Chapter 6 of Heinsohn & Cimbala: Useful Figures and Tables John M. Cimbala, Penn State University. Latest update: 30 October 2017

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1 Chapter 6 of Heinsohn & Cimbala: Useful Figures and Tables John M. Cimbala, Penn State University. Latest update: 30 October 207 Table 6. Capture velocities (abstracted from ACGIH, 200). characteristics of contaminant emission examples capture velocity (FPM). contaminant enters quiescent air with degreasing tank, evaporation negligible velocity 2. contaminant enters slightly moving air welding, vessel filling with a low velocity 3. contaminant actively generated and enters spray painting, stone crushers rapidly moving air 4. contaminant air enters rapidly at high velocity grinding, abrasive blasting Lower values of capture velocity: - room air movement minimal or conducive to capture - contaminants of low toxicity - intermittent use or low production rates - large hood and large mass of air moved Upper values of capture velocity: - adverse room air movement - contaminants of high toxicity - heavy use and high production rates - small hood and small mass of air moved

2 Figure 6.8 Velocity isopleths (curves of constant U/Uface, %) for an unflanged rectangular opening, aspect ratio :0 (adapted from Baturin, 972).

3 Figure 6.9 Velocity isopleths (curves of constant U/Uface, %) and decay of U(x,0)/Uface (along the centerline, %) for a plain circular opening (adapted from ASHRAE HVAC Applications Handbook, 995).

4 Figure 6.0 Velocity isopleths (curves of constant U/Uface, %) for a flanged circular opening (adapted from ASHRAE HVAC Applications Handbook, 995). Table 6.2 Hazard potential and rate of contaminant evolution (abstracted from ACGIH, 200). hazard health standard for gas or health standard for mist flash point ( o F) potential vapor (PPM) (mg/m 3 ) A 0 to 0 0 to 0. - B to to.0 under 00 C 0 to 500. to 0 00 to 200 D over 500 over 0 over 200 rate liquid temperature ( F) degrees below boiling evaporation time gassing 2 ( F) (hr) over to 20 0 to 3 (fast) high 2 50 to to 50 3 to 2 (medium) medium 3 94 to 49 5 to 00 2 to 50 (slow) low 4 under 94 over 00 over 50 (nil) nil time for 00% evaporation 2 extent to which gas or vapor are generated: rate depends on the physical process and the solution concentration and temperature

5 Table 6.3 Minimum control velocities (FPM) for undisturbed locations (abstracted from ACGIH, 200). class enclosing hood canopy hood lateral side 2 sides hood open open 3 sides 4 sides open open A 2, A do not use do not use A3 2, B, B2, C B3 3, C2 3, D A4 2, C3 3, D B4, C4, D3 3, D4 adequate general room ventilation required use Table 6.4 to compute the volumetric flow rate 2 do not use a canopy hood for hazard potential A processes 3 where complete control of hot water is desired, design as next highest class 4 use =.4(PD) control velocity, where P is hood perimeter and D is distance between vessel and hood face Table 6.4 Minimum volumetric flow rates per unit surface area (CFM/ft 2 ) for lateral exhaust systems (abstracted from ACGIH, 200). control velocity (FPM) 2 aspect ratio = tank width/tank length (W/L) tank against wall or baffled free-standing tank use half width to compute W/L for inlet along tank centerline or two parallel sides of tank 2 inlet slot along the long side (L); if 6 < L <0 ft, multiple takeoffs are desirable; if L > 0 ft, multiple takeoffs in plenum are necessary if: - W = 20 inches: slot on one side is suitable - 20 < W < 36 inches: slots on both sides are desirable - 36 < W < 48 inches: slots on both sides are necessary unless all other conditions are optimum - W > 48 inches: lateral exhausts are not usually practical, use push-pull or enclosures - it is undesirable to use lateral exhaust when W/L > and not practical when W/L > 2 3 while control velocities of 50 FPM may not be achieved, 250 CFM/ft 2 is considered adequate for control

6 Table 6.5 Metal surface treatment processes (adapted from ACGIH, 200). process bath emission T ( F) class anodizing: aluminum H2SO4 H2, acid mist B etching: aluminum NaOH, NA2CO3, Na3PO4 alkaline mist C copper HCl HCl A2 pickling: aluminum HNO3 oxides of nitrogen A2 copper H2SO4 acid mist, steam B3, B2 monel & nickel HCl acid mist, steam 80 A2 stainless H2SO4 acid mist, steam 80 B cleaning: alkaline sodium salts alkaline mist C2, C degreasing trichloroethylene vapor B degreasing perchloroethylene vapor B electroplating: platinum NH4PO4 & NH3(g) NH3(g) B2 copper NaOH, cyanide salts cyanide, alkaline 0-60 C2 chromium chromic acid chromic acid mist A nickel HF, NH4F acid mist 02 A3 stripping: gold H2SO4 acid mist B3, B2 nickel HCl acid mist A3 silver HNO3 oxides of nitrogen A at high temperature, an alkaline or acid bath produces a mist of similar composition S B B H 0 o evaporating liquid W S S S L into page (L > W) blowing jet area (AB, ft 2 ) blowing plenum cross sectional area > 3AB blowing slot width (SB, in): /8 SB /4 or, /4 diameter holes, spaced holes 3/4 to 2 apart blowing volumetric flow rate: B/L = 243(AB/L) 0.5 ACFM/ft, where AB/L is in units of (ft 2 /ft) suction opening: AS = LSS ft 2 suction slot width: SS = 0.4 W suction volumetric flow rate: depends on liquid temperature, i.e., T 50 F, S/LW = 75. ACFM/ft 2 T > 50 F, S/LW = [0.40T( F) + 5.] ACFM/ft 2 Figure 6.3 Push pull ventilation system for an open surface vessel for widths up to 0 ft (abstracted from ACGIH, 988 and 998).

7 Friction factor for major losses (losses in long straight sections of pipe or duct): Graphical estimate the Moody Chart: [Figure from Cengel and Cimbala, Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, Ed. 4.] f A B Re Empirical equation the Churchill Equation: = 8 + ( + ) ε A = ln Re D 6 and B = Re 4A c 6, where. Darcy friction factor, 2 LV =. hl,major f D 2 g For non-circular ducts, use hydraulic diameter, Dh =, where Ac is the cross-sectional area of the duct p and p is the wetted perimeter (always the entire perimeter for air flows).

8 Minor Loss Coefficients for various entrances, elbows, and expansions: Note: We use KL as the minor loss coefficient in fluids class, but in HVAC we use C0. KL = C0. loss coefficient C0 for round duct mounted in wall L/D t/d ED- duct mounted in wall t L D (a) CD3-9 elbow 5 gore 90 degree r/d =.5 r D CD3-0 elbow 7 gore 90 degree r/d = 2.5 r D D (mm) C0, CD C0, CD (b) Figure 6.29 Fitting loss coefficients: (a) duct mounted in a wall (also called a re-entrant inlet); (b) round 90- degree elbows: 5 gore, r/d =.5 and 7 gore, r/d = 2.5 (abstracted from ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook, 997).

9 ED2- conical diffuser round to plenum D 0 θ H A 0 =πd 02 /4 (round) L A =H W (rectangular) loss coefficient C0 at listed values of A/A0 and L/D0 A/A0 L/D optimum value of angle θ (degrees) at listed values of A/A0 and L/D0 A/A0 L/D Figure 6.30 Fitting loss coefficients for an ED2- conical diffuser (abstracted from ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook, 997).

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