Universe of heat treatment. Hardening. Consulting. Contracting. HARD-INOX. For higher demands on wear and corrosion resistance.

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1 Universe of heat treatment. Hardening. Consulting. Contracting. HARD-INOX. For higher demands on wear and corrosion resistance. 1

2 The HARD-INOX program. Hardness OK but corrosion resistance too low? Corrosion resistance ideal yet wear too severe? Solution: HARD-INOX. The HARD-INOX program range increases the performance of stainless steels. Opportunities: Combination of high surface hardness with the utmost corrosion resistance An inexpensive stainless steel transforms into a high-performance steel Materials non-hardenable by conventional methods obtain a high surface hardness The base properties of the material remain largely unaffected Prerequisite: The base material has a minimum content of 11% Cr. HARD-INOX provides advantages: Increased surface hardness Improved corrosion resistance Reduced galling Enhanced scratch resistance Increased service life Improved spring properties No risk of flaking or spalling 2

3 Overview Objective Material Treatment Result Hard on the outside Very corrosion resistant High core strength Very corrosion resistant Hard on the inside Very corrosion resistant Non-magnetic Chromium steel Non-hardenable e.g Chromium steel Hardenable e.g Chromium-nickel steel Non-hardenable e.g HARD-INOX -P HARD-INOX -P HARD-INOX -S SH: HV NCHD: mm Corr.: very high SH: HV NCHD: mm Corr.: very high SH: DZ: Corr.: HV mm very high SH: NCHD/DZ: Corr: Surface hardness Hardening depth Corrosion resistance 3

4 The HARD-INOX -P process. 100 µm Microstructure following HARD-INOX -P treatment (1.4016). The surface zone transformed into martensite and became very corrosion resistant. Vacuum furnace with partial pressure of nitrogen. HARD-INOX -P stands for a heat treatment process in a vacuum furnace under partial pressure of nitrogen. The process is comparable to case hardening. Instead of the incorporation of carbon, the process enables a base material-dependent nitrogen incorporation of up to between 0.25 and 0.5 percent by weight. In doing so, the nitrogen atoms diffuse into the steel matrix and, enable the creation of a martensitic structure through transformation. The nitrogen remains in solution which means no nitride formation takes place on the surface. Therefore, the corrosion resistance of the material is not impaired at all. On the contrary: Due to the incorporation of nitrogen, the pitting resistance increases in some cases significantly which is demonstrated by the rise in the PREN index (Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number). Characteristics: High-temperature nitrogen case hardening Treatment at C over a period of a couple of hours, quenching, sub-zero treatment, tempering Simultaneous through hardening and nitrogen case hardening Material-dependent processing parameters require specific batches Nitrogen case depth controllable between 0.1 and 1.0 mm (up to 1.5 mm in exceptional cases) Potential for distortion of the component due to the high processing temperature Bulk processing possible 4

5 The HARD-INOX -S process. 100 µm S-phase generated by HARD-INOX -S treatment (1.4404). The surface zone became hard without loss of corrosion resistance. Nitriding furnace, evacuable. HARD-INOX -S stands for a nitriding / nitrocarburisation process at low temperatures. The process enables a nitrogen incorporation of up to 10 percent by weight. In doing so, the nitrogen atoms diffuse into the steel matrix and cause a massive distortion of the microstructure in the surface zone. This microstructure is called the S-phase and is seamless connected to the base material. The S-phase is supersaturated with nitrogen; however, this nitrogen remains in solution. Contrary to conventional nitriding (or nitrocarburisation), usually no nitrides are formed. Therefore, the corrosion resistance of the base material is not impaired. Characteristics: Low temperature nitriding / nitrocarburisation Treatment below 450 C over a period of approx. 30 hours Low impact on properties of base material Material-independent treatment parameters allow mixed batches Achievable hardening depth given by alloy Treatment is distortion free Bulk processing possible Pre-treatment: The surface quality of the workpiece prior to treatment has a significant impact upon the result. Rough surfaces promote discolorations and cold worked surface layers reduce the hardening depths and promote the formation of nitrides. Pre-treatment is recommended for the highest demands, either through removal of the impaired surface layer (grinding, electropolishing) or by solution annealing. 5

6 The HARD-INOX -P treatment. Advantages: The surface layer is wear and corrosion resistant, the core remains tough (depending on the base material) Inexpensive stainless steels reach the corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steels Important decision-making criteria: Distortion: As a result of the high temperature treatment, dimensional change and distortion can be expected (as is the case with conventional hardening) Post-processing: If case depth is sufficient, mechanical processing may be carried out after the treatment Embrittlement: The treatment may reduce the toughness, especially when dealing with filigree components or with components exhibiting severe cross-section changes and sharp-edged transitions. Therefore, base material with a high toughness shall be preferred (e.g in place of ) Application temperature: The treated components should only be used at temperatures below 400 C The magnetic properties of the base material may change slightly Applications: Fittings for waste water Ball bearings and sliding bearings Bushings Nozzles Cutlery Results following HARD-INOX -P treatment Material Structure Core hardness (HRC / HV) Surface hardness Hardening depth NCHD f < 20 HRC HV HV1 0,1 1,0 mm f HRC HV HV1 0,1 1,0 mm f < 20 HRC HV HV1 0,1 1,0 mm m HRC HV HV1 0,1 1,0 mm m HRC HV HV1 0,1 1,0 mm m HRC HV HV1 0,1 1,0 mm m HRC HV HV1 0,1 1,0 mm m HRC HV HV1 0,1 1,0 mm a < 20 HRC HV HV1 0,1 0,8 mm a < 20 HRC HV HV1 0,1 0,8 mm f: ferritic; m: martensitic; a: austenitic 6

7 Increase of the surface hardness and corrosion resistance of stainless steels through a HARD-INOX -P treatment Hardness [HRC] [HV] P, P, P P P P P P P P 200 Conventionally hardened (resp. core properties) Hard-Inox -P treated PREN = %Cr + 3,3%Mo + 16%N 150 Hardness profile with hardening depth NCHD following HARD-INOX -Ptreatment (1.4104) Hardness [HV] Surface hardness 650 HV NCHD + 20 HV Limit hardness 320 HV Core hardness 300 HV Distance from surface [mm] Improved corrosion resistance thanks to HARD-INOX -P (1.4021) Current-potential curves, measured on a polished surface with EC pen / 0.5 mol NaCI Current [µa] HARD-INOX -P treated Conventionally hardened Potential [V] 7

8 The HARD-INOX -S treatment. Advantages: Austenitic stainless steels, non-hardenable by conventional methods, become wear resistant while retaining their high corrosion resistance Improved friction resistance Ideal against fretting and galling Important decision-making criteria: Distortion/Dimensional change: The process is usually distortion-free. No post-processing required! Minimum volume increase in the range of microns Post-processing: Due to the low hardening depth, mechanical processing after heat treatment is not possible; except for: (electro-)polishing Steels containing molybdenum (1.44xx) achieve the best results Application temperature: The treated components should only be used at temperatures below 350 C Surface quality: Due to the heat treatment process, the visual aspect of the parts may change. However, these discolorations can be removed easily and impeccably (e.g. by means of (electro-) polishing or gentle vibratory grinding). Furthermore, when dealing with extremely fine surfaces (Ra 0.2 µm), the roughness might increase slightly (by one class at the most) The magnetic properties of the base material remain unchanged Applications: Fittings in food and chemical processings Valves Compression springs Fasterners Automotive injection pumps Hinges Hydraulic elements Results following HARD-INOX -S treatment Material Structure Core hardness (HRC / HV) Surface hardness Hardening depth DZ f < 20 HRC HV10 min. 900 HV0.1 0,005 0,020 mm f HRC HV10 min. 900 HV0.1 0,005 0,020 mm m HRC HV10 min. 900 HV0.1 0,005 0,020 mm m HRC HV10 min. 900 HV0.1 0,005 0,020 mm m HRC HV10 min. 900 HV0.1 0,005 0,020 mm m HRC HV10 min. 900 HV0.1 0,005 0,020 mm , a < 20 HRC HV10 min. 900 HV0.1 0,010 0,025 mm , a < 20 HRC HV10 min. 900 HV0.1 0,015 0,030 mm a < 20 HRC HV10 min. 900 HV0.1 0,010 0,025 mm f: ferritic; m: martensitic; a: austenitic 8

9 Increase of surface hardness and unchanged corrosion resistance of stainless steels through a HARD-INOX -S treatment Hardness [HV] S and S S S S S S and and S S [HRC] Non-treated / conventionally hardened Hard-Inox -S treated Hardness profile following HARD-INOX -S treatment (1.4435, with nanoindenter). Hardness [HV] Distance from the surface [µm] Unchanged high corrosion resistance following HARD-INOX -S-treatment (1.4435). Current-potential curves, measured on a polished surface with EC pen / 0.5 mol NaCI Current [µa] Non-treated Hard-Inox -S treated Potential [V]

10 Consulting and laboratory services. Use our concentrated heat treatment and materials science knowledge for your market advantage. In larger product development projects, we assume the task of heat treatment and materials engineering and, with our knowledge, help your products to achieve higher quality. Do not hesitate to contact us for assistance regarding your personal heat treatment processes including audits and validations. Thanks to our modern and versatile laboratory, the required quality control, analyses and examinations can also be carried out quickly. Consulting services Design consulting Expert opinions Validations Audits Process analyses QM consulting Laboratory services Metallographic examinations Damage inspections Hardness and crack detection testing Chemical analyses by spectroscopy Mechanical testing 20 µm Plasma-nitrided surface with compound layer (nitriding steel). 1 Corrosion measurements with EC pen. 2 Fully-automatic straightening plant. 3 Microstructure examinations under the microscope (magnification up to 1000x). 4 Robot-controlled ultrasonic testing of a brazed joint. 10

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12 Universe of heat treatment. Hardening. Consulting. Contracting. Härterei Gerster AG Güterstrasse 3, PO Box 4622 Egerkingen, Switzerland Phone Fax Gerster Technologie AG Güterstrasse 3, PO Box 4622 Egerkingen, Switzerland Phone Fax Quality management systems ISO 9001:2008 ISO 14001:2004 Environment ISO/TS 16949:2009 Automotive ISO 13485:2003 Medical 200/

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