Comparative Evaluation of Thickened versus Slurry Tailings Surface Disposal D. Johnson Golder Associates Ltd., Canada R. Moghaddam Golder Associates
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1 Comparative Evaluation of Thickened versus Slurry Tailings Surface Disposal D. Johnson Golder Associates Ltd., Canada R. Moghaddam Golder Associates Ltd., Canada I. Bin Ahmed Golder Associates Ltd., Canada C. Laroche Osisko Mining Corporation, Canada
2 Outline 1. Introduction and Study Objectives 2. Tailings Geochemical, Geotechnical and Rheological Properties 3. Mine Operating Parameters and TMF Design Criteria 4. Slurry Deposition Plan 5. Thickened Tailings Deposition Plan 6. Comparative Evaluation Summary 7. Conclusion
3 Introduction and Study Objectives Project: Proposed Osisko Hammond Reef gold mine located in Northern Ontario, Canada. Study Objective: To determine whether to recommend surface disposal of thickened or slurry tailings. Tailings Characterization: Carried out geochemical, geotechnical and rheology laboratory testing. Tailings Production: The study assumed approximately 245 Mt of tailings requiring 177 Mm 3 of solids storage will be produced over the anticipated mine life. Comparative Evaluation: Conceptual Tailings Management Facility (TMF) designs were developed for both thickened and slurry tailings options to estimate capital and operating costs for each option.
4 Project Location
5 Geochemical and Geotechnical Testing Geochemical laboratory testing indicated that the tailings will not be acid generating or metal leaching Grain size distribution test results indicate 48% silt and clay sized particles and 52% fine sand sized particles Specific Gravity (Gs) = 2.73 Internal angle of friction = 35 degrees Rowe cell 1D consolidation test results: Void ratio decreased from 1.0 to 0.72 under a confining pressure of 800 kpa Hydraulic conductivity decreased from 3.3x10-4 cm/s to 1.3x10-8 cm/s after 800 kpa of consolidation pressure
6 Dewatering Tests Settling column tests provided a preliminary look at the expected level of dewatering. Bench scale static settling test work was performed in two stages: 1. First stage tests were carried out in 500 ml graduated cylinders to provide an initial assessment of the effects of flocculant type, flocculant dosage and solids feed density. 2. The second stage tested feed conditions that yielded a more favourable underflow and overflow in 4 L graduated cylinders. Results of a 4 L cylinder settling test that yielded an underflow density of 68% solids (by mass) with a clear overflow confirm that the tailings can be thickened to a solids content of 68% (by mass).
7 Bingham Viscosity (Pa S) Bingham Yield Stress (Pa) Rheology Tests Rheological testing was carried out to evaluate flow and handling properties. These tests provide an indication of the material s behaviour during mixing, pumping, pipeline flow, and also while sitting idle in the pipeline. Yield stress and viscosity values were both measured to be insignificant even at 68% solids (by mass). Low yield stress and viscosity values indicate that centrifugal pumps can be used to transport both slurry (at 37% solids) and thickened tailings (at 68% solids). 200 Bingham Yield Stress (Ramp Up) 180 Bingham Yield Stress (Ramp Down) % 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Wt% Solids 1.0 Bingham Viscosity (Ramp Up) 0.9 Bingham Viscosity (Ramp Down) % 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Wt% Solids
8 Mine Operating Parameters and TMF Design Criteria Parameter Unit Slurry tailings Thickened tailings Process plant production rate tonnes per day 60,000 60,000 Total tailings production tonnes 245,000, ,000,000 Solids content of discharged tailings % solids by mass 37% 68% Specific gravity of tailings solids Deposited tailings void ratio 1 (volume voids / volume solids) Deposited tailings dry density 1 tonnes/m Solids content of deposited tailings % solids by mass 74% 74% Total required storage volume of tailing solids m 3 176,944, ,944,444 Volume of water in discharged tailings m 3 /year 29,797,297 8,235,294 Volume of water retained in deposited tailings m 3 /year 6,157,407 6,157,407 Volume of water released from deposited tailings m 3 /year 23,639,890 2,077,887 Surface water runoff into TMF 2 m 3 /year 6,539,984 6,539,984 TMF pond evaporation 2 m 3 /year 1,132,600 1,132,600 Water pumped from TMF to process plant m 3 /year 29,047,274 7,485,271 Process plant recycled water requirement m 3 /year 22,794,932 7,411,765 Excess water requiring treatment/discharge m 3 /year 6,252,342 73,506 Notes: 1. Similar deposited void ratio and deposited dry density values were assumed for both options to estimate a conservative required tailings storage volume. 2. TMF catchment and pond areas were assumed to be the same for both slurry and thickened options in the comparative flow models.
9 Slurry Tailings Deposition Plan 37 % solids (by mass) Tailings discharged from north end of TMF 1% sub-aerial slope 10% sub-aqueous slope 29 Mm 3 of water reclaimed to mill per year 5 Mm 3 reclaim water pond storage capacity
10 Thickened Tailings Deposition Plan 68% solids (by mass) Central discharge location to form a cone 3% sub-aerial slope 10% sub-aqueous slope 7.5 Mm 3 of water reclaimed to mill per year 4 Mm 3 reclaim water pond storage capacity
11 Comparative Cross-Sections
12 Comparative Evaluation Summary Item Slurry Tailings Option Thickened Tailings Option TMF dam volume 19.6 Mm Mm 3 (40% less) Tailings pipeline throughput 6,103 m 3 /hr 2,476 m 3 /hr Tailing pipeline diameter and material 914 mm (36 inch) steel 609 mm (24 inch) steel Tailings pump system 9 centrifugal + 3 standby 6 centrifugal + 3 standby Reclaim water throughput 4,222 m 3 /hr 1,146 m 3 /hr Reclaim pipeline diameter and material 914 mm (36 inch) HDPE 457 mm (18 inch) HDPE Reclaim pump system 2 operating + 1 standby 1 operating + 1 standby Pipeline and pump capital costs 50% higher than thickened 50% lower than slurry Thickener plant Not required (savings offset by additional pipeline/pump costs) Required (capital cost equal to thickened pipeline/pump savings) Annual pipeline operating costs 19% higher than thickened 19% lower than slurry Overall capital and operating costs Higher than thickened option Lower than slurry option Access for rehabilitation at closure Poor Better
13 Conclusion Conceptual TMF designs were developed for both slurry and thickened tailings disposal options to comparatively evaluate each option. The thickened tailings option provided a 40% savings in dam construction (i.e., material quantities and capital cost) compared to the slurry option. Annual operating costs for tailings and reclaim water pumping for the slurry option were estimated to be about 19% higher than for thickened tailings. Other advantages of thickened tailings include better overall strength characteristics, simplified water management and easier access for rehabilitation at closure. Based on a comparative evaluation of thickened and hydraulic slurry tailings disposal methods, it was decided to proceed using thickened tailings disposal technology as the preferred tailings disposal approach for the Hammond Reef Gold Project.
14 Thank you! The authors would like to thank Osisko Mining Corporation for permission to reference the Hammond Reef Gold Project and related data in the paper. Darrin Johnson
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