solution composition.
Appendix to: C.A.J. Appelo, Principles, caveats and improvements in databases for calculating hydrogeochemical reactions in saline waters from 0-200 ºc and 1-1000 atm. This appendix has figures showing
More informationContents. Degradation (corrosion) of non-metallic building materials
DEGRADATION OF BUILDING MATERIALS Contents Degradation (corrosion) of non-metallic building materials Chemical degradation, physical degradation, physical-chemical degradation, bio-corrosion Causes of
More informationTopic Reacting masses Level GCSE Outcomes 1. To calculate reacting masses 2. To set out mole calculations in a grid format
Topic Reacting masses Level GCSE Outcomes 1. To calculate reacting masses 2. To set out mole calculations in a grid format Problems on Reacting Masses of Solids Section 1 1. What is the mass of magnesium
More informationSALT CRYSTALLIZATION TESTS IN BUILDING STONE MATERIALS
SALT CRYSTALLIZATION TESTS IN BUILDING STONE MATERIALS Aikaterini I. Vavouraki* and Petros G. Koutsoukos Chemical Engineering Department, University of Patras, Karatheodori 1, Rio, 26500, Patras Institute
More informationChapter 17 Solubility and Complex Ion Equilibria
Chem 1046 General Chemistry by Ebbing and Gammon, 8th Edition Prof George W.J. Kenney, Jr Last Update: 27Nov2008 Chapter 17 Solubility and Complex Ion Equilibria These Notes are to SUPPLIMENT the Text,
More informationDouble Award Science: Chemistry
New Specification Centre Number Candidate Number General Certificate of Secondary Education 2014 2015 Double Award Science: Chemistry Unit C1 Higher Tier ML [GSD22] WEDNESDAY 25 FEBRUARY 2015, MORNING
More informationManaging Salinity in Walnuts. Janet Caprile Farm Advisor UC Cooperative Extension Contra Costa & Alameda Counties
Managing Salinity in Walnuts Janet Caprile Farm Advisor UC Cooperative Extension Contra Costa & Alameda Counties jlcaprile@ucdavis.edu Quad County Walnut Institute Stockton - March 6, 2014 Higher Salinity
More informationDAMAGE ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS FORM
2 DAMAGE ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS FORM SUMMARY OF DAMAGE DIAGNOSIS Name of the building Location Alhos-Vedros tide-mill Alhos-Vedros, Moita, Setúbal, Portugal Type of damage decay pattern 1. Efflorescences
More informationWhat is: (a) aqua fortis, (b) aqua regia (c) Fixation of Nitrogen?
EXERCISE.1 Question 1: What is: (a) aqua fortis, (b) aqua regia (c) Fixation of Nitrogen? Solution 1: Book Name: Selina concise (a) Aqua fortis: Nitric acid is called aqua fortis. Aqua fortis means strong
More information» Please take out your periodic table.
» Please take out your periodic table. Ionic Compounds Before we begin What are ions? How are they made? (Hint: Remember what happens to VALENCE electrons.) (Put a line down the middle of the white board.)
More informationEarth s Crust. Atoms build Molecules build Minerals build. Rocks build. Lecture 3 - Mineralogy.
Lecture 3 - Mineralogy http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/coasts/gg101/index.html Atoms build Molecules build Minerals build Rocks build Earth s Crust Common minerals that we mine and use. Mineral Name What It
More informationJSUNIL TUTORIAL, SAMASTIPUR
Chapter 1 Chemical Reactions and Equations Q 1. Why should a magnesium ribbon be cleaned before burning in air? Ans. Before burning in air, the magnesium ribbon is cleaned by rubbing with a sandpaper.
More informationJust what is Acid Rain?
Acid Rain Just what is Acid Rain? Acid Rain is the term used to describe the ways in which acid precipitates out of the atmosphere. Acid Rain is more accurately termed acid deposition. There are two types
More informationUnderstanding chemical attacks and permeation properties of concrete
Understanding chemical attacks and permeation properties of concrete 1st Saudi Concrete Conference, 1-4 May 2016 Riyadh, Jeddah and Khobar KSA Abu Saleh Mohammod PhD, MICT General Manager Pudlo Middle
More informationMR. D HR UV AS HE R I.C.S.E. BOA RD PAP ER ICSE-2005
MR D HR UV AS HE R ICSE BOA RD PAP ER 200 5 1 ICSE-2005 Section A (40 Marks) (Attempt all questions from this section) Question 1 (a) Write balanced equation s for the following reactions: - [5] (i) Potassium
More informationGroundwater Chemical Evolution by: David Banks, Hydrogeologist and thermogeologist
NORPLAN Course. Hydrochemical data interpretation. June Groundwater Chemical Evolution by: David Banks, Hydrogeologist and thermogeologist -Cl Mg--HCO3 Mg-CO3 Ca-CO3 In mountain areas (limestone and silicate
More informationInterpreting Irrigation Water Quality Reports
Interpreting Irrigation Water Quality Reports By Dara M Park, L. B. McCarty, and Sarah A. White. Clemson University Water Chemistry What? Water is not just H 2O? What else could possibly be in there? As
More informationGeological Storage of CO2. Evaluating the Risk of Leakag! Injection & Leakage
Geological Storage of CO Evaluating the Risk of Leakag! Injection & Leakage Reservoir model must predict composition of brine that comes into contact with cement From Canadian CO Capture and Storage Roadmap
More informationSample Answers/Solutions - Study of Compounds
Sample Answers/Solutions - Study of Compounds Hydrogen Chloride 1. It is a gas at room temperature. 2. Refer to pg.128 right side section 2. 3. If the reaction is carried out above 200 o C, then the by-product
More informationCHEMISTRY PAPER 1998
CHEMISTRY PAPER 1998 (One Hour and a Half) Answer to this paper must be written on the paper provided separately. You will NOT be allowed to write during the first 15 minutes. This time is to be spent
More informationEfflorescence in Portland cement plaster finishes Tech Bulletin # 101
1) What is efflorescence? According to Merriam-Webster s Collegiate Dictionary, Tenth Edition, the verb (vi) to effloresce means a) to change to a powder from loss of water of crystallization and b) to
More information(3) The compound boron nitride (BN) has a high melting point (2967 ºC), high density, and is very hard. What is the best classification of this solid?
Solids and Liquids Name: Period: (1) Identify the type of solid formed by each compound. (a) Ag (b) CO 2 (c) SiO 2 (d) wax (e) MgCl 2 (f) Fe (g) graphite (h) SO 2 (i) CaCO 3 (j) I 2 (k) rubber (l) SiC
More informationCompiled by Rahul Arora What do you mean by corrosion? How can you prevent it?
Rahul Arora 12. What do you mean by corrosion? How can you prevent it? 13. MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2 In the above equation, name the compound which is oxidized and which is reduced? 14. Match the
More informationINTERPRETING CHEMICAL FORMULAS AND SYMBOLS
INTERPRETING CHEMICAL FORMULAS AND SYMBOLS THE FORMULA OR SYMBOL REPRESENTS: CHEMICAL FORMULA OR SYMBOL NUMBER OF ATOMS TOTAL CHARGE NUMBER OF PROTONS NUMBER OF ELECTRONS Atom Molecule Monatomic Cation
More informationLecture 18. Soil Acidity, Alkalinity, and Socidity
Lecture 18 Soil Acidity, Alkalinity, and Socidity 1 Questions ow can acidification occur in soils? ow does p affects availability of N, P, K? ow can acidic soils be managed? Define a saline and sodic soil.
More informationALUMINUM PHOSPHATE B.P
01 ALUMINUM PHOSPHATE B.P AIPO 4 1 / 117 121.95 80.00% 02 ALUMINUM mono-stearate, PURE 2 / 117 AI(OH) 2 (C 17 H 344.45 (as all) 7.50-8.50% 3 / 117 15Kg. 03 ALUMINUM di-stearate, PURE AI(OH)(C 17 H 35 COO)
More informationQuantitive Chemistry Question paper
Quantitive Chemistry Question paper Level Subject Exam Board Topic Sub-Topic Booklet GCSE Chemistry CCEA Quantitative Chemistry Quantitive Chemistry Question paper Time Allowed: 93 minutes Score: /77 Percentage:
More informationD A I C A DUST AND ICE CONTROL AGENT. Our product analysis due to the latest laboratory report is as below:
D A I C A DUST AND ICE CONTROL AGENT Introduction DAICA which is the shorten form of Dust And Ice Control Agent is referring to a unique natural material with scientific name of Tachyhydrite. Tachyhydrite
More informationSRI RAMAKRISHNA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY COIMBATORE First Year BE/B.TECH ( ) Engineering Chemistry- I
SRI RAMAKRISHNA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY COIMBATORE-641010 1. Define hard water and soft water? First Year BE/B.TECH (2012-2013) Engineering Chemistry- I UNIT-I- Water Technology Water which does not produce
More informationDuncan. UNIT 8 - Chemical Equations BALANCING EQUATIONS PRACTICE WORKSHEET 14.) C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O. 2.) Na + I2 NaI 3.) N2 + O2 N2O 4.
BALANCING EQUATIONS PRACTICE WORKSHEET 1.) CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O 2.) Na + I2 NaI 3.) N2 + O2 N2O 4.) N2 + H2 NH3 5.) KI + Cl2 KCl + I2 6.) HCl + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + H2O 7.) KClO3 KCl + O2 8.) K3PO4 + HCl KCl
More informationNavajo Generating Station Water Balance Model
Navajo Generating Station Water Balance Model Case Study Hypothetical Plant Water Systems Reconfiguration Presented at: 2013 Southwest Chemistry Workshop Presented by: Daniel J. Robinette, P.E. Rocky Mountain
More informationAppendix C1: Batch Kinetics Tests
Appendix C1: Batch Kinetics Tests This appendix contains the entire data set for the batch kinetics tests for the potential biofilter components. These tests were performed to provide estimates of optimal
More informationThenardite-Mirabilite cycles in historical buildings
9 th 21 th -23 th April 2010 th Indoor Air Quality meeting Chalon-sur sur-saone Saone, France Thenardite-Mirabilite cycles in historical buildings D. Camuffo 1, C. Bertolin 1, C. Amore 2, A. Bergonzini
More informationHard water. Hard and Soft Water. Hard water. Hard water 4/2/2012
Hard and Soft Water is the type of water that has high mineral content (in contrast with soft water). minerals primarily consist of calcium (Ca 2+ ), and magnesium (Mg 2+ ) metal cations, and sometimes
More informationChapter 9 Systematic Equilibrium
Chapter 9 Systematic Equilibrium 1 What we Skipped Ch. 8 discussed Activity (γ) This is what should be used in equilibrium calculations rather than conc. (molarity) In Ch. 9 in later chapters, you will
More informationSchool of Civil & Environmental Engineering University of the Witwatersrand
School of Civil & Environmental Engineering University of the Witwatersrand Postgraduate Lecture: Physical and Chemical Deterioration Processes Prof. Y Ballim 1. PHYSICAL FORMS OF DETERIORATION 1.1 Abrasion
More information3.3 Minerals. Describe the characteristics that define minerals.
3.3 Minerals Describe the characteristics that define minerals. Are you a mineral? There used to be a TV commercial that said "you are what you eat." If that s true - and to some extent it is - then you
More informationActivSil Technology. Hydrophobic. Abolin Co Greece Building Sustainable with Innovations
ActivSil Technology Silicate Emulsion Hydrophobic Paint. Restoration of historical centers Water degrading effect Restoration process Künzel s theory Silicate emulsion paints Properties Application Why
More informationNutrient Cycling in an Aquatic Ecosystem
Nutrient Cycling in an Aquatic Ecosystem 2.1 Productivity 2.2 Oxygen 2.3 Salinity 2.4 Carbon 2.5 Nitrogen 2.6 Phosphorous 2.7 Iron 2.8 Sulphur 2.9 Silica 2.3 Salinity of Inland Waters The salinity of freshwaters
More informationIJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development Vol. 4, Issue 02, 2016 ISSN (online):
IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development Vol. 4, Issue 0, 016 ISSN (online): 31-0613 R.Niranjana Reddy 1 Dr. Vaishali G.Ghorpade 1 M.Tech. Student Professor 1, Department of
More informationCHAPTER 6 GROUNDWATER HYDROCHEMISTRY AND HYDROCHEMICAL PROCESSES
69 CHAPTER 6 GROUNDWATER HYDROCHEMISTRY AND HYDROCHEMICAL PROCESSES 6.1 GENERAL Groundwater contains a wide range of dissolved solids and contain small amount of dissolved organic matter and gases. Groundwater,
More informationLaboratory Fee Schedule
JMLord, Inc. Laboratory Fee Schedule Spring 2011 www.jmlordinc.com 267 N. Fulton St. Fresno CA, 93705 (559) 268-9755 (559) 486-6504 (FAX) Laboratory Services Since 1976, JMLord, Inc. has provided consultants
More informationOxidation and Reduction
Oxidation and Reduction An oxidation reaction is one in which oxygen is added to a substance. Example: Methane is oxidised when it burns in air. Oxygen is added to the carbon in methane, forming carbon
More informationMARINE WATER EFFECT ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE: A CASE STUDY OF ESCRAVOS AREA OF NIGERIAN DELTA
MARINE WATER EFFECT ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE: A CASE STUDY OF ESCRAVOS AREA OF NIGERIAN DELTA S. O. Osuji 1 and E. Nwankwo 2 1, 2 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF BENIN, P. M.
More informationEvaluation of fertigation. Wetting pattern of a drip system on different soil types. Design of a fertigation system
Evaluation of fertigation Nutrient solution aquaous solution of mineral salts that are essential for plant nutrition Fertigation simultaneous application of water and nutrients via the irrigation system
More informationINNOVATIVE BRINE TREATMENT STRATEGY BASED ON EDM AND VALUABLE COMPOUND RECOVERY
INNOVATIVE BRINE TREATMENT STRATEGY BASED ON EDM AND VALUABLE COMPOUND RECOVERY Authors: Presenter: Hicham El Bakouri*, Abel Riaza*, Francisco Javier Bernaola Echevarría, Laia Llenas**, Xavier Martínez-Lladó**,
More informationChemical Admixtures for Concrete. ACCELERATORS Özge Andiç Çakır, PhD
Chemical Admixtures for Concrete ACCELERATORS Özge Andiç Çakır, PhD Accelerators: Definition An accelerating admixture is a material that is added to concrete for reducing the time of setting and accelerating
More informationGROUP I ELEMENTS [ALKALI METALS]
THE S-BLOCK ELEMENTS The elements in which the last electron enters in the outermost s-orbital are called s-block elements. They include elements of group I and II. Group I elements are Lithium (Li), Sodium
More informationSALINITY MANAGEMENT IN PROCESSING TOMATOES. Brenna Aegerter and Michelle Leinfelder-Miles UC Cooperative Extension San Joaquin County
SALINITY MANAGEMENT IN PROCESSING TOMATOES Brenna Aegerter and Michelle Leinfelder-Miles UC Cooperative Extension San Joaquin County WHERE DO SALTS COME FROM? Irrigation water is the primary source of
More informationAngel International School - Manipay 3 rd Term Examination July, 2015
Grade 08 Angel International School - Manipay 3 rd Term Examination July, 2015 Chemistry Duration: 2 Hours Index No:- Part I Choose the correct answer and underline it. 1. Which of the following correctly
More informationLecture 8: Irrigation Water Quality
The Islamic University of Gaza- Civil Engineering Department Irrigation and Drainage- ECIV 5327 Lecture 8: Irrigation Water Quality Prepared by Husam Al-Najar Physical Parameters used in the evaluation
More informationUnderstanding and Managing Salinity for Walnuts. David Doll Farm Advisor UCCE Merced March 15th, 2016
Understanding and Managing Salinity for Walnuts David Doll Farm Advisor UCCE Merced March 15th, 2016 Salinity Tolerance of Walnuts Walnut How Tough are Walnuts? Sensitive to Na, B, and Cl Unknown, but
More informationChapter six. Precipitate is separated by filtration, washing,drying and finally is accurately weighed.
Gravimetric Analysis Chapter six Gravimetric Analysis :- Is one of the most accurate and precise methods of quantative analysis.it is based on the measurements of the mass of solid product of a chemical
More informationNatural Processed Synthetic 1. Potassic minerals 1. Muriate of potash 1. KNO 3 2. Wood ash 2. Sulphate of Potash 2. K HP O 4 3.
12. Potassic fertilizers manufacturing of KCl, K 2 SO 4 and Schoenite Potassium found to occur very commonly in the combined form as naturally occurring minerals. Common soil forming rocks like granite
More informationNew Membranes make Salt Production from Desalination Reject Even More Profitable
New Membranes make Salt Production from Desalination Reject Even More Profitable MSc (Hons) Chem Eng, IMD President Solar Energy (Insolation) on the Planet Earth NASA The Earth is receiving approx. 1 368
More informationN 2, O 2 Ar CO mg/l mg/l. Carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide 4. - Only about 0.035% of air (~350 ppm)
(Carbon dioxide : CO 2 ) Carbon dioxide 4 N 2, O 2 Ar CO 2 0.46 mg/l 25 0.40 mg/l 30 CO 2 CO 2 carbonate ph Only about 0.035% of air (~350 ppm) Concentration in water higher than expected based on low
More informationName: Mods: Date Agenda Homework
Name: Mods: UNIT 6 FORMULA WRITING, FORMULA WEIGHTS, and PERCENT COMPOSITION Date Agenda Homework Wed Dec 3 Thurs Dec 4 Fri Dec 5 Mon Dec 8 Tues Dec 9 Wed Dec 10 (1/2 Day) Thurs Dec 11 Fri Dec 12 Mon Dec
More informationChemical Analysis of Ground Waters in Tabriz Area, Northwestern Iran
Asian Journal of Chemistry Vol. 21, No. 2 (2009), 1217-1224 Chemical Analysis of Ground Waters in Tabriz Area, Northwestern Iran N. MEHRDADI, A. BAGHVAND, H. ETEMADI, NAVID RAZMKHAH* and M. ESMAEILI BIDHENDI
More informationWilbur-Ellis Company. Carl Bruice - National Nutrition Technical Manager
Wilbur-Ellis Company Carl Bruice - National Nutrition Technical Manager Potential Effects of Water Chemistry Total salt accumulation Specific ion toxicity (B, Na, Cl) Reduced infiltration (Na and ECw)
More informationSoda Ash ( Sodium carbonate) Manufacture
Soda Ash ( Sodium carbonate) Manufacture Pertinent properties Mol. Wt. 106 M.P. 851deg.C. B.P. Decomposes Soluble in water 8.9 gm/100gm at 20 deg.cel. Grade s: 99% sodium carbonate washing soda ( Na 2
More information2. WATER. Wet Processing I (Pretreatment)
2. WATER Wet Processing I Q. Define water. Water is a complex compound. It is very important compound in textile wet processing. The total amount of water in the world is about 75%. Natural water is obtained
More informationPreparation of potassium nitrate from potassium chloride and magnesium nitrate in a laboratory scale using industrial raw materials
Preparation of potassium nitrate from potassium chloride and magnesium nitrate in a laboratory scale using industrial raw materials Jana Jurišová a, Pavel Fellner a, Vladimír Danielik a, Marek Lencsés
More informationPrediction of Irrigation Water Salinity by Means of Hydrometry
J. Agric. Sci. Technol. (2004) Vol. 6: 111-120 Prediction of Irrigation Water Salinity by Means of Hydrometry F. Khorsandi 1 and F. Alaei Yazdi 2 ABSTRACT Salinity is the primary water quality concern
More informationAgricultural Lime Recommendations Based on Lime Quality
ID-163 Agricultural Lime Recommendations Based on Lime Quality University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Cooperative Extension Service E.L. Ritchey, L.W. Murdock, D. Ditsch, and
More informationAtmospheric Corrosion
Corrosion of mild steel Corrosion of aluminium Exfoliation corrosion of aluminium aerospace alloy Given the large surface areas of materials exposed to the atmosphere, annual losses in the UK are of the
More informationName: Date: Period: Page: Predicting Products. Predict the products, and balance each reaction. Use the reaction type as a hint.
Name: Date: Period: Page: Predicting Products Predict the products, and balance each reaction. Use the reaction type as a hint. For reactions with a transition metal, the most likely charge on the metal
More informationConcrete. Chapter 11 Durability of Concrete & Mix Design. Materials of Construction-Concrete 1. Wikipedia.org
Wikipedia.org Concrete Chapter 11 Durability of Concrete & Mix Design Materials of Construction-Concrete 1 Durability of hardened concrete Materials of Construction-Concrete 2 Leaching and efflorescence
More informationPRESENTATION ON THRESHOLD VALUE OF CHEMICAL GRADE LIMESTONE. Tata Chemicals, Mithapur
PRESENTATION ON THRESHOLD VALUE OF CHEMICAL GRADE LIMESTONE Tata Chemicals, Mithapur 1 1.0 Introduction: In India, Soda Ash is manufactured by Adopting Solvay process (synthetic Soda- Ash) Two essential
More informationChemical reactions and electrolysis
Chemical reactions and electrolysis Higher Revision Questions Name: Class: Date: Time: 95 minutes Marks: 95 marks Comments: Page of 29 (a) Magnesium metal is shaped to make magnesium ribbon. Explain why
More informationASL Pauls College of Engineering and Technology Coimbatore Department of Civil Engineering A PAPER ON BACTERIAL CONCRETE
ASL Pauls College of Engineering and Technology Coimbatore -642 109. Department of Civil Engineering A PAPER ON BACTERIAL CONCRETE BY A.SAFATH MAIDEEN & D.RAJ KUMAR (FINAL YEAR) safath29@gmail.com & drajkumarce@gmail.com
More informationMAIN GROUPS CHEMISTRY. Alkaline Earth Metals ( Group IIA)
MAIN GROUPS CHEMISTRY Alkaline Earth Metals ( Group IIA) INTRODUCTION The group 2 elements comprise beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium and radium. They follow alkali metals in the periodic
More informationKKB Micro Testing Labs Pvt. Ltd., , 2 nd Floor, Tarun Plaza, NFC Main Road, Krishna Nagar Colony, Moula Ali, Hyderabad, Telangana
Last Amended on - Page 1 of 7 I. AIR, GASES & ATMOSPHERE 1. Ambient Air Monitoring RSPM ( PM 10) IS 5182 (Part 23): 2006 (RA ) 5 µg/m 3 to 750 µg/m 3 PM 2.5 SOP 11 dated 17.11.2014 12.5 µg/m 3 to 500 µg/m
More informationSalinity. sulphate, SO 4
is an indication of the concentration of dissolved salts in a body of water. The ions responsible for salinity include the major cations (calcium, Ca 2+ ; magnesium, Mg 2+ ; sodium, Na-; and potassium,
More informationThe Effect of Cement Type on Behavior of Reinforced Concrete against Attack Sulfate Salt
The Effect of on Behavior of Reinforced Concrete against Attack Salt Ahmed Abd El-Azim A. 1, Magdy A. Abd El-Aziz 2, Basma M. Abd El-Haleem 3 1 Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept. 2 Professor,
More informationSolutions Unit Exam Name Date Period
Name Date Period Ms. Roman Page 1 Regents Chemistry 1. Which mixture can be separated by using the equipment shown below? 6. Which ion, when combined with chloride ions, Cl, forms an insoluble substance
More informationLecture 6: Softening
Islamic University of Gaza Environmental Engineering Department Water Treatment EENV 4331 Lecture 6: Softening Dr. Fahid Rabah 1 6.1 Definition of hardness: A. Hardness is the term often used to characterize
More informationFilterSorb SP3 Treatment Method: Part II
FilterSorb SP3 Treatment Method: Part II By Deepak Chopra WatchvWater GmbH Fahrlachstraße 14 68165 Mannheim Germany May 2013 Web: www.watchwater.de email: info@watchwater.de Telefon: +49 (0) 621 87951-0
More informationModule: 9 Lecture: 39
Module: 9 Lecture: 39 AMMONIUM CHLORIDE INTRODUCTION Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) is white crystalline salt highly soluble in water. Solutions of ammonium chloride are mildly acidic. Sal ammoniac is a name
More informationEnvironmental Chemistry - Water HL
Name: Environmental Chemistry: Water 19. Environmental Chemistry - Water Objectives -define hardness in water -define temporary hardness in water -define permanent hardness in water -identify the causes
More informationName Class Date. mass of lithium 534 g Li molar mass of lithium 6.94 g/mol Li Unknown:
Skills Worksheet Math Skills Converting Mass to Amount After you study each sample problem and solution, work out the practice problems on a separate sheet of paper. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
More informationAcid conductivity basics and some experiences
Matarvattenkonferensen 201 Acid conductivity basics and some experiences Karsten Thomsen COWI A/S, Aalborg, Denmark E-mail: knth@cowi.dk, phone: 45 2787 5744 in collaboration with Nordjyllandsværkets Laboratory,
More informationThe Mechanism of Thaumasite Formation
The Mechanism of Thaumasite Formation J H Sharp University of Sheffield Department of Engineering Materials And Centre for Cement and Concrete Thaumasite, Ca 6 [Si(OH) 6.12H 2 O] 2 (SO 4 ) 2 (CO 3 ) 2,
More informationTHE ART OF SEPARATION
THE ART OF SEPARATION AFTERSALES SERVICE FAST AND RELIABLE SERVICE A large team of experienced service specialists as well as various service centres are available to our customers worldwide. This way
More informationKnow What You re Monitoring! Since not all of us are water chemists, here is a brief understanding of what your different tools measure
1 Know What You re Monitoring! Since not all of us are water chemists, here is a brief understanding of what your different tools measure Extech EC400 meters Salinity (SAL) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
More informationWATER CONDITIONING & ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
WATER CONDITIONING & ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION KMU 392 2017-2018 Spring Semester Water conditioning and wastewater treatment have long been essential functions of municipalities. However, the importance
More informationENVIPRO Laboratories, 2nd Floor, Sy. No. 63/4, Site No. 5, P&T Layout Road, Ashwath Nagar, Srigandhada Kaval, Sunkadakatte, Bangalore, Karnataka
Certificate Number TC-6325 Page 1 of 5 Range ing / CHEMICAL TESTING I. WATER 1. Surface Water, Ground Water, Industrial Water, Drinking Water, Irrigation Water, Water From Purifiers & Swimming Pool Water
More informationINDEX FRESH SEMINAR SERIES
INDEX FRESH SEMINAR SERIES Acidification & ph Control with SO 2 -Sulfurous Acid Generators By Terry R. Gong Harmon Systems International, LLC We provide solutions that benefit the world 1 Presentation
More informationCHEMISTRY- AIR AND ATMOSPHERE CLASS VII
CHEMISTRY- AIR AND ATMOSPHERE CLASS VII Q1. Explain the following terms. 1. Catalyst: A catalyst is a chemical substance that alters the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing any chemical change
More informationPass the salt recovery of water & salts from mining brines using Eutectic Freeze Crystallization
Pass the salt recovery of water & salts from mining brines using Eutectic Freeze Crystallization Dyllon Randall IOM 3 Young Person s World Lecture Competition 2011 São Paulo, Brazil 29 September 2011 Acid
More information