Contact rolling fatigue of rail steels
|
|
- Archibald Hawkins
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Computer Methods and Experimental Measurements for Surface Effects and Contact Mechanics VII 357 Contact rolling fatigue of rail steels S. Nishida 1, N. Hattori 1 & T. Miyake 2 1 Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Japan 2 Graduate school of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Japan Abstract The authors have focused on the dark spots, which are initiated from white phase due to the contact between wheel and rail, especially in the Shinkansen track. Most of these defects have been initiated on the high-speed rail track at more than 150 km/h and in the accelerated train s section. Though the dominating factors for the dark spot s initiation have not necessarily been clarified yet, it has been observed that the white phase exists and the contact rolling fatigue cracks are propagated through the white phase. As the white phase consists of 90% martensite and 10% residual austenite, it is very brittle and the contact rolling fatigue cracks are easily initiated due to cyclic loading. Therefore, it is considered that this white phase would be one of the causes for generating the contact rolling cracks in Shinkansen rails. The object of this study is to investigate the mechanism of contact rolling fatigue defects in view of the initiation mechanism of dark spot, which is also known as the shelling defect. The authors considered that the initiation of the contact rolling defects relates to Hertizn stress, lubrication, tangential forces etc. The main results obtained in this study are as follows: (1) The white phase would be generated due to the alternate conditions between water lubrication and dryness. (2) The tangential force affects the contact rolling fatigue crack initiation and propagation properties. (3) White phase has been generated at an early stage according to the observation results of the contact rolling fatigue mechanism. Keywords: contact rolling fatigue, rail steels, white phase, shelling, fatigue crack, lubrication, Hertzian stress. 1 Introduction As far as the surface defects in the running rail head, there are mainly two kinds of defects called the head checks and dark spots (or shelling defects) in the
2 358 Computer Methods and Experimental Measurements for Surface Effects and Contact Mechanics VII Japanese Shinkansen s rail track [1-7]. The former is considered to be due to sever contact between wheel flange and gauge corner of the rail head, especially in the curved track. On the other hand, the latter has not been clarified about its initiation mechanism yet. One of the authors has tried to investigate the above problem and proposed the relation between the dark spot and white phase, which was observed in the running surface layer of the rail head in service [2-7]. The authors have focused on the dark spots, which would be initiated from the white phase due to the contact between wheel and rail. Most of such kinds of defects have been initiated in the high-speed rail track more than 150 km/h and in the accelerated train s section. Though the dominated factors for the dark spot s initiation have not necessarily clarified yet, it has been observed that the white phase exists and the contact rolling fatigue cracks are propagated through the white phase. As the white phase was consisted of 90% martensite and 10% residual austenite, it was very brittle and the contact rolling fatigue cracks are easily initiated due to cyclic bending [3][5][6]. Therefore, it is considered that this white phase would be one of the causes for generating the contact rolling cracks in Shinkansen rails. The object of this study is to investigate the mechanism of contact rolling fatigue defect from a view point of the initiation mechanism of the dark spot, which is called the shelling defects by another name. Figure 1: System diagram of testing machine. 2 Experimental procedure 2.1 Testing machine The testing machine used in this test is a two-disk contact rolling fatigue testing machine. Fig.1 shows the system diagram of the testing machine. It is possible to
3 Computer Methods and Experimental Measurements for Surface Effects and Contact Mechanics VII 359 drive each disk of the machine independently and its maximum frequency is settled at 2500 rpm. The thrust force is applied by the two numbers of coils (see fig.1, L1 and L2) and its maximum load is 9.8 kn. 2.2 Test specimen The material used in this test is the representative rail steel, that is, eutectoid carbon steel (JIS60kg). Tables 1 and 2 list the chemical compositions and mechanical properties of the specimen material, respectively. Fig. 2 shows the shape and dimensions of the specimen. As shown in this figure, the specimen of the low-speed side has curvature whose radius is 600 mm. The reason for this is to be able to apply adequate Hertzian stress equal to the practical rail track in Shinkansen [7,8]. The surface roughness of the specimen at the middle of the width is about 0.4µm not only for the high-speed side but also the low-speed side. Table 1: Chemical composition (mass%). C Si Mn P S Table 2: Mechanical properties. Tensile strength (MPa) 2.3 Experimental procedure 0.2% proof stress (MPa) Elongation (%) Vickers hardness (Hv) Table 3 lists contact load, maximum Hertzian stress, lubrication, and difference in revolution speed under no loading. In addition, the maximum Hertzian stress is about 1GPa in Shinkansen s new representative rail [8], [9]. Therefore, the drop of lubricant rate is set to 0.2 cc/sec by the fatigue limit of cycles in the low-speed side. Dry and water lubricant are applied every cycles or every cycles, respectively [10]. Tangential force is given by rolling slippage setting at 2080rpm for high-speed side cycle and the low-speed side cycle can be changed arbitrarily on contact because it is possible to drive the two-disk rolling-sliding machine independently. The oil lubrication is introduced to decrease the friction of the rail surface. It is considered to be able to control the wear of the rail using the oil and to reproduce the damage easily. In addition, the damage during dry conditions could be neglected in this study. The judgment of fatigue strength is chosen from a variety of ways considering the experimental conditions and object. In this study, the test is stopped at every cycles and the specimen s surface is successively observed at the specified cycles by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The critical fatigue strength is determined when the crack length becomes greater than 2 mm.
4 360 Computer Methods and Experimental Measurements for Surface Effects and Contact Mechanics VII *1 Dry and water lubricant are applied every cycles. *2 Dry and water lubricant are applied every cycles. (1) High-speed side (2) Low-speed side Figure 2: Shape and dimensions of the specimen. Table 3: Test conditions. Test conditions Specimen s No. Load (N) Hertzian stress (GPa) Lubrication condition Difference in rev. speed under no loading (rpm) A Dry+Water*1 50 A Dry+Water*1 50 A Dry+Water*1 50 B Dry+Water*2 50 B Dry+Water*2 50 B Dry+Water*2 50 C Water 10 D Water 50 E Oil 50 This study gives importance to the surface observation. Therefore an optical microscope and SEM were used after specified cycles. Hardness distribution was measured about the fatigue test specimens by Vickers hardness testing machine.
5 Computer Methods and Experimental Measurements for Surface Effects and Contact Mechanics VII 361 White phase 500µm 500µm of A1 (b): Surface observation of A1 (Nf=2 106 cycles) 200µm 500µm (d): Surface observation of A1 (Nf= cycles) (c): Surface observation of A1 (Nf=3 106 cycles) 50µm White Phase * 200µm Vertical section (a): Surface appearance (Nf=1 105 cycles) * Contact rolling surface (e): Contact rolling fatigue crack of A1 (Nf= cycles vertical section) (f): White Phase in A1 (SEM). (Nf= cycles) Loading direction Figure 3: 3 Photographs of specimen A1 at the running surface and in horizontal section (σhz =1.0GPa). Results and discussion 3.1 Effect of lubrication The contact rolling fatigue cracks are always initiated in the low-speed side specimen. This phenomenon is a representative tendency in the cases of normal
6 362 Computer Methods and Experimental Measurements for Surface Effects and Contact Mechanics VII contact rolling fatigue damage. The low-speed side specimen is corresponding to the section of a rail where trains are accelerated up to a high speed. Hereinafter, testing results are focused on low-speed side specimen. Fig.3 shows the photographs of specimen A1 at the running surface and in the horizontal section. The rolling contact surface becomes brownish one after cycles (Fig.3(a)). The scratch marks and ultra-thin avulsion are observed in this surface (Fig.3(b)). The white phase is generated in the running surface in the area of mm 2. In the following stage, the small pits occur but some of them dissipate according to the successive contact rolling. In addition, the width of contact point expands (Fig.3(c)), because the high-speed side specimen abrades the surface of the low speed side one during no lubrication condition. Fig.3(d) shows the photograph of specimen A1 in horizontal section after contact rolling fatigue test. Fig.3(e) shows the crack in specimen A1.The surface damage will have been accumulated by no lubrication condition and the contact rolling fatigue crack initiates and propagates due to water intrusion. The secondary crack grows due to the successive repetition by the opposite specimen and reaches the original of the specimen s original surface and it is called flaking or spalling (ref. Section 3.2). Cracks propagated to a depth of about 200µm in condition A1 (Fig.3(e)). It is about 400µm in condition B1 (Fig.4). The angle of crack progress for the running surface is about 15 both ways. Flaking and pits were not observed in condition C. Fig.5 shows the plots of Maximum hertzian stress vs. number of cycles. From this figure, it is clear that contact rolling fatigue strength decreases in accordance with the lubrication time and no lubrication time. Therefore, the lubrication condition influences the damage of rails. These phenomena are very similar to those of the Shinkansen. At the same time, after pent-up passing tonnage goes beyond 0.15 billion tons in Shinkansen s rail, the shelling is considered to increase at a great rate. If it is assumed that passing of one wheel is proper for one revolution in this study, a period of shelling increase at a great rate is suitable for cycles in this study. Therefore, the cracks that grow up shelling occur much earlier with this prediction. 3.2 Crack observation of results The subsurface cracks were observed with an optical microscope. The above crack occurs from contact rolling surface. It propagates in the running direction with inclination angle about 15 from the running surface. The secondary crack occurs afterwards due to successive bending by the opposite specimen from the primary crack (Fig.4(a)). The impression is observed in the neighbour hard crack initiation point (Fig.4(b)). It is considered that the primary cracks occur at first and the secondary cracks are generated due to contact rolling fatigue by the highspeed side disk. In addition, the corrosion by water etc. accelerates the growth of the depression.
7 Computer Methods and Experimental Measurements for Surface Effects and Contact Mechanics VII µm 200µm (a) Loading (b) Figure 4: Contact rolling fatigue crack of B1. (N f = cycles, vertical section). Max. hertzian stress σ Hz [GPa] E+06 Condition A Condition B 1.00E+07 Number of cycles to failure N f (cycles) Figure 5: Max. Hertzian stress VS. cycles. 3.3 Effect of Hertzian stress It is clear that the fatigue strength decreases when applied load increases as shown in fig.5. Fig.6 shows the results of Vickers hardness test. The hardness number shows Hv=290 to 300 in virgin mother material and Hv=370 to 380 at work-hardened contact rolling surface. There exists the part of extraordinarily high hardness number Hv=600, where the White Phase is observed (ref. fig.3(f)). It is considered that the fatigue strength decreases when maximum Hertzian stress increases due to embrittled surface by work-hardened contact rolling.
8 364 Computer Methods and Experimental Measurements for Surface Effects and Contact Mechanics VII Hardness Hv (0.49N) Condition A1 Condition A2 Condition A Distance from surface mm Figure 6: Result of Vickers hardness tests. 3.4 Effect of slip The authors draw a comparison between condition C and condition D. The tangential force of C is smaller than D. The depth of crack propagation is about 50µm in C. On the other hand, it is about 150µm in D (fig.7). Therefore, the tangential force affects crack initiation and propagation properties. Fig.4(a) and (b) show the subsurface crack. 3.5 SEM observation results The White phase is observed in the early stage of contact rolling fatigue in conditions A and B (for example, ref. fig.3(b)). The thickness is about 5µm (ref. fig.3(f)), and hardness is about 600 Hv. In this study, the authors can t find the cracks that penetrate the White Phase in C and D. The reason why there are cracks and not the White Phase in C and D is that the White Phase has been removed by the successive repetition of loading. In fact, the surface at these locations is remarkably uneven. It is considered that the friction force can control the wear of the rail by the oil and it will be possible to reproduce the damage easily. But the White Phase and cracks aren t observed, because the friction force is too small. Thus, the frictional force impinges on the occurrence of the White Phase in some way. Fig.8 illustrates the crack initiation mechanism by contact rolling fatigue. At first, the primary crack is initiated at the surface of the low speed specimen and the secondary crack will be generated as a branching crack due to the successive loading. When this secondary crack propagates and reaches the original surface, the portion surrounded by the above two kinds of cracks will be removed. This phenomenon is called spalling.
9 Computer Methods and Experimental Measurements for Surface Effects and Contact Mechanics VII 365 Specimen s surface High speed Low speed Primary crack Secondary crack Figure 7: Crack of subsurface in D. Figure 8: Illustration of crack initiation by contact rolling fatigue. 4 Conclusion The main results obtained in the present study are as follows: (1) The white phase would be generated due to the alternating between water lubrication and dry conditions. (2) The tangential force affects the contact rolling fatigue cracks initiation and propagation properties. (3) The White phase occurs in the early stage in the case of contact rolling fatigue mechanism. (4) The authors have succeeded in reproducing the shelling defects in the laboratory using the two-disk contact rolling fatigue testing machine. References [1] Masumoto, H., Sugino, K., Nishida, S., et al., ASTM STP 644, pp , [2] Nisida, S, Sugino, K, Urasima, C, Masumoto, H, Trans. of JSME (in Japanese), , pp , [3] Nisida, S, Sugino, K, Urasima, C, Masumoto, H, Trans. of JSME (in Japanese), , pp , [4] Nishida, S., Sugino, K., Urashima, C., Masumoto, H., Bulletin of JSME, , pp , [5] Nishida, S., Sugino, K., Urashima, C., Masumoto, H., Bulletin of JSME, , pp , [6] Nishida, S., Sugino, K., Urashima, C, Role of Fracture Mechanics in Modern Technology, Elsevier Science Publishers BV, pp , [7] Nishida, S., Sugino, K., Urashima, C., Masumoto, H., Computational and Experimental Fracture Mechanics, ,pp , [8] Akaoka, J., Report of Railway Tech. Res. Int., 6-183, pp89-101, [9] Ito, A., Wear of Rail, Lubrication, 16-1, pp.3-8, [10] Kaneta, M, Matsuda, K, etc., JSME, l61-588, pp , 1995.
Existence of Non-propagating Micro-cracks under the Fatigue Limit
Copyright c 2007 ICCES ICCES, vol.4, no.3, pp.179-185, 2007 Existence of Non-propagating Micro-cracks under the Fatigue Limit S. Nishida 1 and N. Hattori 1 Summary The authors have experimentally confirmed
More informationFatigue strength improvement of Ti alloy with DLC coating
Computer Methods and Experimental Measurements VIII 3 Fatigue strength improvement of Ti alloy with DLC coating S.-I. Nishida 1, N. Hattori 1, Y. Nakabaru 1 & A. Tsuchiyama 2 1 Faculty of Science & Engineering,
More informationDURABILITY AND TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THERMALLY SPRAYED WC CERMET COATING IN FULL FILM AND PARTIAL EHL CONTACTS
Durability and Tribological Properties of Thermally Sprayed WC Cermet Coating 38 DURABILITY AND TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THERMALLY SPRAYED WC CERMET COATING IN FULL FILM AND PARTIAL EHL CONTACTS D. M.
More informationFatigue Properties of Nitrided Alloy 718 at Elevated Temperature
Copyright 2010 Tech Science Press SL, vol.3, no.3, pp.191-199, 2010 Fatigue Properties of Nitrided Alloy 718 at Elevated Temperature N. Kawagoishi 1, A. Ohkubo 2, S. Yoshimi 3, K. Yamane 4 and K. Morino
More informationFatigue Strength of Ferritic Ductile Cast Iron Hardened by Super Rapid Induction Heating and Quenching
Materials Transactions, Vol. 45, No. 9 (4) pp. 293 to 2935 #4 The Japan Institute of Metals EXPRESS REGULAR ARTICLE Fatigue Strength of Ferritic Ductile Cast Iron Hardened by Super Rapid Induction Heating
More informationStatistic characteristics of fatigue properties in magnesium alloy
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 10 (2011) 1232 1237 ICM11 Statistic characteristics of fatigue properties in magnesium alloy S. Mohd a,c, *, Y. Otsuka b, Y. Miyashita b,
More informationEFFECTS OF HYDROGEN ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOUR AND DUCTILITY LOSS OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS
EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOUR AND DUCTILITY LOSS OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS Toshihiko KANEZAKI*, Yoji MINE** Yoshihiro FUKUSHIMA**, and Yukitaka MURAKAMI** * Graduate School
More informationDESIGNING OF A TESTING MACHINE FOR SHEAR-MODE FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH
Advanced Materials Development and Performance (AMDP2011) International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series Vol. 6 (2012) 318-323 World Scientific Publishing Company DOI: 10.1142/S2010194512003376
More informationObservations of Corrosion Fatigue Crack Initiation Processes in Metals by Means of AFM
Materials Science Research International, Special Technical Publication 1, pp.11-16 (21) General Paper Observations of Corrosion Fatigue Crack Initiation Processes in Metals by Means of AFM Yoshikazu NAKAI,
More informationFatigue strength properties of precipitation strengthening stainless steel A286 focused attention on small fatigue crack behaviour
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 1 (211) 1973 1978 ICM11 Fatigue strength properties of precipitation strengthening stainless steel A286 focused attention on small fatigue
More informationFracture. Brittle vs. Ductile Fracture Ductile materials more plastic deformation and energy absorption (toughness) before fracture.
1- Fracture Fracture: Separation of a body into pieces due to stress, at temperatures below the melting point. Steps in fracture: 1-Crack formation 2-Crack propagation There are two modes of fracture depending
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. 20th European Conference on Fracture (ECF20)
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Materials Science 3 ( 2014 ) 924 929 20th European Conference on Fracture (ECF20) Fatigue limit prediction of large scale cast aluminum
More informationEFFECT OF MEAN STRESS ON SHORT CRACK GROWTH IN FATIGUED 316L STAINLESS STEEL
EFFECT OF MEAN STRESS ON SHORT CRACK GROWTH IN FATIGUED 316L STAINLESS STEEL Karel OBRTLÍK Jiří MAN Jaroslav POLÁK Institute of Physics of Materials, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Žižkova 22,
More informationSTUDY ON THE DURABILITY OF THERMALLY SPRAYED WC CERMET COATING IN PARTIAL EHL CONTACTS
Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanical Engineering 2005 (ICME2005) 28-30 ecember 2005, haka, Bangladesh ICME05- STUY ON THE URABILITY O THERMALLY SPRAYE WC CERMET COATING IN PARTIAL
More informationHigh-Carbon Steels: Fully Pearlitic Microstructures and Applications
CHAPTER 15 High-Carbon Steels: Fully Pearlitic Microstructures and Applications Introduction THE TRANSFORMATION OF AUSTENITE to pearlite has been described in Chapter 4, Pearlite, Ferrite, and Cementite,
More informationFatigue Damage Evaluation of SUS304 Steel Using Magnetism Change in Fatigue Process
OS3-3-1 ATEM'07, JSME-MMD, Sep. 12-14, 2007 Fatigue Damage Evaluation of SUS304 Steel Using Magnetism Change in Fatigue Process Daiki Shiozawa 1, Yoshikazu Nakai 1, Yoshitaka Eijima 2 1. Department of
More informationEvaluation of Cavitation Erosion based on Erosion Particles S.Hattori and E.Nakao,
CAV2001:sessionA4.001 Evaluation of Cavitation Erosion based on Erosion Particles S.Hattori and E.Nakao, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fukui University 9-1 Bunkyo 3-Chome,
More informationFracture toughness K IC of cemented carbide WC-Co
Computational Methods and Experiments in Materials Characterisation IV 217 Fracture toughness K IC of cemented carbide WC-Co S. Doi & M. Yasuoka Oita University, Japan and Fujikoshi Co., Japan Abstract
More informationDevelopment of Long-Life Rails for Overseas Freight Railways
Technical Report UDC 625. 143. 2 Development of Long-Life Rails for Overseas Freight Railways Masaharu UEDA* Katsuya IWANO Takeshi YAMAMOTO Jun TAKAHASHI Kohichiro MATSUSHITA Akira KOBAYASHI Teruhisa MIYAZAKI
More informationInvestigation of shape recovery stress for ferrous shape memory alloy
Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements XIV 485 Investigation of shape recovery stress for ferrous shape memory alloy H. Naoi 1, M. Wada 2, T. Koike 2, H. Yamamoto 2 & T. Maruyama 3 1 Faculty
More informationFATIGUE OF DUPLEX STEELS IN CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENT
5th International DAAAM Baltic Conference "INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING ADDING INNOVATION CAPACITY OF LABOUR FORCE AND ENTREPRENEURS" 20 22 April 2006, Tallinn, Estonia FATIGUE OF DUPLEX STEELS IN CORROSIVE
More informationCharacterization of deformed pearlitic rail steel
Characterization of deformed pearlitic rail steel Dimitrios Nikas, Knut Andreas Meyer and Johan Ahlström Department of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg,
More informationEffects of Ultrafine Particle Peening on Fatigue Properties of ASTM 5056 Aluminum Alloy
Effects of Ultrafine Particle Peening on Fatigue Properties of ASTM 556 Aluminum Alloy S. Kikuchi1, Y. Nakamura 2, K. Nambu and M. Ando 4 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kobe University, JAPAN
More informationInfluence of Work Hardening and Residual Stress Induced by Shot Peening on Pitting Strength
Influence of Work Hardening and Residual Stress Induced by Shot Peening on Pitting Strength R. Ishikura 1, K. Inoue 1, Y. Kobayashi 2 and T. Tsuji 2 1 Daido Steel Co., Ltd, 2-30 Daido-cho Minami-ku Nagoya
More informationEffect of Occasional Shear Loading on Fatigue Crack Growth in 7075 Aluminum Alloy M. Makizaki 1, a, H. Matsunaga 2, 4, b, K. Yanase 3, 4, c 3, 4, d
Materials Science Forum Online: 213-3-11 ISSN: 1662-9752, Vol. 75, pp 264-267 doi:1.428/www.scientific.net/msf.75.264 213 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Effect of Occasional Shear Loading on Fatigue
More informationDetermination of Metallic Fatigue in Nitrided Steel using a MDK Magnetic Nondestructive Tester
17th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing, 25-28 Oct 28, Shanghai, China Determination of Metallic Fatigue in Nitrided Steel using a MDK Magnetic Nondestructive Tester Akiyoshi ONUKI Yamagata University
More informationTHE SIZE EFFECT ON FATIGUE STRENGTH OF STRUCTURAL STEEL MATERIALS IN HIGH-HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
Jurnal Mekanikal June 2011, No. 32, 01-11 THE SIZE EFFECT ON FATIGUE STRENGTH OF STRUCTURAL STEEL MATERIALS IN HIGH-HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT Haftirman * School of Mechatronic Engineering, Mechanical Engineering
More informationInfluence of Rail Surface Roughness Formed by Rail Grinding on Rolling Contact Fatigue
PAPER Influence of Rail Surface Roughness Formed by Rail Grinding on Rolling Contact Fatigue H. CHEN, Ph.D Senior Researcher, Track Dynamics Laboratory, Railway Dynamics Division M. ISHIDA General Manager,
More informationHigh-cycle fatigue characteristics of squeezed cast aluminum alloy smooth specimens cut from car wheels
High Performance Structure and Materials VI 95 High-cycle fatigue characteristics of squeezed cast aluminum alloy smooth specimens cut from car wheels M. Goto 1, N. Teshima 2, S. Z. Han 3, K. Euh 3 & T.
More informationEvaluation method of corrosion lifetime of conventional stainless steel canister under oceanic air environment
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Nuclear Engineering and Design 238 (2008) 1233 1240 Evaluation method of corrosion lifetime of conventional stainless steel canister under oceanic air environment
More informationMechanism of SCC on SUS316L Stainless steel H. Masuda. Intense Research Group, NIMS Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan,
Mechanism of SCC on SUS316L Stainless steel H. Masuda Intense Research Group, NIMS 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, 305-0047 The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of stainless steel is one of the biggest
More informationWEAR AND BLANKING PERFORMANCE OF AlCrN PVD-COATED PUNCHES
Materials Science, Vol. 48, No. 4, January, 2013 (Ukrainian Original Vol. 48, No. 4, July August, 2012) WEAR AND BLANKING PERFORMANCE OF AlCrN PVD-COATED PUNCHES M. Çöl, 1 D. Kir, 2 and E. Erişir 1,3 Blanking
More informationFailure Analysis of a LP Turbine Free Standing Blade. Sponsored by. IB Thermal Power Station Orissa Power Generation Corporation Ltd.
...;.~,,,,,,I~JI'!!'! 11". ~~ q~\\b fl~ - 'I! '--"',,-,, '--"'~""'~'='-',.,,- ~,'.',..'...,.',,- ~" --, "'-, --- ",-~'~-'~ NML/MST IFA/l.14/2007 Restricted Circulation '< Failure Analysis of a LP Turbine
More informationArch. Metall. Mater., Vol. 61 (2016), No 4, p
Arch. Metall. Mater., Vol. 61 (2016), No 4, p. 1969 1974 DOI: 10.1515/amm-2016-0318 A. SMALCERZ*,#, J. BARGLIK*, D. KUC*, K. DUCKI*, S. WASIŃSKI* THE MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CYLINDRICAL
More informationINFLUENCE OF SHOT PEENING ON FATIGUE STRENGTH OF WELDED STRUCTURE.
INFLUENCE OF SHOT PEENING ON FATIGUE STRENGTH OF WELDED STRUCTURE. H. Suzuki 1, M. Hasegawa 2 1. SINTOKOGIO, LTD., Nagoya, Japan 2. Chubu University, Aichi, Japan ABSTRACT In the production of steel structures,
More informationEVALUATION OF THERMAL FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF HSS ROLL MATERIALS. Jong Il Park a Chang Kyu Kim b Sunghak Lee b
EVALUATION OF THERMAL FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF HSS ROLL MATERIALS Jong Il Park a Chang Kyu Kim b Sunghak Lee b a Hot Rolling Department, Pohang Iron and Steel Co., Ltd., Pohang 79-75 b Center for Advanced
More informationMechanical Characteristics of Welds Joined by Developed Welding Wire with a Phase Transformation at Low Temperature (I)
Title Author(s) Mechanical Characteristics of Welds Joined by Developed Welding Wire with a Phase Transformation at Low Temperature (I) Kim, You-Chul; Lee, Sang-Hyong Citation Transactions of JWRI. 36(1)
More informationThe Size Effect on Fatigue Strength of Structural Steel Materials in High-humidity Environment
The Size Effect on Fatigue Strength of Structural Steel Materials in High-humidity Environment Haftirman School of Mechatronic Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Program Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP),
More informationSANDVIK NANOFLEX STRIP STEEL
SANDVIK NANOFLEX STRIP STEEL DATASHEET Sandvik Nanoflex is a precipitation hardening, austenitic stainless steel specifically designed for applications requiring high strength and good ductility. Mechanical
More informationEffect of fiber fatigue rupture on bridging stress degradation in fiber reinforced cementitious composites
Effect of fiber fatigue rupture on bridging stress degradation in fiber reinforced cementitious composites T. Matsumoto, P. Chun, & P. Suthiwarapirak The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. ABSTRACT: This
More informationInternational Journal of Railway Research, Vol.1, No1, pp International Journal of. Railway Research
International Journal of Railway Research, Vol.1, No1, pp 53-60 International Journal of Railway Research Life Estimation in the Railway Wheels Under the Influence of Residual Stress Field S.M. Salehi
More informationSTANDING CONTACT FATIGUE WITH LINE LOADING
STANDING CONTACT FATIGUE WITH LINE LOADING Abstract Johan Dahlberg and Bo Alfredsson Department of Solid Mechanics at KTH, 1 44 Stockholm, Sweden johand@hallf.kth.se In order to simulate sub-surface cracking
More informationStructural Characteristics of New Composite Girder Bridge Using Rolled Steel H-Section
Proc. Schl. Eng. Tokai Tokai Univ., Univ., Ser. ESer. E 41 (2016) (2016) - 31-37 Structural Characteristics of New Composite Girder Bridge Using Rolled Steel H-Section by Mohammad Hamid ELMY *1 and Shunichi
More informationMECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF 9% Ni STEEL WELDED JOINT FOR LNG STORAGE TANK AT CRYOGENIC
Advanced Materials Development and Performance (AMDP2011) International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series Vol. 6 (2012) 355-360 World Scientific Publishing Company DOI: 10.1142/S2010194512003431
More informationEFFECT OF SELECTED TYPES OF COATING ON FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF NITRIDED STEEL. Ivo ČERNÝ, Dagmar MIKULOVÁ
EFFECT OF SELECTED TYPES OF COATING ON FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF NITRIDED STEEL Ivo ČERNÝ, Dagmar MIKULOVÁ SVÚM, a.s., Podnikatelská 565, 190 11 Praha 9 Běchovice, Czech Republic, Ivo.Cerny@seznam.cz Abstract
More informationUNDERSTANDING OF WORK ROLL CORROSION AND OXIDATION IN A HOT STRIP MILL*
UNDERSTANDING OF WORK ROLL CORROSION AND OXIDATION IN A HOT STRIP MILL* Sebastien Flament 1 Gisele Walmag 2 Mario Sinnaeve 3 Abstract More and more Hot Strip Mills are facing defects on their products
More informationCLAD STAINLESS STEELS AND HIGH-NI-ALLOYS FOR WELDED TUBE APPLICATION
CLAD STAINLESS STEELS AND HIGHNIALLOYS FOR WELDED TUBE APPLICATION Wolfgang Bretz Wickeder Westfalenstahl GmbH Hauptstrasse 6 D58739 Wickede, Germany Keywords: Cladding, Laser/TIG Welding, Combined SolderingWelding
More informationSHOT PEENING OF NITRIDED LAYER
SHOT PEENING OF NITRIDED LAYER A. Nakonieczny, G. Monka, I. Pokorska Institute of Precision Mechanics, Duchnicka 3, 01-796 Warsaw, Poland ABSTRACT Shot-peening is a method widely used in industrial practice
More informationJOINING THE DIFFERENT MATERIALS USING FRICTION WELDING A REVIEW
Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2015 S R Divagar and M Muthu Kumaran, 2015 Review Article ISSN 2278 0149 www.ijmerr.com Vol. 4, No. 1, January 2015 2015 IJMERR. All Rights Reserved JOINING THE DIFFERENT
More informationTHE EFFECT OF HIGH CYCLE FATIGUE DAMAGE ON TOUGHNESS OF EN8 GRADE STEEL PART II
Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2013 P Talukdar et al., 2013 Research Paper ISSN 2278 0149 www.ijmerr.com Vol. 2, No. 2, April 2013 2013 IJMERR. All Rights Reserved THE EFFECT OF HIGH CYCLE FATIGUE DAMAGE
More informationNumerical Simulation of Sliding Contact during Sheet Metal Stamping
Numerical Simulation of Sliding Contact during Sheet Metal Stamping Biglari F. R. * Nikbin K. ** O Dowd N. P. ** Busso E.P. ** * Mechanical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Hafez
More informationNaoto Shiraki 1, Takuya Watanabe 1,+2 and Toshitake Kanno 2
Materials Transactions, Vol. 56, No. 12 (2015) pp. 2010 to 2016 2015 Japan Foundry Engineering Society Relationship between Fatigue Limit and Defect Size in Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron with Different
More informationFAILURE STUDY IN SIDE PLATES OF A VIBRATING SIEVE S. R. Allah Karam 1, M. Khodadad 1, M. Saadat Talab 1 and A.R. Moeini 2
International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering (IJMME), Vol. 4 (2009), No. 2, 118 122. FAILURE STUDY IN SIDE PLATES OF A VIBRATING SIEVE S. R. Allah Karam 1, M. Khodadad 1, M. Saadat Talab
More informationComparison between SKS 3 and SCM 440 Steel Materials for the Location PIN of Welding JIG
Comparison between SKS 3 and SCM 440 Steel Materials for the Location PIN of Welding JIG Risman Pandapotan Simarmata 1, Isdaryanto Iskandar 2 and Hadi Sutanto 3(*) (1)(2)(3) Departement of Mechanical Engineering,
More informationCompression characteristics of spheroidal graphite cast iron pipe members
High Performance and Optimum Design of Structures and Materials 455 Compression characteristics of spheroidal graphite cast iron pipe members T. Yamaguchi 1 & Y. Kimura 2 1 HINODE Ltd, Japan 2 New Industry
More informationBending Fatigue Properties of a Superelastic Thin Tube and a High-Elastic Thin Wire of TiNi Alloy
Materials Transactions, Vol. 5, No. 8 (29) pp. 243 to 249 #29 The Japan Institute of Metals Bending Fatigue Properties of a Superelastic Thin Tube and a High-Elastic Thin Wire of TiNi Alloy Hisaaki Tobushi
More informationINGE Engineering Materials. Chapter 7: Part 2. Mechanical Failure. INGE Engineering Materials. Failure Analysis
Chapter 7: Part 2 Mechanical Failure This is just an introduction to failure analysis, a much more complex area of materials engineering. Failure Analysis Fractography: The study of fracture Analysis of
More informationFigure 1. Flaking on the Bearing Raceway Surface
Application of Ultrasonic Nanocrystalline Surface Modification Technology for Prolonging the Service Life of Double Row Angular Contact Bearings and for Reducing Friction Loss I. H. Cho 1, A. Amanov 2,
More informationThe peculiarities of fatigue failure for pipe steels of different strength classes (pipes with welds)
Energy Production and Management in the 21st Century, Vol. 2 889 The peculiarities of fatigue failure for pipe steels of different strength classes (pipes with welds) V. N. Kuskov, I. M. Kovenskiy & K.
More informationDESIGN CRITERIA FOR ROLLING CONTACT FATIGUE RESISTANCE IN BACK-UP ROLLS
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR ROLLING CONTACT FATIGUE RESISTANCE IN BACK-UP ROLLS M. F. Frolish* and J. H. Beynon* ABSTRACT The research presented in this work centres on surface initiated damage on back-up rolls
More informationEffect of Shot Peening Treatments on Corrosion Fatigue of Cast or Wrought Al-base Alloys
Effect of Shot Peening Treatments on Corrosion Fatigue of Cast or Wrought Al-base Alloys K. Timmermann, W. Zinn, B. Scholtes Institute of Materials Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering University
More informationStress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Hardening-Treated 13Cr Stainless Steel
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering PAPER OPEN ACCESS Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Hardening-Treated 13Cr Stainless Steel To cite this article: Li-Bin Niu et al 2018 IOP Conf.
More informationCrack Analysis Of A Gasoline Engine Crankshaft
Gazi University Journal of Science GU J Sci 23(4):487-492 (2010) www.gujs.org Crack Analysis Of A Gasoline Engine Crankshaft Ali KESKİN 1, Kadir AYDIN 2 1 Mersin University, Tarsus Technical Education
More informationEffect of Vanadium on Subcritical Heat Treatment Behavior of Hypoeutectic 16 wt% Cr Cast Iron containing 2 wt% Mo
Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals, Vol.21 No.2 pp.13-18, 2011 Effect of Vanadium on Subcritical Heat Treatment Behavior of Hypoeutectic 16 wt% Cr Cast Iron containing 2 wt% Mo Rugauksorn JUNSAMOOT
More informationLIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Figure 1.2: Figure 1.3: Figure 2.1: Figure 2.2: Figure 2.3: Figure 2.4: Figure 2.5: (a) (b) (c): (d) (e) (f):
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Types of surface coatings....4 Figure 1.2: PVD processing techniques...8 Figure 1.3: Schematic of PVD process... 11 Figure 2.1: Formation of intrusion and extrusion marks on
More informationAvailable online at Fatigue Received 4 March 2010; revised 9 March 2010; accepted 15 March 2010
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Procedia Engineering Engineering 2 (2010) 00 (2009) 697 705 000 000 Procedia Engineering www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia Fatigue 2010 Fatigue behaviour
More informationBFF1113 Engineering Materials DR. NOOR MAZNI ISMAIL FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
BFF1113 Engineering Materials DR. NOOR MAZNI ISMAIL FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING Course Guidelines: 1. Introduction to Engineering Materials 2. Bonding and Properties 3. Crystal Structures & Properties
More informationMechanical Behavior under Compressive Loads of Cruciform Column Projection Panels Corrected by Heating
Transactions of JWRI, Vol. 35 (26), No. 2 Mechanical Behavior under Compressive Loads of Cruciform Column Projection Panels Corrected by Heating HIROHATA Mikihito* and KIM You-Chul** Abstract In order
More informationImpact Fatigue Failure Investigation of HVOF Coatings
C. N. David, 1 M. A. Athanasiou, 1 K. G. Anthymidis, 1 and P. K. Gotsis 1 Journal of ASTM International, Vol. 5, No. 6 Paper ID JAI101571 Available online at www.astm.org Impact Fatigue Failure Investigation
More informationAnalysis of failure mechanisms in a planetary gear
Analysis of failure mechanisms in a planetary gear Katapadi Vadiraja Sudhakar *, Levi George, and Nathan Huft Montana Tech of the University of Montana, Butte, MT 59701, USA * Corresponding Author: Tel.:
More informationON FACTORS INFLUENCING FATIGUE PROCESS IN STEEL 316L USED IN HYDROGEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
Journal Donka of Chemical Angelova, Technology Rozina Yordanova, and Metallurgy, Tsvetelina 49, Lazarova 1, 2014, 29-34 ON FACTORS INFLUENCING FATIGUE PROCESS IN STEEL 316L USED IN HYDROGEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
More informationIMPACT TEST OF SURFACE ANTONÍN KŘÍŽ, PETR BENEŠ, JIŘÍ ŠIMEČEK
IMPACT TEST OF SURFACE ANTONÍN KŘÍŽ, PETR BENEŠ, JIŘÍ ŠIMEČEK Research Centre of Rail Vehicles, University of West Bohemia, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Czech Republic The components in many industrial
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF SP4 RAIL WITH HIGH WEAR RESISTANCE FOR HEAVY HAUL RAILWAYS KAZUYA TOKUNAGA *1 TSURUKAZU ARIMURA *2 MORIYASU YAMAGUCHI *3
DEVELOPMENT OF RAIL WITH HIGH WEAR RESISTANCE FOR HEAVY HAUL RAILWAYS BY KAZUYA TOKUNAGA *1 TSURUKAZU ARIMURA *2 MORIYASU YAMAGUCHI *3 HIROYUKI FUKUDA *4 MINORU HONJO *5 RYO MATSUOKA *6 MINEYASU TAKEMASA
More informationMechanical Properties and Fracture Behavior of Medium Carbon Dual Phase Steels
Mechanical Properties and Fracture Behavior of Medium Carbon Dual Phase Steels Manoranjan Kumar Manoj 1*, Vivek Pancholi 2 and Sumeer Kumar Nath 2 Metallurgical Engineering Department 1, National Institute
More informationScanning probe microscope observations of fatigue process in magnesium alloy AZ31 near the fatigue limit
Scripta Materialia 50 (2004) 429 434 www.actamat-journals.com Scanning probe microscope observations of fatigue process in magnesium alloy AZ31 near the fatigue limit Z.Y. Nan, S. Ishihara *, T. Goshima,
More informationHistory and Future of High-Fatigue-Strength Steel Wire for Automotive Engine Valve Spring
FEATURED TOPIC History and Future of High-Fatigue-Strength Steel Wire for Automotive Engine Valve Spring Hiromu IZUMIDA*, Sadamu MATSUMOTO and Teruyuki MURAI ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
More informationFatigue Crack Growth Studies on Rail Steel
Fatigue Crack Growth Studies on Rail Steel S.R. Shamili 1, P. Gandhi 2, S. Vishnuvardhan 3, P. Gajalakshmi 4 M.Tech.Project Student, Department of Civil Engineering, B.S.AbdurRahman University, Vandalur,
More informationBearings for Extreme Special Environments - Part 3 Basic Performance of Ceramic (Silicon Nitride) Bearings
Bearings for Extreme Special Environments - Part 3 Basic Performance of Ceramic (Silicon Nitride) Bearings H. TAKEBAYASHI * *Bearing Engineering Center, EXSEV Engineering Department Outlines of Koyo EXSEV
More informationEFFECT OF LASER PEENING ON FATIGUE PRPOERTIES FOR AIRCRAFT STRUCTURE PARTS
EFFECT OF LASER PEENING ON FATIGUE PRPOERTIES FOR AIRCRAFT STRUCTURE PARTS T. Adachi 1, H. Takehisa 1, M. Nakajima 1, Y. Sano 2 1 Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd., 1-1-11 Yonan, Utsunomiya, 320-8564, Japan 2
More informationChapter Outline: Failure
Chapter Outline: Failure How do Materials Break? Ductile vs. brittle fracture Principles of fracture mechanics Stress concentration Impact fracture testing Fatigue (cyclic stresses) Cyclic stresses, the
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. XVII International Colloquium on Mechanical Fatigue of Metals (ICMFM17)
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 74 ( 2014 ) 273 278 XVII International Colloquium on Mechanical Fatigue of Metals (ICMFM17) Shot peening intensity optimization
More informationMechanical behavior of crystalline materials- Comprehensive Behaviour
Mechanical behavior of crystalline materials- Comprehensive Behaviour In the previous lecture we have considered the behavior of engineering materials under uniaxial tensile loading. In this lecture we
More informationApplication of Mechanical Trimming to Hot Stamped 22MnB5 Parts for Energy Saving
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRECISION ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 1087-1093 JUNE 2014 / 1087 DOI: 10.1007/s12541-014-0441-7 Application of Mechanical Trimming to Hot Stamped 22MnB5 Parts
More informationFailure characterisation of Ti6Al4V gas turbine compressor blades
Computational Methods and Experiments in Materials Characterisation III 383 Failure characterisation of Ti6Al4V gas turbine compressor blades A. Kermanpur 1, H. Sepehri Amin 1, S. Ziaei Rad 2, N. Nourbakhshnia
More informationSTUDY THE INFLUENCE OF REVERSED BENDING FATIGUE TEST ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON STEEL ALLOYS
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 9, Issue 9, September 2018, pp. 220 229, Article ID: IJMET_09_09_027 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?jtype=ijmet&vtype=9&itype=9
More informationRESIDUAL STRESSES DUE TO DEEP-DRAWING OF PRE-COATED ALUMINUM-ALLOY SHEETS
Materials Science Forum Online: 005-07-15 ISSN: 166-975, Vols. 490-491, pp 35-363 doi:10.40/www.scientific.net/msf.490-491.35 005 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland RESIDUAL STRESSES DUE TO DEEP-DRAWING
More informationMahindra Research Valley (MRV) Testing Laboratories, Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd., Plot No. 41/1, Anjur P.O., Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu
Last Amended on - Page 1 of 8 I. AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS 1. Automotive Vibration Testing Methods for Automobile parts JIS D-1601: 1995 Amd. 2013 Load 0.2 kgf to 900 kgf Resonance Frequency Detection 5 Hz
More informationMECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS. Materials Science
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS Materials Science Stress Stress is a measure of the intensity of the internal forces acting within a deformable body. Mathematically, it is a measure of the average force
More informationISSN: ISO 9001:2008 Certified International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology (IJESIT)
ISSN: 2319-5967 Investigation on Hot Stamping Process for Door Beam of Ultra-High Strength Steel Hong Xu, Mourui Zhang, Zhengwei Gu, Xin Li Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University,
More informationEXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF CONCRETE BEHAVIOUR AT MESO-LEVEL DURING QUASI-STATIC SPLITTING TENSION
Size effect in concrete under tensile splitting - experiments and DEM analyses for different failure modes V International Conference on Particle-based Methods Fundamentals and Applications PARTICLES 2017
More informationExperimental and numerical analysis of the cold forming process of automotive suspension springs
Experimental and numerical analysis of the cold forming process of automotive suspension springs Berti Guido and Monti Manuel University of Padua, DTG, Stradella San Nicola 3, I-36100 Vicenza (Italy),
More informationMeasurement of the fiber stress distribution during pull-out test by means of micro-raman spectroscopy and FEM analysis
High Performance Structures and Materials III 131 Measurement of the fiber stress distribution during pull-out test by means of micro-raman spectroscopy and FEM analysis K. Tanaka 1, K. Minoshima 2 & H.
More informationFabrication of Short Alumina Fiber and In-situ Mg 2 Si Particle- Reinforced Magnesium Alloy Hybrid Composite and Its Strength Properties
Fabrication of Short Alumina Fiber and In-situ Mg 2 Si Particle- Reinforced Magnesium Alloy Hybrid Composite and Its Strength Properties K. Asano* and H. Yoneda* * Kinki University, Japan Abstract Magnesium
More informationFatigue in wheel and rail materials
Fatigue in wheel and rail materials Johan Ahlström Dept of Materials and Manufacturing Technology Chalmers Univ Tech, Sweden CHARMEC Chalmers Railway Mechanics Fatigue in wheel and rail materials Outline
More informationSANDVIK CHROMFLEX STRIP STEEL
SANDVIK CHROMFLEX STRIP STEEL DATASHEET Sandvik Chromflex is a family of hardened and tempered martensitic chromium steels characterized by: High strength combined with good shape High standard of surface
More information3. A copper-nickel diffusion couple similar to that shown in Figure 5.1a is fashioned. After a 700-h heat treatment at 1100 C (1373 K) the
ENT 145 Tutorial 3 1. A sheet of steel 1.8 mm thick has nitrogen atmospheres on both sides at 1200 C and is permitted to achieve a steady-state diffusion condition. The diffusion coefficient for nitrogen
More informationFracture and springback on Double Bulge Tube Hydro-Forming
American Journal of Applied Sciences 5 (8): -6, 28 ISSN 56-929 28 Science Publications Fracture and springback on Double Bulge Tube Hydro-Forming F. Djavanroodi, M. Gheisary Department of Mechanical Engineering,
More informationFatigue Crack Paths in Ferritic-Perlitic Ductile Cast Irons
Fatigue Crack Paths in Ferritic-Perlitic Ductile Cast Irons F. Iacoviello and V. Di Cocco Università di Cassino, Di.M.S.A.T., via G. Di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino (FR) ITALY, iacoviello@unicas.it ABSTRACT.
More informationMonday, May 05, Chapter 6. Fatigue Failure Resulting from Variable Loading. Dr. Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, PE
Monday, May 05, 2014 Chapter 6 Fatigue Failure Resulting from Variable Loading 1 Chapter Outline Introduction to Fatigue in Metals Approach to Fatigue Failure in Analysis and Design Fatigue-Life Methods
More informationSeismic performance of New Steel Concrete Composite Beam-Columns
Seismic performance of New Steel Concrete Composite Beam-Columns Toshiaki FUJIMOTO, Hiroshi KOMATSU, Tomoyuki SAKURADA & Noritaka MOROHASHI College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Japan SUMMARY:
More information