GEOLOGY 333 LAB 14. Lab Final Exam See information sheet for details
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1 GEOLOGY 333 LAB 14 X-RAY DIFFRACTION OF EVERYDAY MATERIALS Lab Final Exam See information sheet for details! Next week during Lab (10 am - noon, May 2, 69 CAB).! 25% of Lab grade, out of 65 points plus 4 extra credit points! Mineral characterization and identification in hand sample and thin section (2 samples, 12 points total); exam handout provided! Rock characterization and identification in hand sample and thin section (3 samples, 33 points total)! Short answer questions (5 questions, 20 points total)! Extra Credit - Mineral and rock identification in hand sample (4 samples, 4 points total) 1
2 Principles of X-rays and X-ray Diffraction X-rays - electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths of m Discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Röntgen Short wavelength (high frequency), high energy Principles of X-ray Diffraction X-ray diffraction (XRD) = coherent scattering of x-rays from atoms within crystalline solids (minerals) Coherent scattering = x-rays change direction after passing through crystal but x-ray waves (peaks and troughs) remain aligned 2
3 Importance of X-rays Imaging inside objects Medical radiography, computed tomography (CT) scanning Airport security Importance of X-ray Diffraction Mineral Characterization Mineral identification, especially fine-grained minerals Mineral abundance in rock Chemical composition of mineral Crystal structure of mineral 3
4 Other Methods of Mineral Characterization Dozens of methods to analyze chemical composition (including isotopes), crystal structure, crystal shape of minerals Many kinds of spectroscopic methods (interaction between matter and radiated energy), e.g., infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, atomic force microscopy, X-ray spectroscopy (energy and wavelength dispersive), inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, MANY others Infrared spectra of minerals Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer Generation of X-rays X-ray tube - heat metal filament, electrons accelerated away by high voltage to metal target X-rays produced: a) when electrons get slowed down (continuous x- rays, Bremsstrahlung) and b) when inner-shell electrons of metal target are ejected (characteristic x-rays) 4
5 X-ray Diffraction Coherent scattering (X-ray diffraction) happens only at special angles (Bragg angle); diffracted x-rays must be in phase with each other Constructive interference (XRD peak) Destructive interference (no XRD peak) Bragg s Law Bragg s law relates Bragg angle to d-spacing in mineral 5
6 X-ray Diffractometer X-ray diffractometer collects XRD data Shine x-rays on sample and collect diffracted x-rays at various angles Mineral ID Using XRD Data - Fluorite Mark 2θ peak position for XRD peaks Solve for d-spacing using table provided in Lab Exercise #14 Measure relative intensity for XRD peaks (observed intensity/maximum peak intensity); assume maximum peak intensity = 10 Compare observed d-spacings and relative intensities with d-spacings and relative intensities of minerals in database XRD intensity 28.3, 3.15 Å I/I max = , 1.93 Å I/I max = , 1.65 Å I/I max = 2 Degrees 2θ 6
7 Mineral ID Using XRD Data - Lab #14 For each XRD pattern (on p. 4, 5, 6), determine position of XRD peaks (in degrees 2 theta) with an asterisk (*) above. Record 2θ peak positions on p. 2 under column 2θ measured, entering measured 2θ value in same row as closest 2θ value in adjacent column 2θ ideal. Determine relative intensity of XRD peaks with an asterisk (*) above. Assign largest XRD peak an intensity value of 10; ratio other peak intensities to largest peak. Record relative intensity of each peak on p. 2 under column Relative Intensity. Using tables on p. 7 and 8, convert 2θ measured peak positions to d- value measured; also, convert 2θ ideal peak positions to d-value ideal. Enter all d-values on p. 2. Mineral ID Using XRD Data - Lab #14 Match set of ideal d-values and its relative peak intensities with XRD data of one mineral on p. 3. Enter each mineral name (and cleanser name) and hardness on page 2. Answer Questions 2 and 3 on p. 3. 7
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