Protonic defects in oxides and their possible role in high temperature oxidation

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Protonic defects in oxides and their possible role in high temperature oxidation"

Transcription

1 Protonic defects in oxides and their possible role in high temperature oxidation Truls Norby To cite this version: Truls Norby. Protonic defects in oxides and their possible role in high temperature oxidation. Journal de Physique IV Colloque, 1993, 03 (C9), pp.c9-99-c < /jp4: >. <jpa > HAL Id: jpa Submitted on 1 Jan 1993 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

2 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE IV Colloque C9, supplement au Journal de Physique 111, Volume 3, decembre 1993 Protonic defects in oxides and their possible role in high temperature oxidation (*) Truls Norby Center for Materials Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Gaustadalleen 21, N Oslo, Norway Abstract. - Protons from hydrogen or water vapour may dissolve in oxides and other corrosion products, and may affect, and in some cases, dominate their defect structures. Defect-dependent properties like scale growth and plastic deformation then become dependent on the ambient hydrogen or water vapour pressure. Small concentrations of protons may enhance the transport of oxygen in the form of hydroxide ion diffusion. Furthermore, the transport of protons through a scale (dissolving as hydrogen in the metal), can replace the outward transport of electrons during scale growth. Recent literature results indicate that protons can be dominant defects in Y2O3, A1203 and Cr203 under certain conditions. 1. Introduction. Effects of hydrogen and water vapour on high temperature oxidation have been known for a long time. Of the many examples listed by Kubaschewski and Hopkins [I], some can be attributed to stress and brittleness in the metal. The presence of water vapour may furthermore change the corrosion products from one oxide to another, or lead to the formation of hydroxide scales or volatile hydroxides and oxyhydroxides. Other effects are interpreted in terms of changes in interface properties of the scales, including surface-gas exchange, scale adherence, grain texture, and grain boundary sliding. Kofstad [2] concluded that an understanding of many of the observed effects is still lacking. Our interest in effects of hydrogen species accompanies a growing interest for effects of other light elements (mainly C, N, and S) on oxide properties and the oxidation of metals. While these other elements have low solubilities and diffusivities in bulk phases and mainly affect surfaces and interfaces, protons easily diffuse in oxides and other materials. Some of the observed effects of water vapour or hydrogen may therefore result from effects on the bulk properties of oxides and oxide scales. The present paper outlines the formalism for describing hydrogen defects and their possible effects on bulk transport in oxide scales. The treatment is readily adapted to sulphide scales. 2. Hydrogen defects in oxides and metals. 2.1 INTERSTITIAL PROTONS IN OXIDES. - Until around 1980, hydrogen, water vapour, and hydrogen defects were generally not considered to affect bulk properties of metal oxides at (*) Invited paper. Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at

3 100 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE IV high temperatures. However, hydrogen defects were relatively early described for ZnO [3] and Si02 [4], and sought for, but not found, in NiO, COO, and Cu20 [5]. A few papers followed which described significant levels of hydrogen defects in oxides, e.g. Zr02 [6], Ti02 [7], Tho2 [S], and BaTi03 [9]. Interest in the subject accelerated when high proton conductivities were found in acceptor-doped perovskite oxides like Yb-doped SrCe03 [lo, 111. Later, other systems have been characterized with respect to protons, comprising M2o3 [12, 131, KTa03 [14] and rare earth oxides From these studies, hydrogen dissolves in oxides as protons bonded to oxygen ions to form substitutional hydroxide, (OH);. These defects may equivalently and more simply be described as interstitial protons, Hi [IS, 191. The concentration generally increases with increasing p (H20) (at constant p (02)) and decreasing temperature. Nevertheless, protons may dissolve in dominant concentrations even at high temperatures and in relatively dry atmospheres in oxides with low native defect concentrations. For instance, Y2O3 is dominated by protons in wet atmospheres up to 1500 OC [201. The dissolution of interstitial protons into an oxide can be written as: or, through the gas phase equilibrium between Ha, H20, and 0 2, as At sufficiently low water vapour or hydrogen activities, protons are minority defects. The concentrations of native defects are then independent of p (Hz) and p (H20)(at constant p (0211, while the concentration ofprotons, from equations (1) and (2), increases with p ( ~2)"~ and (~~0)'". At higher hydrogen and water vapour pressures protons may become the dominant defect, compensated by defect electrons, metal vacancies, oxygen interstitials, or acceptor dopants. Figure 1 shows an example of a defect structure in the oxide M2O3 as a function ofp (H20) at constant p (02). In the example, protons are minority defects at low p (H20). At higher p (H20), protons become dominant and are compensated by defect electrons and, eventually, metal vacancies. The slopes in figure 1 can be deduced by combining the equilibria of equations (1) and (2) with defect equilibria for the native defects [IS, 191. The defect concentrations become functions of p (H20) when protons dominate. Figure 1 shows that the defect structure and related properties may be very different in dry and wet atmospheres. Similarly, large differences may be found between experiments done in H2/H20 and CO/C02 buffers, although the oxygen activities may be identical. For the defect structure as a function of p(02), i.e., through the oxide scale, we need to know how p (H20) and p (H2) change through the scale. Figure 2 shows schematically the situation if p(h20) is assumed to be constant through the scale. This case can give high hydrogen pressures at the metauoxide interface, high hydrogen contents in the metal, and in some cases scale rupture. Figure 3 shows an example of defect structure vs. p (02) assuming that p (H20) is constant. An example similar to this, but under the condition of constant p (H2) is shown in figure 4. Figures 3 and 4 show distinct differences in the defect structure vs. p (02) for the two cases.

4 PROTONIC DEFECTS IN OXIDES Fig Example of defect structure vs. water vapour partial pressure at constant oxygen partial pressure. Numbers along lines denote slopes. Fig Gradients in partial pressures through a scale assuming no gradient for water vapour. Fig Example of defect structure vs. oxygen partial pressure assuming constant water vapour partial pressure. Numbers along lines denote slopes.

5 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE IV p ( ) ~ = constant 2 Fig Example of defect structure vs. oxygen partial pressure assuming constant hydrogen partial pressure. Numbers along lines denote slopes. However, neither of these idealized cases may reflect the real situation for an oxide scale on a metal. The concentration of protons increases by acceptor doping and decreases by donor doping [18, 191. One may thus use acceptor doping to enhance and donor doping to reduce hydrogen transport in oxides. Correspondingly, by deliberately doping a scale, one may in principle enhance or reduce the ability of a metal to exchange hydrogen with the ambient gas at high temperatures. The solubility of protons in oxides ranges from below one mol-ppm to a few mol-percent at high temperatures in wet atmospheres [21]. The activation energy for proton transport varies in the range ev [21]. In general, protons are faster than other ions, but slower than electronic defects [19]. At high proton concentrations and moderate temperatures protons may in principle associate with interstitial oxygen to form interstitial hydroxide, OH;, or with metal vacancies to form, for instance, (VM(OH)~)" [19]. However, significant concentrations of such defects at elevated temperatures have not been observed. A neutral defect formed by association between a proton and a lower valent impurity metal, (MlM(O~)o)2, has been suggested to rationalize observed effects of hydrogen activity on the electrical properties of Cr203 [22]. 2.2 HYDROGEN ATOMS AND HYDRIDE IONS. - There is spectroscopic evidence of neutral hydrogen atoms and hydride ions in oxides at temperatures below room temperature [19]. At high temperatures, only indirect indications of the presence of hydrogen or hydride species have been reported, for instance in the case of a-alumina [12]. The presence of interstitial hydride ions in MoS2 has been suggested to explain the observed dependency on p (H2) of the parabolic sulphidation of Mo in H2+H2S mixtures [23]. However, unambiguous evidence for these defects in oxides at high temperatures is lacking. 2.3 HYDROGEN IN METALS. - Hydrogen normally dissolves in metals as interstitial atoms. The solubilities are widely different for the various metals and the temperature dependencies can be positive or negative [24]. The activation energies for diffusion of hydrogen in metals are smaller than for the diffusion of protons in oxides [24]. Thus, transport of hydrogen is always much faster in a metal

6 PROTONIC DEFECTS IN OXIDES than in the oxide scale. In high temperature oxidation, a metal may therefore serve as an efficient hydrogen source or sink which tends to equilibrate its hydrogen level with the ambient gas, the scale acting as a barrier. The resulting proton current may affect scale growth (see below). 3. Effects on oxidation. During normal scale growth, oxygen reacts with electrons to form oxide ions at the gadoxide interface, while metal atoms react to form metal ions and electrons at the metauoxide interface. Oxygen ions diffuse inward while metal ions and electrons diffuse outward through the scale. The growth is limited by the slower moving species (ions or electrons). 3.1 EFFECTS OF PROTONS ON DEFECT CONCENTRATIONS. - If the metal is oxidized in a wet atmosphere, or if the metal contains dissolved hydrogen, protons will dissolve in the growing scale. If proton defects dominate, the concentrations of ionic and electronic defects are changed as indicated in figures 1-4, and this, in turn, may change the oxidation rate. The concentration of minority defects limiting the high temperature creep of scales would also be changed, which may affect the ability of the oxide to deform plastically and alleviate stresses, an important property for the adherence and protectiveness of a growing scale. Silica and silicates are known to be softer under wet than dry conditions. However, the mechanism is believed to be different than described for oxides; the softening is attributed to loss of Si-0-Si bonds as protons hydrolyse and terminate the bond chains. 3.2 OXYGEN TRANSPORT BY MEANS OF HYDROXYDE ION DIFFUSION. - It is generally believed that protons diffuse faster than hydroxide ions in oxides. Nevertheless, hydroxide ions may diffuse faster than oxide ions in oxides with slow oxide ion transport [18, 191. Thus, scale growth and plasticity may become functions of the proton content also in cases where protons are not necessarily dominant defects. 3.3 PROTON DIFFUSION AND GROWTH OF OXIDE SCALES. - Let us consider a possible effect of proton transport under conditions where the metal accumulates hydrogen during the oxidation. In this case, hydrogen (or water vapour) at the gasloxide interface dissolves as a proton and an electron. The two move through the scale and recombine to hydrogen at the metauoxide interface. If the scale is a predominant ionic conductor, the electronic conductivity may limit the transport of protons. In such an oxide, however, scale growth can possibly also take place by simultaneous inward transport of protons and oxygen ions (or outward transport of metal ions). In these terms, the scale growth can take place by proton diffusion and oxygen or metal diffusion without the need for electron transport. This mechanism is illustrated in figure 5, and is valid as long as hydrogen dissolves in the metal. In effect, systems expected to be rate-limited by electron transport may, in the presence of hydrogen-containing gases like water vapour, be limited instead by ionic or protonic transport, whichever is slower. If the metal contains much hydrogen before oxidation starts, we may experience a proton transport out through the scale. This should have the opposite effect of the previous case. Such effects remain to be verified experimentally.

7 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE IV Id- 2~' Fig Schematic picture of oxide scale growth accomplished by a flow of protons, dissolving as hydrogen in the metal. 4. Example systems. Perhaps the most classical example for the effect of water vapour on oxidation kinetics is that of silicon, where the growth rate of the Si02 scale increases with water vapour partial pressure. This can be explained if oxygen is transported mainly as water molecules, or it can be attributed to the fact that protons break up (hydrolyse) the network structure, thereby increasing the diffusion coefficient of oxygen ions [25,2]. Iron-based alloys and technical steels provide other important examples of high temperature oxidation accelerated by water vapour [Z]. In many cases these materials fail to form protective SiOn or Cr203 scales in the presence of water vapour. There are also effects of water vapour on the deformation, texture, and scale morphology of such materials. It is, however, not likely that the defect structures of iron oxides are dominated by protons. Protons are, however, found to dominate the defect structure of many rare earth oxides, as mentioned above, and these should provide good model systems for studying the effects of protons on the kinetics of metal oxidation. However, no such studies are known to the author. Hydrogen defects in a-alumina at high temperatures have been known for some years [12]; protons are major defects in Mg-doped alumina in wet atmospheres below 1200 "C [13]. Thus, protons are also dominant in undoped aluminas at even higher temperatures or under drier conditions [19]. However, with the present uncertainties concerning the defect structure and growth mechanism of alumina scales, the effect of protons on the protective properties of alumina is difficult to predict, and a systematic study is necessary. In chromia, it appears that intrinsic electronic defects are dominant at high temperatures, eventually shifted by aliovalent impurities. If these are divalent, ~1'+, the electroneutrality condition, including protons, becomes p + [Hi] = n + [MIL,] (3) where n can be neglected at moderate temperatures. It has recently been demonstrated that the p-type conductivity of chromia samples decreases with increasing hydrogen partial pressure (at constant oxygen partial pressure) at temperatures below 1000 O C [22]. The observed p (H')-I/~ dependence is tentatively interpreted as follows: protons, dissolved through equation (I), and localized at an oxygen ion, associate with the lower valent impurities, forming

8 PROTONIC DEFECTS IN OXIDES 105 neutral (Mlc,(O~)o)x defects. At high temperatures and low p (H2), protons are minority defects and the majority of the MI acceptors are unassociated, keeping the compensating hole concentration constant. With lower temperatures and higher hydrogen partial pressures, however, the concentration of protons increases and the majority of the M1 acceptors become associated; the concentration of remaining free acceptors and compensating holes become a function of temperature and hydrogen partial pressure. This, in turn, changes the concentration of metal and oxygen defects, but it is difficult to foresee the effect on oxidation as the growth mechanism for chromia scales is not unambiguously known. For many systems, including alumina and chromia, there are indications that grain boundary transport is important for scale growth [2]. In addition to the bulk aspects of protons previously mentioned, future studies should also consider the role of protons in grain boundaries. 5. Summary. Protons diffuse relatively easily in oxides at high temperatures. They may dissolve in significant concentrations and in some cases dominate the defect structure. The defect concentrations and defect dependent properties then become functions of the hydrogen and water vapour partial pressures and of the hydrogen content of the metal. This may affect the oxidation rate and the ability of the scales to deform piasticaliy. Another possible effect of protons is to enable oxygen to be transported as hydroxide ions. Finally, inward diffusion of protons to a hydrogen-deficient metal may accompany inward diffusion of oxygen ions (or outward diffusion of metal ions). This alleviates the need for electron transport, and may enhance scale growth for ionically conducting oxides. The presence and effects of protons have been demonstrated in several oxides, including alumina and chromia, but more research is needed to clarify eventual effects on oxidation. References [l] KUBASCHEWSKI O., HOPKINS B.E., Oxidation of Metals and Alloys (Butterworths, London, 1962). [2] KOFSTAD F!, High Temperature Corrosion (Elsevier, London, 1988). [3] THOMAS D.G., LANDER J.J., J. Chem. Phys. 25 (1956) [4] BRUNNER G.O., WONDRATSCHEK H., LAVES E, 2. Elektrochem. 65 (1961) 735. [5] STOTZ S., WAGNER C., Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 70 (1967) 781. [6] WAGNER C., Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 72 (1968) 778. [7] HILL G.J., Br. J. Appl. Phys. l(2) (1968) [8] SHORES D.A., RAPP R.A., J. Electrochem. Soc. 119 (1972) 300. [9] POPE J.M., SIMKOVICH G., Muter. Res. Bull. 9 (1974) [ 101 TAKAHASHI T., I WAHARA H., Rev. Chim. Miner. 17 ( 1980) 117. [ll] IWAHARA H., UCHIDA H., KONDO J., J. Appl. Electrochem. 13 (1983) 365. [12] EL-AIAT M.M., KROGER F.A., J. Appl. Phys. 53 (1982) [13] NORBY T., KOFSTAD P., High Temp. High Pressures 20 (1988) 345. [14] LEE W.-K., NOWICK A.S., BOATNER L.A., Solid State Ionics, (1986) 989. [15] NORBY T., KOFSTAD F!, Solid State Ionics, 20 (1986) 169.

9 106 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE IV [16] NORBY T., DYRLIE O., KOFSTAD P., J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 75 (1992) [17] NORBY T, DYRLIE O., KOFSTAD F!, Solid State Zonics (1992) 446. [18] NORBY T., Adv. Ceram. 23 (1987) 107. [19] NORBY T., Studies in Inorganic Chemistry, A.G. Johannesen Eds. 9 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989) p [20] NORBY T., KOFSTAD F!, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 69 (1986) 780. [211 NORBY T., Sold State Zonics (1990) 857. [22] HOLT O., Thesis, Univ. of Oslo (1992). [23] CHEUNG W.H., YOUNG D.J., Oxzd. Met. 36 (1991) 15. [24] PHILIBERT J., Atom Movements, Diffusion, and Mass Transport in Solids (Les Editions de Physique, Les Ulis, France, 1991). [25] DEAL B.E., GROVE A.S., J. Appl. Phys. 36 (1965) 3770.

Grain growth and Ostwald ripening in chromia-doped uranium dioxide

Grain growth and Ostwald ripening in chromia-doped uranium dioxide Grain growth and Ostwald ripening in chromia-doped uranium dioxide V. Peres, L. Bourgeois, P. Dehaudt To cite this version: V. Peres, L. Bourgeois, P. Dehaudt. Grain growth and Ostwald ripening in chromia-doped

More information

High Purity Chromium Metal Oxygen Distribution (Determined by XPS and EPMA)

High Purity Chromium Metal Oxygen Distribution (Determined by XPS and EPMA) High Purity Chromium Metal Oxygen Distribution (Determined by XPS and EPMA) K. Suzuki, H. Tomioka To cite this version: K. Suzuki, H. Tomioka. High Purity Chromium Metal Oxygen Distribution (Determined

More information

Simulation of Dislocation Dynamics in FCC Metals

Simulation of Dislocation Dynamics in FCC Metals Simulation of Dislocation Dynamics in FCC Metals Y. Kogure, T. Kosugi To cite this version: Y. Kogure, T. Kosugi. Simulation of Dislocation Dynamics in FCC Metals. Journal de Physique IV Colloque, 1996,

More information

ATOM PROBE ANALYSIS OF β PRECIPITATION IN A MODEL IRON-BASED Fe-Ni-Al-Mo SUPERALLOY

ATOM PROBE ANALYSIS OF β PRECIPITATION IN A MODEL IRON-BASED Fe-Ni-Al-Mo SUPERALLOY ATOM PROBE ANALYSIS OF β PRECIPITATION IN A MODEL IRON-BASED Fe-Ni-Al-Mo SUPERALLOY M. Miller, M. Hetherington To cite this version: M. Miller, M. Hetherington. ATOM PROBE ANALYSIS OF β PRECIPITATION IN

More information

Physical properties of epoxy and free volume evaluated by positron annihilation spectroscopy

Physical properties of epoxy and free volume evaluated by positron annihilation spectroscopy Physical properties of epoxy and free volume evaluated by positron annihilation spectroscopy T. Okada, S. Nishijima, Y. Honda, Y. Kobayashi To cite this version: T. Okada, S. Nishijima, Y. Honda, Y. Kobayashi.

More information

Heat line formation during roll-casting of aluminium alloys at thin gauges

Heat line formation during roll-casting of aluminium alloys at thin gauges Heat line formation during roll-casting of aluminium alloys at thin gauges M. Yun, J. Hunt, D. Edmonds To cite this version: M. Yun, J. Hunt, D. Edmonds. Heat line formation during roll-casting of aluminium

More information

Pressure effects on the solubility and crystal growth of α-quartz

Pressure effects on the solubility and crystal growth of α-quartz Pressure effects on the solubility and crystal growth of α-quartz F. Lafon, G. Demazeau To cite this version: F. Lafon, G. Demazeau. Pressure effects on the solubility and crystal growth of α-quartz. Journal

More information

Effect of the Hydrogen Induced Degradation of Steel on the Internal Friction Spectra

Effect of the Hydrogen Induced Degradation of Steel on the Internal Friction Spectra Effect of the Hydrogen Induced Degradation of Steel on the Internal Friction Spectra E. Lunarska, Y. Ososkov, Y. Jagodzinski To cite this version: E. Lunarska, Y. Ososkov, Y. Jagodzinski. Effect of the

More information

ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF SILICON INTERFACES PREPARED BY DIRECT BONDING

ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF SILICON INTERFACES PREPARED BY DIRECT BONDING ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF SILICON INTERFACES PREPARED BY DIRECT BONDING S. Bengtsson, O. Engström To cite this version: S. Bengtsson, O. Engström. ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF SILICON INTERFACES PRE- PARED

More information

Evolution of the porous volume during the aerogel-glass transformation

Evolution of the porous volume during the aerogel-glass transformation Evolution of the porous volume during the aerogel-glass transformation T. Woignier, J. Quinson, M. Pauthe, M. Repellin-Lacroix, J. Phalippou To cite this version: T. Woignier, J. Quinson, M. Pauthe, M.

More information

STRAIN RATE DEPENDENCE ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN SOME COMMERCIAL ALUMINUM ALLOYS

STRAIN RATE DEPENDENCE ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN SOME COMMERCIAL ALUMINUM ALLOYS RATE DEPENDENCE ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IN SOME COMMERCIAL ALUMINUM ALLOYS K. Higashi, T. Mukai, K. Kaizu, S. Tsuchida, S. Tanimura To cite this version: K. Higashi, T. Mukai, K. Kaizu, S. Tsuchida, S.

More information

Electrical properties of interlevel deposited oxides related to polysilicon preparation

Electrical properties of interlevel deposited oxides related to polysilicon preparation Electrical properties of interlevel deposited oxides related to polysilicon preparation C. Cobianu, O. Popa, D. Dascalu To cite this version: C. Cobianu, O. Popa, D. Dascalu. Electrical properties of interlevel

More information

HIGH DAMPING IN GREY CAST IRON

HIGH DAMPING IN GREY CAST IRON HIGH DAMPING IN GREY CAST IRON P. Millet, R. Schaller, W. Benoit To cite this version: P. Millet, R. Schaller, W. Benoit. HIGH DAMPING IN GREY CAST IRON. Journal de Physique Colloques, 1985, 46 (C10),

More information

Precipitation mechanisms and subsequent hardening kinetics in the β-cez alloy

Precipitation mechanisms and subsequent hardening kinetics in the β-cez alloy Precipitation mechanisms and subsequent hardening kinetics in the β-cez alloy Y. Combres, J. Bechet, A. Vassel To cite this version: Y. Combres, J. Bechet, A. Vassel. Precipitation mechanisms and subsequent

More information

CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION OF IR-TRANSMITTING ZINC SULPHIDE

CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION OF IR-TRANSMITTING ZINC SULPHIDE CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION OF IR-TRANSMITTING ZINC SULPHIDE Ph. Braudeau, G. Keller, J. Torre To cite this version: Ph. Braudeau, G. Keller, J. Torre. CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION OF IR- TRANSMITTING ZINC

More information

Silicon carbonitrides - A novel class of materials

Silicon carbonitrides - A novel class of materials Silicon carbonitrides - A novel class of materials H. Schönfelder, F. Aldinger, R. Riedel To cite this version: H. Schönfelder, F. Aldinger, R. Riedel. Silicon carbonitrides - A novel class of materials.

More information

Selecting the components of composites

Selecting the components of composites Selecting the components of composites M. Ashby To cite this version: M. Ashby. Selecting the components of composites. Journal de Physique IV Colloque, 1993, 03 (C7), pp.c7-1595-c7-1600. .

More information

CHARACTERISTICS OF FERRITE ELECTRODES

CHARACTERISTICS OF FERRITE ELECTRODES CHARACTERISTICS OF FERRITE ELECTRODES S. Wakabayashi, T. Aoki To cite this version: S. Wakabayashi, T. Aoki. CHARACTERISTICS OF FERRITE ELECTRODES. Journal de Physique Colloques, 1977, 38 (C1), pp.c1-241-c1-244.

More information

DIFFICULTIES IN GRAIN REFINING ALUMINUM LITHIUM ALLOYS USING COMMERCIAL Al-Ti AND Al-Ti-Bor MASTER ALLOYS

DIFFICULTIES IN GRAIN REFINING ALUMINUM LITHIUM ALLOYS USING COMMERCIAL Al-Ti AND Al-Ti-Bor MASTER ALLOYS DIFFICULTIES IN GRAIN REFINING ALUMINUM LITHIUM ALLOYS USING COMMERCIAL Al-Ti AND Al-Ti-Bor MASTER ALLOYS L. Labarre, R. James, J. Witters, R. O Malley, M. Emptage To cite this version: L. Labarre, R.

More information

APFIM AND FEM STUDY OF Mo-La ALLOY WIRE

APFIM AND FEM STUDY OF Mo-La ALLOY WIRE APFIM AND FEM STUDY OF Mo-La ALLOY WIRE Zhao-Xiang Zhang, Jin-Tang Jiao, De-Qing Hu To cite this version: Zhao-Xiang Zhang, Jin-Tang Jiao, De-Qing Hu. APFIM AND FEM STUDY OF Mo- La ALLOY WIRE. Journal

More information

PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY IN a-si : H AND a-sixc1-x : H, CORRELATION WITH PHOTOLUMINESCENCE RESULTS

PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY IN a-si : H AND a-sixc1-x : H, CORRELATION WITH PHOTOLUMINESCENCE RESULTS PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY IN a-si : H AND a-sixc1-x : H, CORRELATION WITH PHOTOLUMINESCENCE RESULTS D. Caffier, M. Le Contellec, J. Richard To cite this version: D. Caffier, M. Le Contellec, J. Richard. PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY

More information

Effects of temperature on monotonic and fatigue properties of carbon fibre epoxy cross ply laminates

Effects of temperature on monotonic and fatigue properties of carbon fibre epoxy cross ply laminates Effects of temperature on monotonic and fatigue properties of carbon fibre epoxy cross ply laminates Y. Matsuhisa, J. King To cite this version: Y. Matsuhisa, J. King. Effects of temperature on monotonic

More information

THERMAL PULSE ANNEALING OF TITANIUM AND TANTALUM SILICIDES

THERMAL PULSE ANNEALING OF TITANIUM AND TANTALUM SILICIDES THERMAL PULSE ANNEALING OF TITANIUM AND TANTALUM SILICIDES P. Rosser, G. Tomkins To cite this version: P. Rosser, G. Tomkins. THERMAL PULSE ANNEALING OF TITANIUM AND TAN- TALUM SILICIDES. Journal de Physique

More information

Structure/property relationships in HSLA steel with low carbon and manganese and increased silicon content

Structure/property relationships in HSLA steel with low carbon and manganese and increased silicon content Structure/property relationships in HSLA steel with low carbon and manganese and increased silicon content A. Köthe, J. Richter, A. Güth, B. Müsgen, H. Baumgardt To cite this version: A. Köthe, J. Richter,

More information

The Effect of Nitrogen on Martensite Formation in a Cr-Mn-Ni Stainless Steel

The Effect of Nitrogen on Martensite Formation in a Cr-Mn-Ni Stainless Steel The Effect of Nitrogen on Martensite Formation in a Cr-Mn-Ni Stainless Steel T. Biggs, R. Knutsen To cite this version: T. Biggs, R. Knutsen. The Effect of Nitrogen on Martensite Formation in a Cr-Mn-

More information

INTERDIFFUSION OF Au/Ni/Cr ON SILICON SUBSTRATE

INTERDIFFUSION OF Au/Ni/Cr ON SILICON SUBSTRATE INTERDIFFUSION OF Au/Ni/Cr ON SILICON SUBSTRATE B. Yan, D. Lin, D. Mao To cite this version: B. Yan, D. Lin, D. Mao. INTERDIFFUSION OF Au/Ni/Cr ON SILICON SUBSTRATE. Journal de Physique Colloques, 1988,

More information

CVD COATING OF CERAMIC LAYERS ON CERAMIC CUTTING TOOL MATERIALS

CVD COATING OF CERAMIC LAYERS ON CERAMIC CUTTING TOOL MATERIALS CVD COATING OF CERAMIC LAYERS ON CERAMIC CUTTING TOOL MATERIALS R. Porat To cite this version: R. Porat. CVD COATING OF CERAMIC LAYERS ON CERAMIC CUTTING TOOL MATERIALS. Journal de Physique IV Colloque,

More information

Fatigue of High Purity Copper Wire

Fatigue of High Purity Copper Wire Fatigue of High Purity Copper Wire N. Tanabe, A. Kurosaka, K. Suzuki, O. Kohno To cite this version: N. Tanabe, A. Kurosaka, K. Suzuki, O. Kohno. Fatigue of High Purity Copper Wire. Journal de Physique

More information

Corrosion in coal gasification atmospheres

Corrosion in coal gasification atmospheres Corrosion in coal gasification atmospheres Roger Perkins To cite this version: Roger Perkins. Corrosion in coal gasification atmospheres. Journal de Physique IV Colloque, 1993, 03 (C9), pp.c9-697-c9-706.

More information

DISLOCATION RELAXATION IN HIGH PURITY POLYCRYSTALLINE ALUMINUM AT MEGAHERTZ FREQUENCIES

DISLOCATION RELAXATION IN HIGH PURITY POLYCRYSTALLINE ALUMINUM AT MEGAHERTZ FREQUENCIES DISLOCATION RELAXATION IN HIGH PURITY POLYCRYSTALLINE ALUMINUM AT MEGAHERTZ FREQUENCIES M. Zein To cite this version: M. Zein. DISLOCATION RELAXATION IN HIGH PURITY POLYCRYSTALLINE ALU- MINUM AT MEGAHERTZ

More information

ATOM-PROBE ANALYSIS OF ZIRCALOY

ATOM-PROBE ANALYSIS OF ZIRCALOY ATOM-PROBE ANALYSIS OF ZIRCALOY H. Andren, L. Mattsson, U. Rolander To cite this version: H. Andren, L. Mattsson, U. Rolander. ATOM-PROBE ANALYSIS OF ZIRCALOY. Journal de Physique Colloques, 1986, 47 (C2),

More information

Time decay of the excited states of Eu+2 in europium-doped LMA

Time decay of the excited states of Eu+2 in europium-doped LMA Time decay of the excited states of Eu+2 in europiumdoped LMA E. Luria, S. Rotman To cite this version: E. Luria, S. Rotman. Time decay of the excited states of Eu+2 in europiumdoped LMA. Journal de Physique

More information

Secondary recrystallization of oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic alloys

Secondary recrystallization of oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic alloys Secondary recrystallization of oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic alloys H. Regle, A. Alamo To cite this version: H. Regle, A. Alamo. Secondary recrystallization of oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic

More information

SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES AND OPERATION OF PULSED HOLMIUM LASER

SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES AND OPERATION OF PULSED HOLMIUM LASER SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES AND OPERATION OF PULSED HOLMIUM LASER Y. Kalisky, J. Kagan, A. Brenier, C. Pedrini, G. Boulon To cite this version: Y. Kalisky, J. Kagan, A. Brenier, C. Pedrini, G. Boulon. SPECTROSCOPIC

More information

MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF A NiTi SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY

MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF A NiTi SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF A NiTi SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY G. Airoldi, T. Ranucci, G. Riva To cite this version: G. Airoldi, T. Ranucci, G. Riva. MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF A NiTi SHAPE

More information

ELLIPSOMETRY OF NICKEL-OXIDES AND -HYDROXIDES IN ALKALINE ELECTROLYTE

ELLIPSOMETRY OF NICKEL-OXIDES AND -HYDROXIDES IN ALKALINE ELECTROLYTE ELLPSOMETRY OF NCKEL-OXDES AND -HYDROXDES N ALKALNE ELECTROLYTE W. Visscher To cite this version: W. Visscher. ELLPSOMETRY OF NCKEL-OXDES AND -HYDROXDES N ALKA- LNE ELECTROLYTE. Journal de Physique Colloques,

More information

Growth kinetics of copper thin films in different MOCVD systems

Growth kinetics of copper thin films in different MOCVD systems Growth kinetics of copper thin films in different MOCVD systems T. Gerfin, M. Becht, K.-H. Dahmen To cite this version: T. Gerfin, M. Becht, K.-H. Dahmen. Growth kinetics of copper thin films in different

More information

Prediction of the energy efficiency of an Ar-H2-O2 plasma torch with Ansys Fluent

Prediction of the energy efficiency of an Ar-H2-O2 plasma torch with Ansys Fluent Prediction of the energy efficiency of an Ar-H2-O2 plasma torch with Ansys Fluent M Vadon, Y Delannoy, G Chichignoud To cite this version: M Vadon, Y Delannoy, G Chichignoud. Prediction of the energy efficiency

More information

Laser cladding of copper base alloys onto Al Si7 Mg0.3

Laser cladding of copper base alloys onto Al Si7 Mg0.3 Laser cladding of copper base alloys onto Al Si7 Mg0.3 L. Poire, E. Blank To cite this version: L. Poire, E. Blank. Laser cladding of copper base alloys onto Al Si7 Mg0.3. Journal de Physique IV Colloque,

More information

PROPERTIES OF Fe-Cr-Ni-Mn-Si (-Co) SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS

PROPERTIES OF Fe-Cr-Ni-Mn-Si (-Co) SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS PROPERTIES OF Fe-Cr-Ni-Mn-Si (-Co) SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS Y. Moriya, H. Kimura, S. Ishizaki, S. Hashizume, S. Suzuki, H. Suzuki, T. Sampei To cite this version: Y. Moriya, H. Kimura, S. Ishizaki, S. Hashizume,

More information

Ductility of Ultra High Purity Copper

Ductility of Ultra High Purity Copper Ductility of Ultra High Purity Copper S. Fujiwara, K. Abiko To cite this version: S. Fujiwara, K. Abiko. Ductility of Ultra High Purity Copper. Journal de Physique IV Colloque, 1995, 05 (C7), pp.c7-295-c7-300.

More information

Powder metallurgical processing of a SiC particle reinforced Al-6wt.%Fe alloy

Powder metallurgical processing of a SiC particle reinforced Al-6wt.%Fe alloy Powder metallurgical processing of a SiC particle reinforced Al-6wt.%Fe alloy G. Staniek, F. Lehnert, M. Peters, W. Bunk, W. Kaysser To cite this version: G. Staniek, F. Lehnert, M. Peters, W. Bunk, W.

More information

Carbon-free sliding interface in sol-gel processed SiC Nicalon fiber-refractory oxyde matrix composites

Carbon-free sliding interface in sol-gel processed SiC Nicalon fiber-refractory oxyde matrix composites Carbon-free sliding interface in sol-gel processed SiC Nicalon fiber-refractory oxyde matrix composites E. Bruneton, Ph. Colomban, D. Michel To cite this version: E. Bruneton, Ph. Colomban, D. Michel.

More information

Densification superficielle de matériaux poreux par choc laser

Densification superficielle de matériaux poreux par choc laser Densification superficielle de matériaux poreux par choc laser D. Zagouri, J.-P. Romain, Blanche Dubrujeaud, Michel Jeandin To cite this version: D. Zagouri, J.-P. Romain, Blanche Dubrujeaud, Michel Jeandin.

More information

HYSTERETIC DAMPERS FOR PROTECTING STRUCTURES DURING EARTHQUAKES

HYSTERETIC DAMPERS FOR PROTECTING STRUCTURES DURING EARTHQUAKES HYSTERETIC DAMPERS FOR PROTECTING STRUCTURES DURING EARTHQUAKES W. Robinson To cite this version: W. Robinson. HYSTERETIC DAMPERS FOR PROTECTING STRUCTURES DURING EARTHQUAKES. Journal de Physique Colloques,

More information

Impact of cutting fluids on surface topography and integrity in flat grinding

Impact of cutting fluids on surface topography and integrity in flat grinding Impact of cutting fluids on surface topography and integrity in flat grinding Ferdinando Salvatore, Hedi Hamdi To cite this version: Ferdinando Salvatore, Hedi Hamdi. Impact of cutting fluids on surface

More information

Computerized simulation of thermal behaviour during forging sequences

Computerized simulation of thermal behaviour during forging sequences Computerized simulation of thermal behaviour during forging sequences S. Hollard, J.-L. Noyes To cite this version: S. Hollard, J.-L. Noyes. Computerized simulation of thermal behaviour during forging

More information

Recycling Technology of Fiber-Reinforced Plastics Using Sodium Hydroxide

Recycling Technology of Fiber-Reinforced Plastics Using Sodium Hydroxide Recycling Technology of Fiber-Reinforced Plastics Using Sodium Hydroxide K Baba, T Wajima To cite this version: K Baba, T Wajima. Recycling Technology of Fiber-Reinforced Plastics Using Sodium Hydroxide.

More information

Oxidation of Chromium

Oxidation of Chromium Oxidation of Chromium Oxidation of chromium is very simple as it usually forms a single oxide Cr 2 O 3, It is a p-type of oxide with Cr 3+ ions diffusing outward. Since the defect concentration is so low

More information

Drum- and -Disc-Engine with Shape Memory Wires

Drum- and -Disc-Engine with Shape Memory Wires Drum- and -Disc-Engine with Shape Memory Wires F.-U. Glasauer, I. Müller To cite this version: F.-U. Glasauer, I. Müller. Drum- and -Disc-Engine with Shape Memory Wires. Journal de Physique IV Colloque,

More information

Strength of 10CR-N martensitic steels

Strength of 10CR-N martensitic steels Strength of 10CR-N martensitic steels F. Bahrami, A. Hendry To cite this version: F. Bahrami, A. Hendry. Strength of 10CR-N martensitic steels. Journal de Physique IV Colloque, 1993, 03 (C7), pp.c7-97-c7-100.

More information

THE SNOEK-KÊ-KOSTER PEAK IN Fe-P ALLOYS

THE SNOEK-KÊ-KOSTER PEAK IN Fe-P ALLOYS THE SNOEK-KÊ-KOSTER PEAK IN Fe-P ALLOYS J. Ji, Z. Zhao, L. He, D. Geng To cite this version: J. Ji, Z. Zhao, L. He, D. Geng. THE SNOEK-KÊ-KOSTER PEAK IN Fe-P ALLOYS. Journal de Physique Colloques, 1985,

More information

On the relation between the Luders deformation and grain boundary structure in aluminium alloy

On the relation between the Luders deformation and grain boundary structure in aluminium alloy On the relation between the Luders deformation and grain boundary structure in aluminium alloy Yu. B. Timoshenko To cite this version: Yu. B. Timoshenko. On the relation between the Luders deformation

More information

Development of oxidation resistant high temperature NbTiAl alloys and intermetallics

Development of oxidation resistant high temperature NbTiAl alloys and intermetallics Development of oxidation resistant high temperature NbTiAl alloys and intermetallics Michel Allouard, Yves Bienvenu, Loic Nazé, Cora Bracho-Troconis To cite this version: Michel Allouard, Yves Bienvenu,

More information

Optimization of operating conditions of a mini fuel cell for the detection of low or high levels of CO in the reformate gas

Optimization of operating conditions of a mini fuel cell for the detection of low or high levels of CO in the reformate gas Optimization of operating conditions of a mini fuel cell for the detection of low or high levels of CO in the reformate gas Christophe Pijolat, Guy Tournier, Jean-Paul Viricelle, Nicolas Guillet To cite

More information

Non-Platinum metal oxide nano particles and nano clusters as oxygen reduction catalysts in fuel cells.

Non-Platinum metal oxide nano particles and nano clusters as oxygen reduction catalysts in fuel cells. Non-Platinum metal oxide nano particles and nano clusters as oxygen reduction catalysts in fuel cells. Louis Cindrella, Robert Jeyachandran To cite this version: Louis Cindrella, Robert Jeyachandran. Non-Platinum

More information

Stabilization of Austenite Associated with Prior Formation of Martensite

Stabilization of Austenite Associated with Prior Formation of Martensite Stabilization of Austenite Associated with Prior Formation of Martensite Z. Xie, Yehan Liu, H. Hänninen To cite this version: Z. Xie, Yehan Liu, H. Hänninen. Stabilization of Austenite Associated with

More information

Metal-ceramic joining by laser

Metal-ceramic joining by laser Metal-ceramic joining by laser J. Pelletier, M. Robin To cite this version: J. Pelletier, M. Robin. Metal-ceramic joining by laser. Journal de Physique IV Colloque, 1993, 03 (C7), pp.c7-1061-c7-1064. .

More information

A new method of making metal matrix fibre reinforced materials

A new method of making metal matrix fibre reinforced materials A new method of making metal matrix fibre reinforced materials J. Schaupp, R. Prümmer To cite this version: J. Schaupp, R. Prümmer. A new method of making metal matrix fibre reinforced materials. Journal

More information

Bonding of aluminium matrix composites for application in the transport industry

Bonding of aluminium matrix composites for application in the transport industry Bonding of aluminium matrix composites for application in the transport industry A. Ureña, J.M. Gómez de Salazar To cite this version: A. Ureña, J.M. Gómez de Salazar. Bonding of aluminium matrix composites

More information

NANOINDENTATION-INDUCED PHASE TRANSFORMATION IN SILICON

NANOINDENTATION-INDUCED PHASE TRANSFORMATION IN SILICON NANOINDENTATION-INDUCED PHASE TRANSFORMATION IN SILICON R. Rao, J.-E. Bradby, J.-S. Williams To cite this version: R. Rao, J.-E. Bradby, J.-S. Williams. NANOINDENTATION-INDUCED PHASE TRANSFORMA- TION IN

More information

CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYCRYSTALLINE SILICON BY EBIC

CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYCRYSTALLINE SILICON BY EBIC CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYCRYSTALLINE SILICON BY EBIC M. Kittler, J. Lärz, G. Morgenstern, W. Seifert To cite this version: M. Kittler, J. Lärz, G. Morgenstern, W. Seifert. CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYCRYS-

More information

Market Strategies for the Commercial Exploitation of Shape Memory Alloys

Market Strategies for the Commercial Exploitation of Shape Memory Alloys Market Strategies for the Commercial Exploitation of Shape Memory Alloys N. Morgan, C. Friend To cite this version: N. Morgan, C. Friend. Market Strategies for the Commercial Exploitation of Shape Memory

More information

Atom-probe study Ti Al based alloy

Atom-probe study Ti Al based alloy Atom-probe study Ti Al based alloy A. Huguet, A. Menand, A. Denquin, S. Naka To cite this version: A. Huguet, A. Menand, A. Denquin, S. Naka. Atom-probe study Ti Al based alloy. Journal de Physique IV

More information

a) The self-diffusion coefficient of a metal with cubic structure can be expressed as

a) The self-diffusion coefficient of a metal with cubic structure can be expressed as EXERCISES KJM5120 Chapter 5; Diffusion 1. Random (self) diffusion a) The self-diffusion coefficient of a metal with cubic structure can be expressed as 1 n D = s 6 t 2 where n/t represents the jump frequency

More information

LASER PROCESSING OF METAL-CERAMIC COMPOSITE MULTILAYERS

LASER PROCESSING OF METAL-CERAMIC COMPOSITE MULTILAYERS LASER PROCESSING OF METAL-CERAMIC COMPOSITE MULTILAYERS A. Schüssler, K.-H. Zum Gahr To cite this version: A. SchÜssler, K.-H. Zum Gahr. LASER PROCESSING OF METAL-CERAMIC COMPOS- ITE MULTILAYERS. Journal

More information

BRIDGMAN GROWTH AND PROPERTIES OF LuAlO3-Nd3+ LASER CRYSTALS

BRIDGMAN GROWTH AND PROPERTIES OF LuAlO3-Nd3+ LASER CRYSTALS BRIDGMAN GROWTH AND PROPERTIES OF LuAlO3-Nd3+ LASER CRYSTALS A. Petrosyan To cite this version: A. Petrosyan. BRIDGMAN GROWTH AND PROPERTIES OF LuAlO3-Nd3+ LASER CRYSTALS. Journal de Physique IV Colloque,

More information

EPITAXIAL GROWTH AND SOME PROPERTIES OF SAMARIUM CRYSTALS ON TUNGSTEN

EPITAXIAL GROWTH AND SOME PROPERTIES OF SAMARIUM CRYSTALS ON TUNGSTEN EPITAXIAL GROWTH AND SOME PROPERTIES OF SAMARIUM CRYSTALS ON TUNGSTEN A. Ciszewski, A. Melmed To cite this version: A. Ciszewski, A. Melmed. EPITAXIAL GROWTH AND SOME PROPERTIES OF SAMAR- IUM CRYSTALS

More information

LOW CARBON AND SILICON STEEL QUADRUPOLE MAGNETS

LOW CARBON AND SILICON STEEL QUADRUPOLE MAGNETS LOW CARBON AND SILICON STEEL QUADRUPOLE MAGNETS H. Fukuma, N. Kumagai, Y. Takeuchi, K. Endo, M. Komatsubara To cite this version: H. Fukuma, N. Kumagai, Y. Takeuchi, K. Endo, M. Komatsubara. LOW CARBON

More information

KPY 12 - A PRESSURE TRANSDUCER SUITABLE FOR LOW TEMPERATURE USE

KPY 12 - A PRESSURE TRANSDUCER SUITABLE FOR LOW TEMPERATURE USE KPY 12 - A PRESSURE TRANSDUCER SUITABLE FOR LOW TEMPERATURE USE F. Breimesser, L. Intichar, M. Poppinger, C. Schnapper To cite this version: F. Breimesser, L. Intichar, M. Poppinger, C. Schnapper. KPY

More information

Electrodeposition of Thin Film Cu-Zn Shape Memory Alloys

Electrodeposition of Thin Film Cu-Zn Shape Memory Alloys Electrodeposition of Thin Film Cu-Zn Shape Memory Alloys D. Page, S. Roy To cite this version: D. Page, S. Roy. Electrodeposition of Thin Film Cu-Zn Shape Memory Alloys. Journal de Physique IV Colloque,

More information

Structural, Optical, Morphological and Elemental Analysis on Sol-gel Synthesis of Ni Doped TiO2 Nanocrystallites

Structural, Optical, Morphological and Elemental Analysis on Sol-gel Synthesis of Ni Doped TiO2 Nanocrystallites Structural, Optical, Morphological and Elemental Analysis on Sol-gel Synthesis of Ni Doped TiO2 Nanocrystallites T Sakthivel, K Jagannathan To cite this version: T Sakthivel, K Jagannathan. Structural,

More information

HYDROGEN SEGREGATION AND DIFFUSION AT GRAIN BOUNDARIES

HYDROGEN SEGREGATION AND DIFFUSION AT GRAIN BOUNDARIES HYDROGEN SEGREGATION AND DIFFUSION AT GRAIN BOUNDARIES H. Birnbaum, B. Ladna, A. Kimura To cite this version: H. Birnbaum, B. Ladna, A. Kimura. HYDROGEN SEGREGATION AND DIFFUSION AT GRAIN BOUNDARIES. Journal

More information

EFFECT OF STRESS AND STRAIN ON MARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATION IN A Fe-Ni-Mo-C ALLOY WITH A HIGH Ms TEMPERATURE

EFFECT OF STRESS AND STRAIN ON MARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATION IN A Fe-Ni-Mo-C ALLOY WITH A HIGH Ms TEMPERATURE EFFECT OF STRESS AND STRAIN ON MARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATION IN A Fe-Ni-Mo-C ALLOY WITH A HIGH Ms TEMPERATURE E. Gautier, A. Simon, G. Collette, G. Beck To cite this version: E. Gautier, A. Simon, G. Collette,

More information

High temperature corrosion of water wall tube in coalfired combustion gases

High temperature corrosion of water wall tube in coalfired combustion gases High temperature corrosion of water wall tube in coalfired combustion gases K. Nakagawa, M. Kitagawa, Y. Tumita, S. Ooki To cite this version: K. Nakagawa, M. Kitagawa, Y. Tumita, S. Ooki. High temperature

More information

Strain hardening of aluminium alloy 3004 in the deep drawing and ironing processes

Strain hardening of aluminium alloy 3004 in the deep drawing and ironing processes Strain hardening of aluminium alloy 3004 in the deep drawing and ironing processes J. Courbon, J. Duval To cite this version: J. Courbon, J. Duval. Strain hardening of aluminium alloy 3004 in the deep

More information

THE INTERPRETATION OF ELECTRON DIFFRACTION PATTERNS FROM Ni-Al MARTENSITE

THE INTERPRETATION OF ELECTRON DIFFRACTION PATTERNS FROM Ni-Al MARTENSITE THE INTERPRETATION OF ELECTRON DIFFRACTION PATTERNS FROM Ni-Al MARTENSITE M. Chandrasekaran, L. Delaey To cite this version: M. Chandrasekaran, L. Delaey. THE INTERPRETATION OF ELECTRON DIFFRACTION PAT-

More information

The Effect of Stress Ageing on the Properties of Shape Memory Alloys

The Effect of Stress Ageing on the Properties of Shape Memory Alloys The Effect of Stress Ageing on the Properties of Shape Memory Alloys A. Michael To cite this version: A. Michael. The Effect of Stress Ageing on the Properties of Shape Memory Alloys. Journal de Physique

More information

The Effects of Reactive Elements on the Oxidation of Alumina-Forming Iron-Chromium-Aluminium Alloys at High Temperature

The Effects of Reactive Elements on the Oxidation of Alumina-Forming Iron-Chromium-Aluminium Alloys at High Temperature The Effects of Reactive Elements on the Oxidation of Alumina-Forming Iron-Chromium-Aluminium Alloys at High Temperature J. Deakin, V. Prunier, G. Wood, F. Stott To cite this version: J. Deakin, V. Prunier,

More information

Magnetic pulse deformation of tubes made of partially polymerised carbon fibre reinforced plastic

Magnetic pulse deformation of tubes made of partially polymerised carbon fibre reinforced plastic Magnetic pulse deformation of tubes made of partially polymerised carbon fibre reinforced plastic V. Glouschenkov, B. Scheglov, Yu Moskalyov To cite this version: V. Glouschenkov, B. Scheglov, Yu Moskalyov.

More information

Collusion through price ceilings? In search of a focal-point effect

Collusion through price ceilings? In search of a focal-point effect Collusion through price ceilings? In search of a focal-point effect Dirk Engelmann, Wieland Müllerz To cite this version: Dirk Engelmann, Wieland Müllerz. Collusion through price ceilings? In search of

More information

Non destructive observation by X-ray diffraction on a berlinite crystal

Non destructive observation by X-ray diffraction on a berlinite crystal Non destructive observation by X-ray diffraction on a berlinite crystal H. Merigoux, J. Darces To cite this version: H. Merigoux, J. Darces. Non destructive observation by X-ray diffraction on a berlinite

More information

CHAPTER 4: Oxidation. Chapter 4 1. Oxidation of silicon is an important process in VLSI. The typical roles of SiO 2 are:

CHAPTER 4: Oxidation. Chapter 4 1. Oxidation of silicon is an important process in VLSI. The typical roles of SiO 2 are: Chapter 4 1 CHAPTER 4: Oxidation Oxidation of silicon is an important process in VLSI. The typical roles of SiO 2 are: 1. mask against implant or diffusion of dopant into silicon 2. surface passivation

More information

Sintering behaviour of CeO2-Gd2O3 powders prepared by the oxalate coprecipitation method

Sintering behaviour of CeO2-Gd2O3 powders prepared by the oxalate coprecipitation method Sintering behaviour of CeO2-Gd2O3 powders prepared by the oxalate coprecipitation method P. Duran, J. Jurado, C. Moure To cite this version: P. Duran, J. Jurado, C. Moure. Sintering behaviour of CeO2-Gd2O3

More information

RESPONSE OF AISI TYPE 316 STAINLESS STEEL TO INTERRUPTED QUASI-STATIC TO IMPACT TENSION AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES

RESPONSE OF AISI TYPE 316 STAINLESS STEEL TO INTERRUPTED QUASI-STATIC TO IMPACT TENSION AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES RESPONSE OF AISI TYPE 316 STAINLESS STEEL TO INTERRUPTED QUASI-STATIC TO IMPACT TENSION AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES A. Eleiche, C. Albertini, M. Montagnani To cite this version: A. Eleiche, C. Albertini,

More information

How Resilient Is Your Organisation? An Introduction to the Resilience Analysis Grid (RAG)

How Resilient Is Your Organisation? An Introduction to the Resilience Analysis Grid (RAG) How Resilient Is Your Organisation? An Introduction to the Resilience Analysis Grid (RAG) Erik Hollnagel To cite this version: Erik Hollnagel. How Resilient Is Your Organisation? An Introduction to the

More information

Continuous Casting of Aluminum and Copper Clad Ingots under Electromagnetic Fields

Continuous Casting of Aluminum and Copper Clad Ingots under Electromagnetic Fields Continuous Casting of Aluminum and Copper Clad Ingots under Electromagnetic Fields Joonpyo Park, Jong Ho Kim, Myoung Gyun Kim, Young Joon Lee, Tingu Li, Kwang Seok Lee, Jong Sup Lee To cite this version:

More information

STRUCTURES OF AMORPHOUS MATERIALS AND SPECIFIC VOLUME VARIATIONS VERSUS THE TEMPERATURE

STRUCTURES OF AMORPHOUS MATERIALS AND SPECIFIC VOLUME VARIATIONS VERSUS THE TEMPERATURE STRUCTURES OF AMORPHOUS MATERIALS AND SPECIFIC VOLUME VARIATIONS VERSUS THE TEMPERATURE J. Sadoc, R. Mosseri To cite this version: J. Sadoc, R. Mosseri. STRUCTURES OF AMORPHOUS MATERIALS AND SPECIFIC VOLUME

More information

Mechanism of two Way Shape Memory Effect Obtained by Stabilised Stress Induced Martensite

Mechanism of two Way Shape Memory Effect Obtained by Stabilised Stress Induced Martensite Mechanism of two Way Shape Memory Effect Obtained by Stabilised Stress Induced Martensite J. Guilemany, J. Fernández To cite this version: J. Guilemany, J. Fernández. Mechanism of two Way Shape Memory

More information

Finite Element Model of Gear Induction Hardening

Finite Element Model of Gear Induction Hardening Finite Element Model of Gear Induction Hardening J Hodek, M Zemko, P Shykula To cite this version: J Hodek, M Zemko, P Shykula. Finite Element Model of Gear Induction Hardening. 8th International Conference

More information

BALLISTIC PERFORATION OF POLYCARBONATE SHEET AND ITS HIGH STRAIN RATE RESPONSE

BALLISTIC PERFORATION OF POLYCARBONATE SHEET AND ITS HIGH STRAIN RATE RESPONSE BALLISTIC PERFORATION OF POLYCARBONATE SHEET AND ITS HIGH STRAIN RATE RESPONSE N. Fleck, S. Wright, J. Liu, W. Stronge To cite this version: N. Fleck, S. Wright, J. Liu, W. Stronge. BALLISTIC PERFORATION

More information

CASTABILITY OF Al-Li-Mg AND Al-Li-Cu-Mg ALLOYS

CASTABILITY OF Al-Li-Mg AND Al-Li-Cu-Mg ALLOYS CASTABILITY OF Al-Li-Mg AND Al-Li-Cu-Mg ALLOYS C. Tong, L. Yao, C. Nieh, C. Chang, S. Hsu To cite this version: C. Tong, L. Yao, C. Nieh, C. Chang, S. Hsu. CASTABILITY OF Al-Li-Mg AND Al-Li-Cu-Mg ALLOYS.

More information

ATOM PROBE STUDY OF A Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al ALLOY : PRELIMINARY RESULTS

ATOM PROBE STUDY OF A Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al ALLOY : PRELIMINARY RESULTS ATOM PROBE STUDY OF A Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al ALLOY : PRELIMINARY RESULTS L. Hadjadj, A. Menand, C. Martin To cite this version: L. Hadjadj, A. Menand, C. Martin. ATOM PROBE STUDY OF A Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al ALLOY : PRELIMINARY

More information

GRAIN BOUNDARY DIFFUSION AND FRACTAL INTERFACE CONCEPT

GRAIN BOUNDARY DIFFUSION AND FRACTAL INTERFACE CONCEPT GRAIN BOUNDARY DIFFUSION AND FRACTAL INTERFACE CONCEPT P. Guiraldenq To cite this version: P. Guiraldenq. GRAIN BOUNDARY DIFFUSION AND FRACTAL INTERFACE CONCEPT. Journal de Physique Colloques, 1990, 51

More information

Corrosion in coal gasification environments at 550 C

Corrosion in coal gasification environments at 550 C Corrosion in coal gasification environments at 550 C W. Bakker, J. Bonvallet, J. De Wit To cite this version: W. Bakker, J. Bonvallet, J. De Wit. Corrosion in coal gasification environments at 550 C. Journal

More information

X-ray characterisation of bulk stones from the patina to the depth stone

X-ray characterisation of bulk stones from the patina to the depth stone X-ray characterisation of bulk stones from the patina to the depth stone B. Brunet-Imbault, I. Rannou, Fabrice Muller To cite this version: B. Brunet-Imbault, I. Rannou, Fabrice Muller. X-ray characterisation

More information

Gas formation during reaction sintering of titanium aluminides

Gas formation during reaction sintering of titanium aluminides Gas formation during reaction sintering of titanium aluminides G. Leitner, K. Jaenicke-Rössler To cite this version: G. Leitner, K. Jaenicke-Rössler. Gas formation during reaction sintering of titanium

More information

Low-shrinkage refractories bonded with high-alumina cement mixed with colloidal silica

Low-shrinkage refractories bonded with high-alumina cement mixed with colloidal silica Low-shrinkage refractories bonded with high-alumina cement mixed with colloidal silica N. Richard, N. Lequeux, P. Boch To cite this version: N. Richard, N. Lequeux, P. Boch. Low-shrinkage refractories

More information

PHYSICO CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NICKEL OXIDE AT HIGH TEMPERATURE

PHYSICO CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NICKEL OXIDE AT HIGH TEMPERATURE PHYSICO CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NICKEL OXIDE AT HIGH TEMPERATURE R. Farhi, G. Petot-Ervas To cite this version: R. Farhi, G. Petot-Ervas. PHYSICO CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NICKEL OXIDE AT HIGH TEMPERATURE.

More information

AN UNDERSTANDING OF IN SITU BORON DOPED POLYSILICON FILMS BY CHARACTERIZATION AND SIMULATION

AN UNDERSTANDING OF IN SITU BORON DOPED POLYSILICON FILMS BY CHARACTERIZATION AND SIMULATION AN UNDERSTANDING OF IN SITU BORON DOPED POLYSILICON FILMS BY CHARACTERIZATION AND SIMULATION C. Azzaro, E. Scheid, D. Bielle-Daspet, P. Duverneuil, P. Boudre To cite this version: C. Azzaro, E. Scheid,

More information