Appendix 1 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (SI UNITS)

Transcription

1 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 987 Appendix 1 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (SI UNITS) Table A 1 Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties 988 Table A 2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases 989 Table A 3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods 992 Table A 4 Saturated water Temperature table 994 Table A 5 Saturated water Pressure table 996 Table A 6 Superheated water 998 Table A 7 Compressed liquid water 1002 Table A 8 Saturated ice water vapor 1003 Figure A 9 T-s diagram for water 1004 Figure A 10 Mollier diagram for water 1005 Table A 11 Saturated refrigerant-134a Temperature table 1006 Table A 12 Saturated refrigerant-134a Pressure table 1008 Table A 13 Superheated refrigerant-134a 1009 Figure A 14 P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a 1011 Table A 15 Properties of saturated water 1012 Table A 16 Properties of saturated refrigerant-134a 1013 Table A 17 Properties of saturated ammonia 1014 Table A 18 Properties of saturated propane 1015 Table A 19 Properties of liquids 1016 Table A 20 Properties of liquid metals 1017 Table A 21 Ideal-gas properties of air 1018 Table A 22 Properties of air at 1 atm pressure 1020 Table A 23 Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure 1021 Table A 24 Properties of solid metals 1023 Table A 25 Properties of solid non-metals 1026 Table A 26 Emissivities of surfaces 1027 Figure A 27 The Moody Chart 1029 Figure A 28 Nelson-Obert generalized compressibility chart

2 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences TABLE A 1 Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties Gas Critical-point properties Molar mass, constant, Temperature, Pressure, Volume, Substance Formula M kg/kmol R kj/kg K* K MPa m 3 /kmol Air Ammonia NH Argon Ar Benzene C 6 H Bromine Br n-butane C 4 H Carbon dioxide CO Carbon monoxide CO Carbon tetrachloride CCl Chlorine Cl Chloroform CHCl Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) CCl 2 F Dichlorofluoromethane (R-21) CHCl 2 F Ethane C 2 H Ethyl alcohol C 2 H 5 OH Ethylene C 2 H Helium He n-hexane C 6 H Hydrogen (normal) H Krypton Kr Methane CH Methyl alcohol CH 3 OH Methyl chloride CH 3 Cl Neon Ne Nitrogen N Nitrous oxide N 2 O Oxygen O Propane C 3 H Propylene C 3 H Sulfur dioxide SO Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) CF 3 CH 2 F Trichlorofluoromethane (R-11) CCl 3 F Water H 2 O Xenon Xe *The unit kj/kg K is equivalent to kpa m 3 /kg K. The gas constant is calculated from R R u /M, where R u kj/kmol K and M is the molar mass. Source: K. A. Kobe and R. E. Lynn, Jr., Chemical Review 52 (1953), pp ; and ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), pp and 36.1.

3 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 989 Appendix TABLE A 2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases (a) At 300 K Gas constant, R c p c v Gas Formula kj/kg K kj/kg K kj/kg K k Air Argon Ar Butane C 4 H Carbon dioxide CO Carbon monoxide CO Ethane C 2 H Ethylene C 2 H Helium He Hydrogen H Methane CH Neon Ne Nitrogen N Octane C 8 H Oxygen O Propane C 3 H Steam H 2 O Note: The unit kj/kg K is equivalent to kj/kg C. Source: Chemical and Process Thermodynamics 3/E by Kyle, B. G., Adapted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.

4 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences TABLE A 2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases (Continued) (b) At various temperatures c p c v c p c v c p c v Temperature, kj/kg K kj/kg K k kj/kg K kj/kg K k kj/kg K kj/kg K k K Air Carbon dioxide, CO 2 Carbon monoxide, CO Hydrogen, H 2 Nitrogen, N 2 Oxygen, O Source: Kenneth Wark, Thermodynamics, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), p. 783, Table A 4M. Originally published in Tables of Thermal Properties of Gases, NBS Circular 564, 1955.

5 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 991 Appendix TABLE A 2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases (Concluded) (c) As a function of temperature _ c p a bt ct 2 dt 3 (T in K, c p in kj/kmol K) % error Temperature Substance Formula a b c d range, K Max. Avg. Nitrogen N Oxygen O Air Hydrogen H Carbon monoxide CO Carbon dioxide CO Water vapor H 2 O Nitric oxide NO Nitrous oxide N 2 O Nitrogen dioxide NO Ammonia NH Sulfur S Sulfur dioxide SO Sulfur trioxide SO Acetylene C 2 H Benzene C 6 H Methanol CH 4 O Ethanol C 2 H 6 O Hydrogen chloride HCl Methane CH Ethane C 2 H Propane C 3 H n-butane C 4 H i-butane C 4 H n-pentane C 5 H n-hexane C 6 H Ethylene C 2 H Propylene C 3 H Source: Chemical and Process Thermodynamics 3/E by Kyle, B. G., Adapted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.

6 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences TABLE A 3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods (a) Liquids Boiling data at 1 atm Freezing data Liquid properties Normal Latent heat of Latent heat Specific boiling vaporization Freezing of fusion Temperature, Density heat Substance point, C h fg, kj/kg point, C h if, kj/kg C r, kg/m 3 c p, kj/kg K Ammonia Argon Benzene Brine (20% sodium chloride by mass) n-butane Carbon dioxide 78.4* (at 0 C) Ethanol Ethyl alcohol Ethylene glycol Glycerine Helium Hydrogen Isobutane Kerosene Mercury , Methane Methanol Nitrogen Octane Oil (light) Oxygen Petroleum Propane Refrigerant-134a Water * Sublimation temperature. (At pressures below the triple-point pressure of 518 kpa, carbon dioxide exists as a solid or gas. Also, the freezing-point temperature of carbon dioxide is the triple-point temperature of 56.5 C.)

7 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 993 TABLE A 3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods (Concluded) (b) Solids (values are for room temperature unless indicated otherwise) Appendix Density, Specific heat, Density, Specific heat, Substance r kg/m 3 c p kj/kg K Substance r kg/m 3 c p kj/kg K Metals Nonmetals Aluminum Asphalt K Brick, common K Brick, fireclay (500 C) K 2, Concrete K Clay K Diamond K Glass, window K Glass, pyrex Bronze (76% Cu, 2% Zn, 8, Graphite % Al) Granite Brass, yellow (65% Cu, 8, Gypsum or plaster board % Zn) Ice Copper 200 K C K C K C K C K C 8, Limestone C Marble C Plywood (Douglas Fir) Iron 7, Rubber (soft) Lead 11, Rubber (hard) Magnesium 1, Sand Nickel 8, Stone Silver 10, Woods, hard (maple, oak, etc.) Steel, mild 7, Woods, soft (fir, pine, etc.) Tungsten 19, (c) Foods Specific heat, Specific heat, kj/kg K Latent kj/kg K Latent Water heat of Water heat of content, Freezing Above Below fusion, content, Freezing Above Below fusion, Food % (mass) point, C freezing freezing kj/kg Food % (mass) point, C freezing freezing kj/kg Apples Lettuce Bananas Milk, whole Beef round Oranges Broccoli Potatoes Butter Salmon fish Cheese, swiss Shrimp Cherries Spinach Chicken Strawberries Corn, sweet Tomatoes, ripe Eggs, whole Turkey Ice cream Watermelon Source: Values are obtained from various handbooks and other sources or are calculated. Water content and freezing-point data of foods are from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals, SI version (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), Chapter 30, Table 1. Freezing point is the temperature at which freezing starts for fruits and vegetables, and the average freezing temperature for other foods.

8 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences TABLE A 4 Saturated water Temperature table Specific volume, Internal energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, m 3 /kg kj/kg kj/kg kj/kg K Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Temp., press., liquid, vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, T C P sat kpa v f v g u f u fg u g h f h fg h g s f s fg s g (Continued)

9 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 995 TABLE A 4 Saturated water Temperature table (Continued) Appendix Specific volume, Internal energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, m 3 /kg kj/kg kj/kg kj/kg K Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Temp., press., liquid, vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, T C P sat kpa v f v g u f u fg u g h f h fg h g s f s fg s g , , , , , , , , , , , , , Source: Tables A 4 through A 8 are generated using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. The routine used in calculations is the highly accurate Steam_IAPWS, which incorporates the 1995 Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use, issued by The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS). This formulation replaces the 1984 formulation of Haar, Gallagher, and Kell (NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Co., 1984), which is also available in EES as the routine STEAM. The new formulation is based on the correlations of Saul and Wagner (J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 893, 1987) with modifications to adjust to the International Temperature Scale of The modifications are described by Wagner and Pruss (J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22, 783, 1993). The properties of ice are based on Hyland and Wexler, Formulations for the Thermodynamic Properties of the Saturated Phases of H 2 O from K to K, ASHRAE Trans., Part 2A, Paper 2793, 1983.

10 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences TABLE A 5 Saturated water Pressure table Specific volume, Internal energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, m 3 /kg kj/kg kj/kg kj/kg K Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Press., temp., liquid, vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, P kpa T sat C v f v g u f u fg u g h f h fg h g s f s fg s g (Continued)

11 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 997 TABLE A 5 Saturated water Pressure table (Continued) Appendix Specific volume, Internal energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, m 3 /kg kj/kg kj/kg kj/kg K Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Press., temp., liquid, vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, P kpa T sat C v f v g u f u fg u g h f h fg h g s f s fg s g , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

12 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences TABLE A 6 Superheated water T v u h s v u h s v u h s C m 3 /kg kj/kg kj/kg kj/kg K m 3 /kg kj/kg kj/kg kj/kg K m 3 /kg kj/kg kj/kg kj/kg K P 0.01 MPa (45.81 C)* P 0.05 MPa (81.32 C) P 0.10 MPa (99.61 C) Sat P 0.20 MPa ( C) P 0.30 MPa ( C) P 0.40 MPa ( C) Sat P 0.50 MPa ( C) P 0.60 MPa ( C) P 0.80 MPa ( C) Sat *The temperature in parentheses is the saturation temperature at the specified pressure. Properties of saturated vapor at the specified pressure.

13 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 999 TABLE A 6 Appendix Superheated water (Continued) T v u h s v u h s v u h s C m 3 /kg kj/kg kj/kg kj/kg K m 3 /kg kj/kg kj/kg kj/kg K m 3 /kg kj/kg kj/kg kj/kg K P 1.00 MPa ( C) P 1.20 MPa ( C) P 1.40 MPa ( C) Sat P 1.60 MPa ( C) P 1.80 MPa ( C) P 2.00 MPa ( C) Sat P 2.50 MPa ( C) P 3.00 MPa ( C) P 3.50 MPa ( C) Sat

14 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences TABLE A 6 Superheated water (Continued) T v u h s v u h s v u h s C m 3 /kg kj/kg kj/kg kj/kg K m 3 /kg kj/kg kj/kg kj/kg K m 3 /kg kj/kg kj/kg kj/kg K P 4.0 MPa ( C) P 4.5 MPa ( C) P 5.0 MPa ( C) Sat P 6.0 MPa ( C) P 7.0 MPa ( C) P 8.0 MPa ( C) Sat P 9.0 MPa ( C) P 10.0 MPa ( C) P 12.5 MPa ( C) Sat

15 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 1001 TABLE A 6 Appendix Superheated water (Concluded) T v u h s v u h s v u h s C m 3 /kg kj/kg kj/kg kj/kg K m 3 /kg kj/kg kj/kg kj/kg K m 3 /kg kj/kg kj/kg kj/kg K P 15.0 MPa ( C) P 17.5 MPa ( C) P 20.0 MPa ( C) Sat P 25.0 MPa P 30.0 MPa P 35.0 MPa P 40.0 MPa P 50.0 MPa P 60.0 MPa

16 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences TABLE A 7 Compressed liquid water T v u h s v u h s v u h s C m 3 /kg kj/kg kj/kg kj/kg K m 3 /kg kj/kg kj/kg kj/kg K m 3 /kg kj/kg kj/kg kj/kg K P 5 MPa ( C) P 10 MPa ( C) P 15 MPa ( C) Sat P 20 MPa ( C) P 30 MPa P 50 MPa Sat