Friction and Wear Properties of Materials used in Hydrogen Service*
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1 Friction and Wear Properties of Materials used in Hydrogen Service* Robert Erck, George Fenske, and Osman Eryilmaz Energy Systems Division Argonne National Laboratory Materials Innovations in an Emerging Hydrogen Economy The American Ceramic Society and ASM International Cocoa Beach, FL Feb 26, 2008, 9:20 am *Work supported by the Department of Energy / Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy / Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Program / Hydrogen Delivery, under Contract DE-AC02-06CH-11357
2 Challenges Moving/sliding mechanical components used in hydrogen service can be subject to excessive wear, have poor reliability, or may require the use of lubricants that can contaminate the hydrogen Conventional lubrication of compressor components/bearings with oil or grease may not be possible or desirable - contamination issue for PEM fuel cells Hydrogen is a reducing environment, preventing formation of protective oxide layers on metal surfaces Some metals susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement - significant reduction in reliability and durability 2
3 Tribological Tests Goal: Undertake experiments to assess the friction and wear properties of test materials and coatings Present activities: modify existing tribological test rigs for 1) ball-on-disk sliding at low speed in air and H 2, and 2) thrust-washer configuration sliding at medium speed in N 2 /H 2 (H 2 future) Materials - SS, Ti, Ni, Al, DCL; MoS 2 coatings future: carbide-derived carbons, fluorides, solid lube coatings 3
4 Preliminary Tests - slow speed Controlled environment/vacuum ball-on-disk tribometer 4
5 Preliminary Tests - slow speed Ball-on-flat test geometry X-750 nickel-base alloy flats, M-50 balls Metal/metal or DLC/DLC DLC - PACVD using 25% CH 4 / 75% H 2 gases at RT 5
6 Steel/X-750 in air Graphs shows friction as function of testing time for steel against X-750 in air or H 2 High friction in ambient air, more erratic in H 2 AMBIENT AIR HYDROGEN 6
7 Steel/X-750 in air Ball wear Moderate wear scar with debris Ball scar consists of roughening and fine parallel grooves 7
8 Steel/X-750 in 10 torr hydrogen Ball wear Wear scar on ball is very rough and shows transfer of disk material to ball 8
9 DLC coated materials in hydrogen or air Graphs shows friction as function of testing time for DLC coated steel against DLC coated X-750 Friction is low, with H 2 giving lower friction HYDROGEN AMBIENT AIR 9
10 DLC coated steel/dlc coated X-750 in 10 torr hydrogen For coated specimens, wear is negligible in either environment HYDROGEN AIR 10
11 Tests - medium speed Existing light-duty test machine is being modified for hydrogen testing and was used with N 2 /H 2 Force adjust Motor Specimens Enclosure Friction/load sensor Hydrogen delivery Computer Oxygen monitor Nitrogen enclosure Motor Control Hydrogen enclosure Hydrogen supply Manipulation gloves Nitrogen supply 11
12 Example - ramped speed, or load Measured torque Applied load Friction coefficient Rotation speed of disk Applied load Rotation speed of disk Friction coefficient Atmosphere 12
13 Ti-6AL-4V Ti-6AL-4V / Ti-6AL-4V in air Friction coefficient ~ 0.4 over range of sliding speeds Very constant over range of loads (4-16 N) Air Air 13
14 Ti-6AL-4V VAC Ti-6AL-4V sliding against itself in different environments Approx constant friction over range of sliding speeds and environments N 2 /H 2 N 2 14
15 Ti-6AL-4V Post test examination Wear and scuffing 2.1 µm Ra 15
16 X750/X750 X-750/X-750 in air Lower friction at higher speeds sliding in ambient air ( ) Slightly lower friction at higher loads over range from 5N to 25 N in N 2 /H 2 AIR N 2 /H 2 16
17 X750/X750 VAC X-750/X-750 in different environments High friction coefficients ( ) N 2 /H 2 N 2 17
18 X750/X750 X-750/X-750 in different environments High friction coefficients ( ), lower in vacuum and higher in N 2 /H 2 18
19 X750/X750 Post test examination Visible wear track, galling and material transfer 3.8 µm Ra 19
20 316 Stainless Steel SS316/SS316 in air has constant friction ~0.4 over loads 2 to 15 N AIR 20
21 316 Stainless Steel SS316/SS316 in air (repeated) Lower friction at higher sliding speeds (0.45 vs. 0.9) Air Air 21
22 316 Stainless Steel VAC SS316/SS316 in different environments Lower friction at higher sliding speeds for all gases Higher friction than in air N 2 /H 2 N 2 22
23 316 Stainless Steel SS316/SS316 in different environments 23
24 316 Stainless Steel Post test examination Galling and roughening 2.2 µm Ra 24
25 6061 Al VAC 6061 Al / 6061 Al High friction (to 1.4) Seizure of sliding parts in N 2 /H 2 N 2 /H 2 N 2 25
26 6061 Al Post test examination Deformation and transfer 1.8 µm Ra 26
27 MoS 2 coating Higher friction at lower speeds (0.25 vs. 0.5) Dependence on load is changing (3-18 N), due to progressive wear and wear-in Air N 2 /H 2 27
28 MoS 2 coating VAC Lower friction at higher speeds Low friction ( ) N 2 /H 2 N 2 28
29 MoS 2 coating Post test examination Burnishing, removal of coating 0.3 µm Ra roughness 29
30 MoS 2 bonded topcoat Constant friction coefficient ( 0.25) over range of loads from 2-20 N and sliding speeds N 2 /H 2 N 2 /H 2 30
31 MoS 2 bonded topcoat VAC Friction coefficient low over range of speeds, higher in N 2 Fluctuations likely due to machine vibrations N 2 N 2 31
32 MoS 2 bonded topcoat Friction coefficient low for measured conditions 32
33 MoS 2 bonded topcoat Post test examination Burnishing, removal of coating 0.5 µm Ra roughness 33
34 Summary friction Friction table Material Air N 2 N 2 /H 2 Vacuum Ni alloy type X Al alloy type 6061-T Ti-6Al-4V 0.4 ~0.5 ~ type stainless steel MoS 2 coated X MoS 2 bonded X Argonne DLC type
35 Summary For slow sliding, high contact stress uncoated metals in air: expected high wear and friction coefficient typical of sliding metal surfaces; in hydrogen: large transfer wear and larger friction coefficient DLC coated materials in air: negligible wear and low friction (equivalent to oillubricated surfaces); in hydrogen: negligible wear and very low friction For medium-speed sliding Friction coefficient largely independent of load for loads used (2-20 N) High friction coefficient for metal/metal sliding in all atmospheres; seizure for Al in H 2 /N 2 Smallest friction coefficients for solid lube coating 35
36 Acknowledgements Work supported by the Department of Energy / Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy / Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Program / Hydrogen Delivery, under Contract DE-AC02-06CH
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