1. The History of Metals CHECKPOINT: Metals Through History

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1 1. The History of Metals CHECKPOINT: Outline and examine some uses of different metals through history, including contemporary uses, as uncombined metals or as alloys Analyse information to relate the chronology of the Bronze Age, the Iron Age and the modern era and possible future developments Identify why there are more metals available for people to use now than there were 200 years ago Metals Through History Gold was the earliest of the metals to be discovered (Stone age), and people used it to make jewelry. Explain why the use of gold was limited. Copper was the first metal used to make tools and weapons as it was stronger and harder then gold

2 Define annealing and explain why was it used on copper. Question 1 (3 marks) Name 2 early metals used by humans and assess the reason for their uses

3 Smelting of Copper and other Metal Ores Smelting is process where the ore is reduced through used a reducing agent For smelting copper the reducing agent was charcoal Explain how charcoal reduces copper on an atomic level. The chemical equation for smelting copper is: Question 1 (2 marks) Explain why smelting is a chemical process

4 The Bronze and Iron Age Bronze Age Bronze is an alloy a mixture of copper and tin Discuss why bronze is more superior then copper in building weapons. Bronze with 10% tin had a melting point of 950 Copper had a melting point of 1083 Recasting and the shaping of bronze was easier then copper Iron Age During the middle ages the use of bronze declined as the technology for producing iron became more efficient and cheaper How do we produce iron? Fe! O! (Hematite) can be reduced by carbon at temperatures above Carbon monoxide is produced by reacting charcoal with oxygen 6C (s) + 3O 2(g) 6CO (g) 2. The carbon monoxide reacts with the hematite to form: Producing iron ore was common in 1200BC To produce the high temperatures required workers forced air into the kiln to encourage more rapid burning and therefore a faster release of heat

5 Question 1 (2 marks) Justify why bronze was more commonly used then copper to produce weapons Question 2 (2 marks) Discuss why Iron became the more favoured then bronze

6 Metals in the Last 200 Years There are three main reasons why there are more metals were discovered in the last 200 years then ever before: Technology High temperature environments could be created to extract metals that couldn t be previously extracted Decomposition through electrolysis was discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy Before 1800, the main method to produce relatively high temperatures was carbon heating but these temperatures are not enough to produce the metals of today Metallurgy The improvement of metallurgical skills for making and testing new alloys led to the incorporation of a wider range of metals into everyday products Scientists began to experiment with different metals to determine the outputs if two metals were combined e.g Titanium - Titanium was not widely used on it s own as a metal but when it was discovered that when titanium is combined with limited amounts of other metals, it becomes extremely hard, has hightensile strength and is very light, its use expanded rapidly. - Titanium alloys became the backbone of modern jet and aircrafts. With the improvement of metallurgical skills to create new alloys, a wider range of metals are available Costs - In the past it was relatively expensive to extract metals from their ores - An example of this can be seen with aluminium. The major cost in extracting aluminium is the electricity used for the electrolysis and for keeping the electrolyte molten - During the twentieth century the price of electricity fell steadily and this improved the competitive position of aluminium relative to steel, so it became used more prominently - Thus the reducing cost of extracting the metal is another reason why more metals are available for people to use now

7 Question 1 (5 marks) Discuss reasons why more metals were discovered in the last 200 years then in the last 2000 years

8 2. Extracting Metal CHECKPOINT: Explain why energy input is necessary to extract a metal from its ore Definitions Define the following terms: Ore Mineral Alloy There are three steps in extracting a metal from ore: 1. Identification of metal ore deposit 2. The metal ore is mined 3. The metal ore is processed in which the metal is separated from the ore

9 What are two main methods of extracting metal from ore? Properties of Metal Energy is required to break bonds and to understand how metal ores break bonds we need to look at the chemical property of metals: - How many valency electrons do metals have? - Why are some metals found in combined and uncombined forms? - When do metals become positive ions?

10 Question 1 Draw a labeled diagram of what happens to metals when energy is absorbed and released. Question 2 a) When metals are smelted is it an oxidisation or reduction reaction? b) Do you lose or gain electrons during reduction? c) How are metals reduced during smelting and is energy released or used?

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