STAINLESS STEELS. Chromium and nickel content in the various groups of stainless steels

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "STAINLESS STEELS. Chromium and nickel content in the various groups of stainless steels"

Transcription

1 These steels contain a high percentage of chromium and sometimes other alloys and have been designed to prevent different types of corrosion. There are two kinds of corrosion: dry corrosion (often named high-temperature corrosion or oxidation) and wet corrosion, which can be observed in liquid environments (or when the metal becomes coated with liquid condensate). The hot corrosion resistance of stainless steels is connected with the creation of a thin and adherent passive surface layer, which avoids further attack against the material. The wet corrosion process is by contrast an electrochemical process and the corrosion resistance of stainless steels is due to the formation of a passive surface layer which, in order to take shape, requires a chromium content of about 12%. The formation of this passive state deeply changes because of various factors such as: steel type, its chemical composition, material state, heat treatment conditions, surface finishing, and so on. For each type of stainless steel this layer has to be continuous and adherent to the surface, nonporous and insoluble, able to recover itself every time it breaks down if exposed to air or to the action of oxidizing environments. The structure of these metallic materials is extremely important and determines their classification into the following groups: ferritic, martensitic, austenitic, austenitic-ferritic and precipitation hardening. Chromium and nickel content in the various groups of stainless steels Ferritic steels. These steels have no critical points and their structure is guaranteed by a low carbon content and a high percentage of chromium. They have a good heat resistance and are suitable for oxidizing environments. They are used even at ambient temperature. Their toughness drops considerably at low temperatures. They do not have critical points and are not, therefore, susceptible to hardening. They are normally used in a recrystallizing annealed state.

2 Martensitic steels. Their name comes from the fact that they are the only stainless steels that have critical points (Ad, Ac3) and therefore, after hardening, they adopt such a structure. Because of the chromium presence both the isotherm and anisotherm curves shift towards the right and for this reason the martensitic structure can also be obtained through air cooling. As for the steels for quenching and tempering, their best properties can be obtained after quenching and tempering treatment; it is very important to pay attention to this last treatment because of the precipitation of chromium carbides that can alter their corrosion resistance. Austenitic steels. The austenitic structure is stable at ambient temperature thanks to the simultaneous presence of chromium and nickel together with the low carbon content. They are the most commonly used in several aggressive environments, at low and high operating temperatures. Solubilization is their usual heat treatment state. The use of cold-drawn steel bars is very common because this cold process gives the desired bench hardening, enhancing the resistance characteristics. Effect of section reduction on mechanical properties for stable and unstable austenitic stainless steel. In order to facilitate cold processing and to avoid exceeding the work hardening, oxalating treatments are carried out in order to form bearings between the metal surface and the dies, thereby reducing friction to a minimum. The mechanical resistance may also be increased through the addition of nitrogen and molybdenum. A smooth and uniform surface, with an extremely low roughness value considerably increases their corrosion resistance. Austenitic/Ferritic steels. These products, which are commonly known as duplex steels, contain chromium, nickel, molybdenum, nitrogen and, in some cases, have a two-phase structure, made up by austenitic islands in ferritic matrix more or less in the same number. The main characteristics of these steels are excellent corrosion strength under stress and a high yield point. Precipitation hardening steels. These steels are of the PH (Precipitation Hardening) series. Hardening is achieved by means of subsequent reheating at temperatures which are not very high ( C). Their main characteristic is the quite good corrosion resistance, coupled with excellent mechanical properties. The elements mainly used to harden these steels are: titanium (Ti), niobium (Nb), nitrogen (N), aluminium (Al) copper (Cu). This category also includes martensitic, austenitic and half-austenitic steel types. Due to their high cost, their use is essentially limited to sectors such as aerospace and energy production, which require a high resistance and excellent elongation. E.g PH after solubilization and aging for one hour at 480 C: R = 1250 N/mm2; A% = 13.

3 Other comments on stainless steels Some decarburization is not harmful for ferritic and austenitic steels, but it is for martensitic steels, whilst carbon enrichment is harmful for all of them. In the case of treatment with gas, it is necessary to adopt all measures necessary to avoid hydrogen absorption, due to the well-known embrittlement effect. Ferritic and austenitic steels which are not hardenable because of the lack of critical points, can modify their yield and breaking load with work hardening. Martensitic steels offer the best mechanical characteristics. The following table shows a comparison of their characteristics. AUSTENITIC STEELS AISI The most economic chemical composition is the one with 8% nickel and 18% chromium. The most common heat treatment is solubilization (water cooling from 1050 C). These steels resist well in oxidizing environments but are subject to stress phenomena and pitting corrosion. Protection with paints, even of an antifouling type, is not recommended since it is useless and sometimes harmful. It should also be noted that the cleaning must be appropriate, in order not to damage the passive layer. The protective layer may sometimes be damaged. In these cases, the passive layer will reform quickly and effectively after pickling. These steels are insensitive to brittle fracture in the solubilized condition. They are also suitable for uses at cryogenic temperatures. AISI 303. This is an improved machinability steel with the addition of sulphur ( %) which significant improves chip removal. Sulphur favours the formation of cracks (hot crack) and reduces corrosion resistance. Welding will have to be done very carefully. Applications: nuts, bolts and screws, machinery and equipment in general. AISI 304. This is the most common stainless steel and is an exceptional type of steel in terms of weldability and plasticity, with good corrosion resistance in many environments. It is known that cold-drawing leads to an increase in tensile strength, in proportion to the reduction carried out. Subsequent tempering at C will improve yield stress and elongation. The toughness at low temperatures is good, the tensile strength increases with the reduction in temperature (e.g. -80 C R = 1100 N/mm2; -150 C R = 1900 N/mm2) whilst still maintaining elongation values of 24% and an impact strength of 150 J at -150 C. Applications: petrochemical and chemical sector, nuclear plants, architectural components, food and drinks containers, kitchen equipment, medical industry, sanitary fittings. AISI 316. Austenitic steel with presence of molybdenum. It is suitable for use at high temperatures and has a high resistance to different types of corrosion, even better than AISI 304. Applications: chemical and petrochemical industry, gas bottles, aircraft, springs, artificial silk textile sector, food industry, photographic sector and paper manufacture.

4 Metallurgica Veneta experience: AISI 316 Ø X 4300 cold-drawn/solubilized transformation by further deformation to Ø with a reduction ratio 14.1%. Note that even with a small reduction, the effect of cold-drawing has reached the core, increasing hardness by 36 HB points. MARTENSITIC STEELS This family includes other types: low carbon steels (416), medium-carbon steels (420) and nickel steels (431). These are the only stainless steels that can be quenched and tempered thanks to their critical points, thereby reaching the most desired mechanical values depending on the tempering or stress-relieving temperatures. AISI 416. This steel is produced with the addition of sulphur in order to improve its machinability. It is known as a free cutting stainless steel. It is one of the most commonly used steels in the very aggressive environments of the chemical industry, where safety is an extremely important issue. The best corrosion resistance is obtained in the hardened and stress relieved state, or in the quenched and tempered state, hearing in mind that the corrosion resistance drops when the tempering temperature increases considering the low thermal conductivity of all kinds of martensitic steels, it is necessary to pre-heat large parts of these steels, for quite long periods at 400 C and at 650 C, before reaching the quenching temperature. Applications: shafts, motors and pumps, mechanical and micro-mechanical parts, electricity turbines, hydraulic valves, sports equipment and the chemical industry. AISI 420. This steel has self-hardening properties and is used in the quenched and tempered state in the same way as steels for quenching and tempering. It takes a structure of decomposition of the martensite which enables very high mechanical characteristics to be reached, like those of constructional steels. Its resistance to not too aggressive chemical agents is quite good, but lower than ferritic steels. On the other hand, its good mechanical characteristics make it suitable for use where large efforts and not too intense corrosive actions are present. The hot working of these steels is quite delicate. Very slow heating must be carried out they have less thermal conductivity than normal steels. After hot transformation, cooling must be very slow due to its self-hardening characteristics. The tendency to grain enlargement is lower than in ferritic steels. As for heat treatments, the same recommendations given for hot transformation apply: quenching in water should be avoided and cooling should be carried out either in polymers or in forced air. Applications: mechanisms subject to marine corrosion, cutlery, dental and surgical Instruments, special bearings without anti-corrosion grease, hydraulic and gas turbines.

5 AISI 431. The presence of nickel ( %) gives this steel a completely martensitic structure after quenching and tempering. It can not undergo full annealing as extremely slow and non-economic cooling would be necessary. Moreover, the material could be weakened since it should go through the indicated temperatures. They can be annealed in two different ways: refer to the temperatures indicated in the technical card. Even if some reference standards envisage normalization, it should be noted that martensitic steels hardly ever go through this type of heat treatment. Quenching must take place either in polymers or forced air, and the steel runs then immediately pass to stress relieving or tempering. Avoid stops at temperatures of C, since in this critical interval there is a significant reduction in their corrosion resistance. Applications: shipyards, air compressor components, starch, paper and dairy industry, fasteners and dies for glass. FERRITIC STEEL The structure of this steel is ferritic at whatever temperature the material is heated to. Cooling in air may be carried out after hot working as it does not harden and there are no serious risks of stresses. The Cr/C ratio is such that the material does not have any transformation point, i.e. no heat treatment will modify its physical properties. AISI 430 This steel s normal state of use is annealed and its mechanical characteristics may only be improved by cold work hardening by drawing. It should not be heated at high temperatures, e.g C, as the grain size would enlarge in this interval. The only way to modify this coarse structure is cold deformation, with subsequent recrystallization annealing. In the annealed state, the presence of very hard carbides makes machining quite difficult, obstructing the formation and removal of chips. If, however, the material has been work hardened by drawing, its machinability is higher. The corrosion resistance is midway between austenitic and martensitic steels, but it is particularly suitable for uses at high temperature. Other characteristics: magnetic in all conditions, suitable for cold bending and forming, weldable with stainless ferritic electrodes, subject to temper brittleness at temperatures of 400 C to 560 C. Applications: cutlery, domestic appliances, automotive sector, chemical (nitric acid production plants), petrochemical and detergent industry. The influence of chrome content on the oxidation resistance of ferritic steels

Stainless Steel St St Introduction

Stainless Steel St St Introduction Stainless steel is not a single material but the name for a family of corrosion resistant steels. Like many scientific discoveries the origins of stainless steel lies in a serendipitous accident. In 1913

More information

Stainless Steel - St St Introduction

Stainless Steel - St St Introduction Stainless steel is not a single material but the name for a family of corrosion resistant steels. Like many scientific discoveries the origins of stainless steel lies in a serendipitous accident. In 1913

More information

Stainless Steel (17/4PH&630) Bar

Stainless Steel (17/4PH&630) Bar SPECIFICATIONS Commercial 17/4 PH EN 1.4542 Precipitation hardening stainless steels are chromium and nickel containing steels that provide an optimum combination of the properties of martensitic and austenitic

More information

Stainless Steel Bar

Stainless Steel Bar SPECIFICATIONS Commercial 17/4 PH EN 1.4542 Precipitation hardening stainless steels are chromium and nickel containing steels that provide an optimum combination of the properties of martensitic and austenitic

More information

Stainless Steel (17/4PH&630) Bar

Stainless Steel (17/4PH&630) Bar SPECIFICATIONS Commercial 17/4 PH EN 1.4542 Precipitation hardening stainless steels are chromium and nickel containing steels that provide an optimum combination of the properties of martensitic and austenitic

More information

Stainless Steel (17/4PH&630) Bar

Stainless Steel (17/4PH&630) Bar SPECIFICATIONS Commercial 17/4 PH EN 1.4542 Precipitation hardening stainless steels are chromium and nickel containing steels that provide an optimum combination of the properties of martensitic and austenitic

More information

C Si Mn Ni Cr Mo Nb N V P S max 0.75 max max 0.03 max

C Si Mn Ni Cr Mo Nb N V P S max 0.75 max max 0.03 max General presentation An austenitic stainless steel with high corrosion resistance and superior mechanical performances. UGI 209 is an austenitic stainless steel with a high yield strength designed for

More information

ATI 332 ATI 332. Technical Data Sheet. Stainless Steel: Austenitic GENERAL PROPERTIES TYPICAL ANALYSIS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

ATI 332 ATI 332. Technical Data Sheet. Stainless Steel: Austenitic GENERAL PROPERTIES TYPICAL ANALYSIS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ATI 332 Stainless Steel: Austenitic (UNS N08800) GENERAL PROPERTIES ATI 332 alloy is a nickel and chromium austenitic stainless steel designed to resist oxidation and carburization at elevated temperatures.

More information

family of stainless steels can be divided into five (5) categories:

family of stainless steels can be divided into five (5) categories: Welcome to the fifth issue of Tech Talk. This newsletter covers a range of topics on various welding products, applications, metallurgy, techniques, and economics. Previous issues are archived at www.unibraze.com.

More information

Stainless steels. technical notes

Stainless steels. technical notes Stainless steels Stainless steels were first manufactured in Germany between 1912 and 1914, at the Krupp workshops. They were made with 8 parts of nickel to 18 parts of chromium. At the same time, in 1913,

More information

STAINLESS STEEL DATASHEETS

STAINLESS STEEL DATASHEETS STAINLESS STEEL DATASHEETS Alloys: 304 304L 310 316 316L 316LN 316Ti 316LVM 6Mo 21-6-9 22-13-5 904L Alloys 304 / 304L Alloys 304 / 304L (UNS S30400 / S30403) Alloys 304 (S30400) and 304L (S30403) stainless

More information

Typical aerospace-standard materials

Typical aerospace-standard materials JOHANN MAIER GmbH & Co. KG Schockenriedstraße 3 70565 Stuttgart-Vaihingen Typical aerospace-standard materials 1.4314.7 Stainless, austenitic steel 0,05C-1Cr-Ni X5 CrNi 1 1.4301 / AISI 304 60 * * Special

More information

STAINLESS STEEL STAINLESS STEEL

STAINLESS STEEL STAINLESS STEEL STAINLESS STEEL The special characteristic of stainless steels is that they have a resistance to corrosion that is significantly higher with respect to other steels; some of them also have an excellent

More information

Stainless Steel & Stainless Steel Fasteners Chemical, Physical and Mechanical Properties

Stainless Steel & Stainless Steel Fasteners Chemical, Physical and Mechanical Properties Stainless Steel & Stainless Steel Fasteners Chemical, Physical and Mechanical Properties Stainless steel describes a family of steels highly resistant to tarnishing and rusting that contain at least two

More information

Chapter 7. Stainless Steels. /MS371/ Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys

Chapter 7. Stainless Steels. /MS371/ Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys Chapter 7 Stainless Steels Stainless steels at least % Cr in iron is required (max 30% Cr) Cr: to make iron surface by forming a surface oxide film protecting the underlying metal from corrosion Ni: to

More information

Prevention Strategies Design and Coatings

Prevention Strategies Design and Coatings Lecture 14 Prevention Strategies Design and Coatings Keywords: Corrosion Prevention, Designs, Protective Coatings. There are a number of methods to control corrosion. The choice of any one control technique

More information

North American Stainless

North American Stainless North American Stainless Long Products Stainless Steel Grade Sheet AISI 430 UNS S43000 EN 1.4016 INTRODUCTION 430 SS is a plain chromium ferritic stainless steel. With 17% chromium, the steel has good

More information

The University of New Mexico. Lecture 4. Chapter 5. zcl ME260L 06. The University of New Mexico. Austenite, Ferrite and Cementite.

The University of New Mexico. Lecture 4. Chapter 5. zcl ME260L 06. The University of New Mexico. Austenite, Ferrite and Cementite. Lecture 4 Chapter 5 Austenite, Ferrite and Cementite 1 Austenite, Ferrite, Martensite and Cementite Austenite FCC Structure of Fe/steel at elevated temperatures (~ >727 o C) Ferrite BCC Relatively soft

More information

Glossary of Steel Terms

Glossary of Steel Terms Glossary of Steel Terms Steel Terms Explained. Below we list some of the most common steel terms and explain what they mean. AISI Alloy Alloy Steel Annealing ASTM Austenitic Bar Brinell (HB) Bright Drawn

More information

is detrimental to hot workability and subsequent surface quality. It is used in certain steels to improve resistance to atmospheric corrosion.

is detrimental to hot workability and subsequent surface quality. It is used in certain steels to improve resistance to atmospheric corrosion. Glossary of Terms Alloying Elements ALUMINIUM - Al is used to deoxidise steel and control grain size. Grain size control is effected by forming a fine dispersion with nitrogen and oxygen which restricts

More information

Heat Treatment of Tubes for Condenser, Feedwater Heater, and Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers

Heat Treatment of Tubes for Condenser, Feedwater Heater, and Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers Heat Treatment of Tubes for Condenser, Feedwater Heater, and Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers 1. SCOPE 1.1 The purpose of this document is to provide an overview of the different types of heat treatment processes

More information

AESTEIRON STEELS PVT. LTD. Projects Oil & Gas.

AESTEIRON STEELS PVT. LTD. Projects Oil & Gas. TM AESTEIRON STEELS PVT. LTD. Projects Oil & Gas Contents A Brief Overview of Stainless Steel Austenitic Grades......3 Straight Grades.......3 L Grades...4 H Grades... 4 - Type ( 304, 316,317,317L,317LM,317LMN,321,

More information

The ATI 17-4 precipitation hardening stainless steel (S17400) is covered by the following wrought product specifications.

The ATI 17-4 precipitation hardening stainless steel (S17400) is covered by the following wrought product specifications. ATI 17-4 Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel (UNS S17400) INTRODUCTION ATI 17-4 precipitation hardening stainless steel (S17400), Type 630, is a chromium-nickel-copper precipitation hardening stainless

More information

MSE-226 Engineering Materials

MSE-226 Engineering Materials MSE-226 Engineering Materials Lecture-7 ALLOY STEELS Tool Steels TYPES of FERROUS ALLOYS FERROUS ALLOYS Plain Carbon Steels Alloy Steels Cast Irons - Low carbon Steel - Medium carbon steel - High carbon

More information

Stainless Steels. Fast Turnaround Processing. Low Width Thickness Ratio 3:1 unique to the industry (normal minimum is 8:1)

Stainless Steels. Fast Turnaround Processing. Low Width Thickness Ratio 3:1 unique to the industry (normal minimum is 8:1) Helping manufacturers across the globe achieve sustainable leaner manufacturing processes Steels Aerospace Approved Austenitics Ferritics Martensitics Precipitation Hardened Steels Duplexes Fast Turnaround

More information

Identification. Type Analysis

Identification. Type Analysis Page 1 of 12 Unit Display: English Print Now Custom 455 Stainless E-Mail Datasheet Add to My Materials UNS Number S45500 Identification Type Analysis Carbon 0.05 % Manganese 0.50 % Phosphorus 0.040 % Sulfur

More information

SOLEIL A2: A 13% Cr high strength martensitic stainless steel (410 grade) C F

SOLEIL A2: A 13% Cr high strength martensitic stainless steel (410 grade) C F Indu SOLEIL A2 SOLEIL A2: A 13% Cr high strength martensitic stainless (410 grade) SOLEIL A2 has combined chromium (about 13%) and carbon (about 0.10%) additions to provide an excellent combination of

More information

Stainless Steel Bars. Your foremost provider of specialty products, services and solutions

Stainless Steel Bars. Your foremost provider of specialty products, services and solutions Stainless Steel Bars Your foremost provider of specialty products, services and solutions Quik Guide Quik Guide to SPECIFICATION (3) COMPOSITION % (2) TYPE AISI GRADE Unified Numbering System (UNS) AMS

More information

3. Stick electrodes for welding of heat resistant and high temperature steels

3. Stick electrodes for welding of heat resistant and high temperature steels 3. Stick electrodes for welding of heat resistant and high temperature steels Part number 4936 B 4948 B E 308 15 82 B E NiCrFe 3 82 R 140 625 B E NiCrMo 3 Stick electrodes for welding of heat resistant

More information

Stainless Steel. Patrick Ho, P.Eng, Senior Engineer, Applied Materials

Stainless Steel. Patrick Ho, P.Eng, Senior Engineer, Applied Materials Stainless Steel Patrick Ho, P.Eng, Senior Engineer, Applied Materials March 27, 2018 Outline 1. What is Stainless Steel? 2. Principles 3. Types and Grades 4. Challenges What is Stainless Steel? What is

More information

CHAPTER 3 VALVE STEEL MATERIAL AND THERMAL PROCESSING

CHAPTER 3 VALVE STEEL MATERIAL AND THERMAL PROCESSING 48 CHAPTER 3 VALVE STEEL MATERIAL AND THERMAL PROCESSING This chapter discusses the materials used for making internal combustion engine inlet and exhaust valves. The general heat treatments followed for

More information

Material Selection Jacob Klinginsmith, Russ Glass Naomi Sanders, Becky Moffitt

Material Selection Jacob Klinginsmith, Russ Glass Naomi Sanders, Becky Moffitt Material Selection Jacob Klinginsmith, Russ Glass Naomi Sanders, Becky Moffitt The most significant feature of our poster is the slider bar graph at the top of each material category. This quick reference

More information

STANDARD FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS

STANDARD FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS T e c h n i c a l B r o c h u r e STANDARD FERRITIC STAINLESS STEELS Unity AISI UNS EN U-40910 409 S40910 1.4512 U-430 430 S43000 1.4016 U-430DDQ 430 S43000 1.4016 U-439 439 S43035 1.4510 - S43940 U-1.4509

More information

SANDVIK 3RE60 TUBE AND PIPE, SEAMLESS

SANDVIK 3RE60 TUBE AND PIPE, SEAMLESS SANDVIK 3RE60 TUBE AND PIPE, SEAMLESS DATASHEET Sandvik 3RE60 is a duplex (austenitic-ferritic) stainless steel characterized by the following properties: High resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC)

More information

Introduction stainless steels and special metals

Introduction stainless steels and special metals Introduction stainless steels and special metals Introduction stainless steels and special metals 1 * Photography courtesy of Tieman, Stoddart, Outokumpu, Macweld and *Corbis (copyright). SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION

More information

ATI 201 HP /ATI 201L HP

ATI 201 HP /ATI 201L HP Stainless Steel: Austenitic (UNS S20100 and S20103) GENERAL PROPERTIES and L austenitic stainless steels belong to the 200 series of Cr-Mn-Ni stainless alloys, which are similar to the 300 series of Cr-Ni

More information

Cast steel: Group of ASTM standards for steel castings and forgings

Cast steel: Group of ASTM standards for steel castings and forgings Cast steel: Group of ASTM standards for steel castings and forgings Abstract: This group of ASTM specifications covers standard properties of steel and iron castings and forgings for valves, flanges, fittings,

More information

Fundamentals of. Steel Product. Graduate Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy

Fundamentals of. Steel Product. Graduate Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy Fundamentals of Steel Product Physical Metallurgy B.C. De Cooman Graduate Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy Pohang University of Science and Technology, South Korea J.G Speer Advanced Steel Products and

More information

ATI 825 ATI 825. Technical Data Sheet. Nickel-base Alloy INTRODUCTION PRODUCT FORMS SPECIFICATIONS & CERTIFICATES (UNS N08825)

ATI 825 ATI 825. Technical Data Sheet. Nickel-base Alloy INTRODUCTION PRODUCT FORMS SPECIFICATIONS & CERTIFICATES (UNS N08825) ATI 825 Nickel-base (UNS N08825) INTRODUCTION ATI 825 alloy (UNS N08825) is an austenitic nickel-iron-chromium-molybdenum-copper alloy containing high levels of chromium, nickel, molybdenum and copper

More information

Good welding practice Stainless Steels

Good welding practice Stainless Steels Good welding practice Stainless Steels Glenn Allen Welding Engineer TWI North Stainless Steels Four basic types of stainless steels, Austenitic, most common Ferritic Martensitic Duplex, main use oil &

More information

A29/A29M-16 Standard Specification for General Requirements for Steel Bars, Carbon and Alloy, Hot-Wrought

A29/A29M-16 Standard Specification for General Requirements for Steel Bars, Carbon and Alloy, Hot-Wrought ASTM Volume 01.05, January 2018 Steel Bars, Forgings, Bearing, Chain, Tool A29/A29M-16 Standard Specification for General Requirements for Steel Bars, Carbon and Alloy, Hot-Wrought A108-13 Standard Specification

More information

Martensitic. stainless steels. Types 410, 420, 425 Mod, and 440A TECHNICAL DATA BLUE SHEET GENERAL PROPERTIES APPLICATIONS PRODUCT FORM

Martensitic. stainless steels. Types 410, 420, 425 Mod, and 440A TECHNICAL DATA BLUE SHEET GENERAL PROPERTIES APPLICATIONS PRODUCT FORM TECHNICAL DATA BLUE SHEET Martensitic Stainless Steels s 410, 420, 425 Mod, and 440A GENERAL PROPERTIES Allegheny Ludlum s 410, 420, 425 Modified, and 440A (see composition on Page 2) are hardenable, straight-chromium

More information

The Convenience Stores For Metal

The Convenience Stores For Metal STEEL Data and Specifications 303 Chromium-nickel stainless steel with added sulfur or selenium and phosphorus to improve machinability and non-seizing properties. It is the most free machining of the

More information

CUP - Sealed blind rivet

CUP - Sealed blind rivet made of stainless steel A2 AISI 304 or made of stainless steel A4 AISI 316 with mandrel made of stainless steel Maximum corrosion protection! Survey on CUP sealed blind rivet of stainless steel Increasing

More information

ATI 418 SPL alloy is readily forgeable and has fair machinability and cold formability in the annealed condition.

ATI 418 SPL alloy is readily forgeable and has fair machinability and cold formability in the annealed condition. ATI 418 SPL Stainless Steel (UNS S41800) GENERAL PROPERTIES ATI 418 SPL alloy (Greek Ascoloy) is a corrosion and heat resistant stainless steel similar in many respects to Type 410 but exhibiting improved

More information

Seam Welded Air-Hardenable Corrosion Resistant Steel Tubing: Automotive Applications Overview

Seam Welded Air-Hardenable Corrosion Resistant Steel Tubing: Automotive Applications Overview KVA, Inc. / 124 S. Market Place, Suite 200 / Escondido, CA. 92029 U.S.A. (760) 489-5821 phone (760) 489-5823 fax 1-888-410-WELD www.kvastainless.com Seam Welded Air-Hardenable Corrosion Resistant Steel

More information

THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STAINLESS STEEL

THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STAINLESS STEEL THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STAINLESS STEEL Stainless steel is primarily utilised on account of its corrosion resistance. However, the scope of excellent mechanical properties the within the family of

More information

Ferrous Alloys. Metal Alloys. Ferrous. Non ferrous. Grey iron. Carbon Low Alloy High Alloy. Nodular iron White iron Malleable iron Alloy cast irons

Ferrous Alloys. Metal Alloys. Ferrous. Non ferrous. Grey iron. Carbon Low Alloy High Alloy. Nodular iron White iron Malleable iron Alloy cast irons Metal Alloys Most engineering metallic materials are alloys. Metals are alloyed to enhance their properties, such as strength, hardness or corrosion resistance, and to create new properties, such as shape

More information

BRODER METALS GROUP HTS 316

BRODER METALS GROUP HTS 316 Broder Metals supply 316 and 316L stainless cold drawn in B8M Class 2, B8M Class 2B, A4-70 and A4-80. A4-70 and A4-80 are named by their minimum tensile strength to be met by the material (70 & 80) by

More information

SANDVIK 3R65 TUBE AND PIPE, SEAMLESS

SANDVIK 3R65 TUBE AND PIPE, SEAMLESS SANDVIK 3R65 TUBE AND PIPE, SEAMLESS DATASHEET Sandvik 3R65 is a molybdenum-alloyed austenitic stainless chromium-nickel steel with a low carbon content. STANDARDS ASTM: TP316L, TP316 UNS: S31603, S31600

More information

APPLICATIONS OF Fe-C PHASE DIAGRAM

APPLICATIONS OF Fe-C PHASE DIAGRAM APPLICATIONS OF Fe-C PHASE DIAGRAM KEY POINTS OF Fe-C Diagram Phases: Liquid Fe-Tmin=1148C @ 4.3%C 1394 C

More information

Rely on our material competence for your demanding industrial processes

Rely on our material competence for your demanding industrial processes Cast materials Rely on our material competence for your demanding industrial processes Our customer-focused R&D and continuous research on new material options enable us to develop equipment with a strong

More information

CHAPTER INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER-1 1.0 INTRODUCTION Contents 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Aluminium alloys 2 1.2 Aluminium alloy classification 2 1.2.1 Aluminium alloys (Wrought) 3 1.2.2 Heat treatable alloys (Wrought). 3 1.2.3 Aluminum

More information

TECHNIQUES INVOLVE IN HEAT TREATMENT

TECHNIQUES INVOLVE IN HEAT TREATMENT HEAT TREATMENT Heat treatment is a method used to alter the physical and sometimes chemical properties of a material. The most common application is metallurgical.heat treatments are also used in the manufacture

More information

Engineering Materials

Engineering Materials Engineering Materials Lecture 2 MEL120: Manufacturing Practices 1 Selection of Material A particular material is selected is on the basis of following considerations 1. Properties of material 1. Properties

More information

Heat Treating Basics-Steels

Heat Treating Basics-Steels Heat Treating Basics-Steels Semih Genculu, P.E. Steel is the most important engineering material as it combines strength, ease of fabrication, and a wide range of properties along with relatively low cost.

More information

North American Stainless

North American Stainless North American Stainless Long Products Stainless Steel Grade Sheet AISI 409Ni UNS S40976 INTRODUCTION 409Ni (409NiCb) is a low-chromium columbium-stabilized ferritic stainless steel with small additions

More information

RA17-4 stainless. Introduction

RA17-4 stainless. Introduction RA17-4 stainless Introduction RA17-4 is an age-hardening martensitic alloy combining high strength with the corrosion resistance of stainless steel. Hardening is achieved by a short-time, simple lowtemperature

More information

Problem Steels 1. Welding Consumables Problem Steels. Section 12 - Welding Consumables. 12 Problem Steels. Welding of Problem Steels 2

Problem Steels 1. Welding Consumables Problem Steels. Section 12 - Welding Consumables. 12 Problem Steels. Welding of Problem Steels 2 Problem Steels 1 Afrox Product Reference Manual Problem Steels Section - Problem Steels 1 Welding of Problem Steels 2 Problem Steels Electrodes 3 Problem Steels MIG & TIG Wires 7 Problem Steels Flux Cored

More information

Heat treatable for greater hardness and strength

Heat treatable for greater hardness and strength Heat treatable for greater hardness and strength Outokumpu Dura range datasheet General characteristics The Dura range contains 14 high hardness and precipitation hardening (PH) stainless steel products.

More information

Nickel & Stainless Steel. Product Range

Nickel & Stainless Steel. Product Range Nickel & Stainless Steel Product Range General Index ITEM BRAND SIZE Inconel 600 Inconel 601 Inconel alloy Inconel 625 Inconel 718 Monel 400 Monel alloy Monel K500 Nickel 52 Nickel alloy Nickel 200 Nickel

More information

11.3 The alloying elements in tool steels (e.g., Cr, V, W, and Mo) combine with the carbon to form very hard and wear-resistant carbide compounds.

11.3 The alloying elements in tool steels (e.g., Cr, V, W, and Mo) combine with the carbon to form very hard and wear-resistant carbide compounds. 11-2 11.2 (a) Ferrous alloys are used extensively because: (1) Iron ores exist in abundant quantities. (2) Economical extraction, refining, and fabrication techniques are available. (3) The alloys may

More information

VIRGO 15.5 PH: A 15Cr 5Ni 3Cu precipitation hardening martensitic stainless steel

VIRGO 15.5 PH: A 15Cr 5Ni 3Cu precipitation hardening martensitic stainless steel Industeel VIRGO 15.5 PH VIRGO 15.5 PH: A 15Cr 5Ni 3Cu precipitation hardening martensitic stainless steel Alloy VIRGO 15.5 PH is a precipitation hardening martensitic stainless steel with 15% Cr, 5% Ni,

More information

C Si Mn Ni Cr Cu Mo N P S

C Si Mn Ni Cr Cu Mo N P S 0.03 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.8 22.0 23.8 0.50 0.45 0.16 0.26 0.040 0.010 General presentation is an austenitic-ferritic or duplex stainless steel with a minimum content of 22 % chromium and 2 % nickel, specially

More information

ATI 18CrCb. ATI 18CrCb. Technical Data Sheet. Stainless Steel: Ferritic GENERAL PROPERTIES STRUCTURE TYPICAL COMPOSITION (UNS S44100)

ATI 18CrCb. ATI 18CrCb. Technical Data Sheet. Stainless Steel: Ferritic GENERAL PROPERTIES STRUCTURE TYPICAL COMPOSITION (UNS S44100) ATI 18CrCb Stainless Steel: Ferritic (UNS S44100) GENERAL PROPERTIES ATI's AL 18CrCb stainless steel is a heat-resisting ferritic grade providing good oxidation and corrosion resistance for applications

More information

ATI 2205 ATI Technical Data Sheet. Duplex Stainless Steel GENERAL PROPERTIES. (UNS S31803 and S32205)

ATI 2205 ATI Technical Data Sheet. Duplex Stainless Steel GENERAL PROPERTIES. (UNS S31803 and S32205) ATI 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel (UNS S31803 and S32205) GENERAL PROPERTIES ATI 2205 alloy (UNS S31803 and/or S32205) is a nitrogen-enhanced duplex stainless steel alloy. The nitrogen serves to significantly

More information

Think Stainless, Think Encore STAINLESS STEEL FOR SPECIALTY APPLICATIONS. Specialty Metals to Support Innovative Manufacturing

Think Stainless, Think Encore STAINLESS STEEL FOR SPECIALTY APPLICATIONS. Specialty Metals to Support Innovative Manufacturing STAINLESS STEEL FOR SPECIALTY APPLICATIONS Specialty Metals to Support Innovative Manufacturing Specialty Metals to Support Innovative Manufacturing Encore Metals is a specialist supplier of high grade

More information

Sandvik SAF 2205 (Billets)

Sandvik SAF 2205 (Billets) Datasheet updated 2013 11 28 14:13:21 (supersedes all previous editions) Sandvik SAF 2205 (Billets) Sandvik SAF 2205 is a duplex (austenitic ferritic) stainless steel characterized by: High resistance

More information

15-5 PH STAINLESS STEEL

15-5 PH STAINLESS STEEL Aerospace Chemical Food Processing Metalworking Paper Industries AK STEEL offers a combination of high strength and hardness, good corrosion resistance plus excellent transverse mechanical properties.

More information

ME-371/571 ENGINEERING MATERIALS

ME-371/571 ENGINEERING MATERIALS ME-371/571 ENGINEERING MATERIALS Problem Set 2 1. An SAE-AISI 1035 steel alloy is slowly cooled from 950 C to room What is the pro-eutectoid phase, and at what temperature would it first appear? What are

More information

Moda 430/4016 EN , ASTM TYPE 430 / UNS S43000

Moda 430/4016 EN , ASTM TYPE 430 / UNS S43000 Moda 430/4016 EN 1.4016, ASTM TYPE 430 / UNS S43000 General characteristics Moda 430/4016 is a classic 16 chromium ferritic stainless steel. Good corrosion resistance in mildly corrosive environments combined

More information

BFF1113 Engineering Materials DR. NOOR MAZNI ISMAIL FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

BFF1113 Engineering Materials DR. NOOR MAZNI ISMAIL FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING BFF1113 Engineering Materials DR. NOOR MAZNI ISMAIL FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING Course Guidelines: 1. Introduction to Engineering Materials 2. Bonding and Properties 3. Crystal Structures & Properties

More information

1. Stick electrodes for welding of stainless steels

1. Stick electrodes for welding of stainless steels 1. Stick electrodes for welding of stainless steels Part number 4009 B E 410 4351 B E 410 NiMo 4502 B E 430 4115 B 4316 B E 308 L 15 4316 R E 308 L 16 4316 R 140 4551 B E 347 15 4551 R E 347 16 4551 R

More information

CLADDING AND HARDFACING POWDERS

CLADDING AND HARDFACING POWDERS CLADDING AND HARDFACING POWDERS GTV consumables for Laser Cladding Version 1.1 Ni: NICKEL BASED POWDERS GTV No. Description Particle size Hardness C Ni Cr B Si Fe Mo Others 31.25.10 Inconel 625-160 +53

More information

High strength low alloy (HSLA).

High strength low alloy (HSLA). 7 Alloy Steels High strength low alloy (HSLA). a type of steel alloy that provides many benefits over regular steel alloys contain a very small percentage of carbon (less than one-tenth of a percent) and

More information

Manufacturer of flat stainless and acid-resistant steel products

Manufacturer of flat stainless and acid-resistant steel products Stainless Service Poland Manufacturer of flat stainless and acid-resistant steel products Facade of ArcelorMittal Service Centre in Siemianowice Śląskie. 01 Stainless Service Poland Our company is a leading

More information

430 ULTRA FORM 430 STAINLESS STEEL

430 ULTRA FORM 430 STAINLESS STEEL 43 ULTRA FORM 43 STAINLESS STEEL Appliances Food Equipment General Construction Interior Architectural Trim Restaurant Equipment AK STEEL 43 ULTRA FORM STAINLESS STEEL was developed as a more formable

More information

VDM Alloy 80 A Nicrofer 7520 Ti

VDM Alloy 80 A Nicrofer 7520 Ti VDM Alloy 80 A Nicrofer 7520 Ti Material Data Sheet No. 4048 February 2017 February 2017 VDM Alloy 80 A 2 VDM Alloy 80 A Nicrofer 7520 Ti VDM Alloy 80 A is a nickel-chromium alloy that can be age-hardened.

More information

C Si Mn Cr P S N Nb <0.030 <1.0 < to 18 <0.040 <0.030 < xC to 0.6

C Si Mn Cr P S N Nb <0.030 <1.0 < to 18 <0.040 <0.030 < xC to 0.6 General overview UGIMA 4511 is an improved machinability niobium-stabilised ferritic stainless steel containing between 16 and 17% chromium. Apart from good corrosion resistance, this grade is characterised

More information

Types of stainless steel

Types of stainless steel Types of stainless steel Composition (wt%) Applications Types C Ni Cr Mo Ferritic 0.06-0.2-11-30 - Household utensils; Automotive Exhaust Components Heat exchanger Austenitic

More information

C S max Mn Cr Mo V Other element Ti. Young modulus (GPA)

C S max Mn Cr Mo V Other element Ti. Young modulus (GPA) Industeel Tenasteel Tenasteel : a cold work tool steel, combining a high compression strength and a very good toughness. Its other advantages are a particularly high resistance to thermal softening and

More information

Specification Alloyed quenched and tempered steel and. JED precipitation hardening steel 036M

Specification Alloyed quenched and tempered steel and. JED precipitation hardening steel 036M Specification 2017-05 Class: Heat-treatable steel Class No.:11 Alloyed quenched and tempered steel and JED precipitation hardening steel 036M Previous Edition Part name (for databases) 1994-03 Alloyed

More information

Spoilt for choice: what grade selection means for fabrication parameters

Spoilt for choice: what grade selection means for fabrication parameters Spoilt for choice: what grade selection means for fabrication parameters Alenka Kosmač Euro Inox European Stainless Steel Association Brussels, Belgium SSN Seminarium 5 th June 2013, Poznan Scope of the

More information

Chapter 11 Part 2. Metals and Alloys

Chapter 11 Part 2. Metals and Alloys Chapter 11 Part 2 Metals and Alloys Nomenclature of Steels Historically, many methods for identifying alloys by their composition have been developed The commonly used schemes in this country are those

More information

SPECIFICATION FOR STAINLESS STEEL BARS AND SHAPES

SPECIFICATION FOR STAINLESS STEEL BARS AND SHAPES SPECIFICATION FOR STAINLESS STEEL BARS AND SHAPES A02 (Identical with ASTM Specification A 276-97.) 1. Scope 1.1 This specification covers hot-finished or coldfinished bars except bars for reforging (Note

More information

441 STAINLESS STEEL. Good High-Temperature Oxidation Resistance. Applications Potential

441 STAINLESS STEEL. Good High-Temperature Oxidation Resistance. Applications Potential 441 STAINLESS STEEL P R O D U C T D ATA B U L L E T I N Equiaxed Microstructure Good High-Temperature Strength Good High-Temperature Oxidation Resistance Applications Potential AK Steel 441 is used in

More information

High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels

High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels Introduction and Overview High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels, or microalloyed steels, are designed to provide better mechanical properties and/or greater resistance to

More information

Ultimate Tensile Range (ksi min) Maximum Working Temp. 250 F 449/ /125 (class I) 250 F 425 F 325/ F 300/ F 242/ F 242/211

Ultimate Tensile Range (ksi min) Maximum Working Temp. 250 F 449/ /125 (class I) 250 F 425 F 325/ F 300/ F 242/ F 242/211 Properties Alloy Steel Music Wire ASTM A228 UNS K08500 & G10860 Cold drawn. Constant tensile strength. Highquality and good for high cycle spring 250 F 449/230 (E) 30 (G).012 to.250 High Carbon Steel Wire/Bar

More information

CHROMESHIELD 22 STAINLESS STEEL

CHROMESHIELD 22 STAINLESS STEEL CHROMESHIELD 22 STAINLESS STEEL P R O D U C T D ATA B U L L E T I N Appliances Food Service Equipment Architectural Welded Components Tubing Cookware Applications Potential CHROMESHIELD 22 Stainless Steel

More information

WHAT IS THE ACTUAL COST OF YOUR COMMERCIAL WATER HEATER? LOOKING BEYOND EFFICIENCY INCREASING ROI THROUGH WATER HEATER MATERIAL SELECTION

WHAT IS THE ACTUAL COST OF YOUR COMMERCIAL WATER HEATER? LOOKING BEYOND EFFICIENCY INCREASING ROI THROUGH WATER HEATER MATERIAL SELECTION Engineered Water Heating Solutions WHAT IS THE ACTUAL COST OF YOUR COMMERCIAL WATER HEATER? LOOKING BEYOND EFFICIENCY INCREASING ROI THROUGH WATER HEATER MATERIAL SELECTION Water Heater Efficiency Water

More information

MLX 17 X1CrNiMoAlTi

MLX 17 X1CrNiMoAlTi A very High Strength Stainless Steel CONTINUOUS METALLURGICAL SPECIAL STEELS INNOVATION RESEARCH SERVICE DEVELOPMENT Enhancing your performance THE INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT The use of Precipitation Hardening

More information

SPECIFICATION FOR STAINLESS STEEL BARS AND SHAPES FOR USE IN BOILERS AND OTHER PRESSURE VESSELS

SPECIFICATION FOR STAINLESS STEEL BARS AND SHAPES FOR USE IN BOILERS AND OTHER PRESSURE VESSELS 2007 SECTION II, PART A SA-479/SA-479M SPECIFICATION FOR STAINLESS STEEL BARS AND SHAPES FOR USE IN BOILERS AND OTHER PRESSURE VESSELS SA-479/SA-479M (Identical with ASTM Specification A 479/A 479M-04

More information

Trade of Metal Fabrication. Module 3: Plate Fabrication Unit 2: Stainless Steel Fabrication (Introduction) Phase 2

Trade of Metal Fabrication. Module 3: Plate Fabrication Unit 2: Stainless Steel Fabrication (Introduction) Phase 2 Trade of Metal Fabrication Module 3: Plate Fabrication Unit 2: Stainless Steel Fabrication (Introduction) Phase 2 Table of Contents List of Figures... 4 List of Tables... 4 Document Release History...

More information

ATI 332Mo. ATI 332Mo. Technical Data Sheet. Stainless Steel: Austenitic GENERAL PROPERTIES COMPOSITION PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (UNS S35125)

ATI 332Mo. ATI 332Mo. Technical Data Sheet. Stainless Steel: Austenitic GENERAL PROPERTIES COMPOSITION PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (UNS S35125) ATI 332Mo Stainless Steel: Austenitic (UNS S35125) GENERAL PROPERTIES ATI s ATI 332Mo alloy is an austenitic stainless steel intended primarily as an economical material for automotive flexible connectors.

More information

SANDVIK 254 SMO TUBE AND PIPE, SEAMLESS

SANDVIK 254 SMO TUBE AND PIPE, SEAMLESS SANDVIK 254 SMO TUBE AND PIPE, SEAMLESS DATASHEET Sandvik 254 SMO is a high-alloy austenitic stainless steel developed for use in seawater and other aggressive chloride-bearing media. The steel is characterized

More information

Stainless Steels: Properties:

Stainless Steels: Properties: Stainless Steels: Stainless steels represent a group of steels which are distinguished by a special resistance to chemical attack of aggressive media. The Chromium content is the element responsible for

More information

When a Refractory Failure Isn t!- Some Anchor Issues

When a Refractory Failure Isn t!- Some Anchor Issues When a Refractory Failure Isn t!- Some Anchor Issues Michael C Walton and Paul A Plater Co-Principals RefMet P. O. Box 126 PRAHRAN, Victoria 3181 Keywords: Steel Anchors, Failures, Refractories, Embrittlement.

More information

NITRONIC 19D LEAN DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL

NITRONIC 19D LEAN DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL Chemical Processing Desalination/Water Treatment Oil Field Undersea Tubing AK STEEL NITRONIC 19D STAINLESS STEEL is a molybdenum-free, low nickel lean duplex stainless steel. The combination of strength,

More information

ATI 15-7 ATI Technical Data Sheet. Semi-Austenitic Stainless Steel INTRODUCTION

ATI 15-7 ATI Technical Data Sheet. Semi-Austenitic Stainless Steel INTRODUCTION ATI 1-7 Semi-Austenitic Stainless Steel (UNS S1700) INTRODUCTION ATI 1-7 Precipitation Hardening Alloy (S1700, AISI Type 632) is a chromium-nickel-molybdenum-aluminum semi-austenitic precipitation hardening

More information

OPTIMIZING MICROSTRUCTURE FOR HIGH TOUGHNESS COLD-WORK TOOL STEELS

OPTIMIZING MICROSTRUCTURE FOR HIGH TOUGHNESS COLD-WORK TOOL STEELS OPTIMIZING MICROSTRUCTURE FOR HIGH TOUGHNESS COLD-WORK TOOL STEELS D. Viale, J. Béguinot, F. Chenou and G. Baron USINOR INDUSTEEL Abstract Increasing toughness and machinability at given high level of

More information