Overview of Global Aerospace Parts Manufacturing Technologies
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1 Overview of Global Aerospace Parts Manufacturing Technologies BOEING is a trademark of The Boeing Company. Pradip K. Saha Technical Fellow Boeing Research & Technology The Boeing Company Seattle, WA Symposium on Auto Parts Tech Day 2017 (Auto Parts and the Future Industries: Aerospace, Electric Vehicle, and Intelligent System) Organized by Thai Tribology Association (TTA), Thailand Science Park (TSP) and National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) Bangkok, Thailand August 9-10, 2017
2 BOEING is a trademark of The Boeing Company. 1. Overview of Aerospace Vehicles Video 2. Current Aviation Market Outlook 3. Overview of Major Components of an Aircraft 4. Major Aircraft Materials and its Classification 5. Major Manufacturing Technology for Aerospace 6. Measurement and Inspection Methods in Manufacturing 7. Research and Development 8. Automation and Innovation in Manufacturing 9. Future Need for Manufacturing 10. Future Aviation 11. Summary
3 Overview of Aerospace Vehicles - Video Approved For Public Release ( EOT) EOT_.ppt 3
4 Current Aviation Market Outlook 20-Year Forecast: Strong Long-Term Growth 2014 to 2034 World economy (GDP) 3.1% Number of airline passengers 4.0% Airline traffic (RPK) Cargo traffic (RTK) 4.7% 4.9% Demand Approved For Public Release ( EOT) EOT_.ppt 4
5 Market Trends Growth driven by emerging economies Market much more diverse, balanced 2.7% 6.0% 1.3% $59B Continued strong replacement demand New airplanes capabilities opening new markets Approved For Public Release ( EOT) EOT_.ppt 5
6 Change of Fleet Composition in the Next 20 Years 8% 3% 9% 2% 6% Regional jet 12% 13% Single-aisle 11% Small wide-body 65% Medium wide-body Large wide-body 70% Demand Approved For Public Release ( EOT) EOT_.ppt 6
7 What Drives Innovation In Aerospace? Traffic Forecast Network Development Economic growth Market Liberalization Airplane Capabilities Fuel Price Infrastructure Environment Transportation Airline strategies & Business models Approved For Public Release ( EOT) EOT_.ppt 7
8 Beyond the 1st Century of Aerospace Manufacturing Automated Composite Fab Additive Manufacturing Robotic Assembly Approved For Public Release ( CORP) EOT_.ppt 8
9 Market Challenges What the Customers Want? Safe Affordable Reliable Upgradeable Flexible Performance Environmentally responsible Available Approved For Public Release ( CORP) EOT_.ppt 9
10 Focusing Technology Investments on Future Needs Extreme Affordability in development, production, operations and support Breakthrough Performance to meet the customer needs (range, payload, speed, mission effectiveness, availability, reliability, etc.) Enduring Sustainability to be easy to modify, open system architecture, easy to upgrade Environmentally Responsible non-polluting the environment from production (toxic chemicals and other health hazard elements) to operations (noise and emission) to end-of-life cycle (recycling) EOT_.ppt 10
11 Overview of Major Components of an Aircraft EOT_.ppt 11
12 (a) Boeing ER for Thai Airways (b) Schematic representation of structural and operating system components of an aircraft EOT_.ppt 12
13 Major Structural Components of an Aircraft EOT_.ppt 13
14 Major Structural Components of Fuselage Sections (a) Major components of fuselage structure and their input raw materials for manufacturing (b) Schematic of three components of fuselage structure Stringer Frame Skin (c) Example of upper lobe section of fuselage EOT_.ppt 14
15 Major Structural Components of Wing (b) Schematic representation of a metal wing box (a) Major components of wing structure and their input raw materials for manufacturing (c) Joining of stringer, skin, and rib of a wing box EOT_.ppt 15
16 Wing Section and Assembly (a) Schematic of wing section with leading and trailing edge (b) Pair of wing assemblies, ready to join with fuselage EOT_.ppt 16
17 Major Structural Components of Stabilizers Schematic of horizontal and vertical stabilizer structure EOT_.ppt 17
18 Major Structural Components of Landing Gear (a) Major structural components (b) Schematic of main landing gear major elements EOT_.ppt 18
19 Engine and Cowling Components (a) Schematic view of an engine components (b) Engine cowling components EOT_.ppt 19
20 Major Aircraft Materials and its Classification EOT_.ppt 20
21 EOT_.ppt 21
22 Application of Different Materials in a Commercial Aircraft EOT_.ppt 22
23 Examples of structural materials used in various commercial aircrafts showing gradual increase of composites 747 Aluminum (81%) Steel (13%) Titanium (4%) Composite (1%) Misc. (1%) 767 Aluminum (80%) Steel (14%) Titanium (2%) Composite (3%) Misc. (1%) 777 Aluminum (70%) Steel (11%) Titanium (7%) Composite (11%) Misc. (1%) 787 Aluminum (20%) Steel (10%) Titanium (15%) Composite (50%) Misc. (5%) EOT_.ppt 23
24 Examples of composite structural materials used in various locations of 787 commercial aircrafts the 1 st commercial aircraft model introduced by Boeing in 2011 Carbon laminate Carbon sandwich Other composites Aluminum Titanium Titanium/steel/aluminum EOT_.ppt 24
25 Examples of structural materials used in various military aircrafts showing gradual increase of composites F/A-18 C/D Aluminum (49%) Steel (15%) Titanium (13%) Composite (10%) Misc. (13%) F/A-18 E/F Aluminum (31%) Steel (14%) Titanium (21%) Composite (19%) Misc. (15%) F-22 Aluminum (24%) Steel (10%) Titanium (42%) Composite (24%) F 35 Aluminum (27%) Steel (13%) Titanium (20%) Composite (40%) EOT_.ppt 25
26 Usage of Major Wrought Products in a Metal Aircraft Major Manufacturing Processes of Aluminum Wrought Products: (a) Rolling sheet/plate (b) Extrusion (c) Forging EOT_.ppt 26
27 Major Manufacturing Technology for Aerospace EOT_.ppt 27
28 Fundamentals of Manufacturing Aerospace Parts EOT_.ppt 28
29 Major Manufacturing Technology for Metal Parts EOT_.ppt 29
30 Introduction of Tribology in Manufacturing Technology (a) Fundamentals of Tribology (b) Role of Tribology in Major Manufacturing Technology EOT_.ppt 30
31 Forming Technology for Various Metal Products (a) Cold Forming of Sheet Product (b) Cold Forming of Plate Products (c) Cold Forming of Extrusion EOT_.ppt 31
32 Bump Forming Technology (b) Bump Forming of Fuselage Skin Panel (a) Fundamentals of Bump Forming (Three Point Bending) (c) Bump Forming of Wing Skin Panel EOT_.ppt 32
33 Stretch Forming of Flat Sheet Product (b) Forming of Wing Leading Edge (a) Fundamentals of Stretch Forming of Sheet Metal (c) Formed Part EOT_.ppt 33
34 Stretch Forming of Extrusion (a) 3000T Stretch Forming Press (b) Forming Process (c) Formed Heavy Extrusion EOT_.ppt 34
35 Hot Forming of Various Metal Products EOT_.ppt 35
36 Fundamentals of Superplastic Forming (SPF) (a) (b) (d) (c) EOT_.ppt 36
37 SPF Presses (a) Up-and down-acting Press (b) Lower Platen Shuttle Press Superplastic Forming 1650 F Hot Size or Stress Relief 1350º F EOT_.ppt 37
38 SPF/DB Titanium Parts (a) Fine grain 6Al-4V titanium sheet metal parts (b) SPF/DB sheet metal parts for heat shield Heat Shield Assemblies (c) SPF/DB heat shield assembly installed on an airplane EOT_.ppt 38
39 Die Forming of Titanium Sheet (a) Hot Forming Steel Die Set (b) Stiffening bead type part for heat shield (c) Hot die forming part in heat shields installed in an airplane Typical Hot Forming Temperature for Titanium is around 730 C (1346 F). EOT_.ppt 39
40 Hot Forming of Titanium Plate (a) Plate on the ceramic die prior forming Plate (b) Hot formed plate from the ceramic die EOT_.ppt 40
41 Hot Forming of Titanium Extrusion (a) Stretch Forming (b) After Forming (c) Stretched Form Titanium Extrusions EOT_.ppt 41
42 Explosive Forming High Energy Forming and Joining Explosive Electromagnetic (a) Fundamentals (b) Stainless Steel Sheet Product (c) Aluminum Plate Product EOT_.ppt 42
43 Electromagnetic forming (EMF) (a) Fundamentals (b) Hydraulic Joint (d) EMF Torque tube in a wing flight control system (c) Torque Tube joint EOT_.ppt 43
44 Tube and Duct Forming (a) Tube and duct forming processes (b) Bend tube, pullout and joint (c) Isostatic bulge formed part (d) Axial bulge formed part (e) Rotary swaged part EOT_.ppt 44
45 Welding Technology in Aerospace EOT_.ppt 45
46 Linear Friction Welding (LFW) (a) Oscillating object 1 is brought in contact with object 2 (b) Welding takes place with flash (c) Example of LFW of engine fan blade EOT_.ppt 46
47 Rotary Friction Welding (RFW) (a) Rotating object 1 is brought in contact with stationary object 2 (b) Develops flash in forging (c) Example of RFW of cylindrical shaped product EOT_.ppt 47
48 Friction Stir Welding (FSW) FSW was invented in 1991, used extensively in aluminum alloys Solid state weld, no melting Retains, or produces, fine grained microstructure Low occurrence of defects (cracking, porosity, etc.) Exceptional properties (static and fatigue) (a) Tool plunged into the work-piece (b) FSW begins EOT_.ppt 48
49 Friction Stir Welding Combined With SPF (a) FSW blank Base Metal FSW Formed Part SPF Die (b) SPF setup Approved For Public Release ( EOT) (c) SPF of FSW blank EOT_.ppt 49
50 SPF inlet lip skin having six friction stir welds that cannot be seen after abrasive polishing. Approved For Public Release ( EOT) EOT_.ppt 50
51 Metal Cutting and Machining Technology (a) Wing Rib from Aluminum Forging (b) 15-5 Stainless Steel Flap Track EOT_.ppt 51
52 Uses of Titanium at Various Location of an Aircraft Example of a Machined Landing Gear Beam from Titanium Forging EOT_.ppt 52
53 Airframe Fabrication is Machining Intensive After Machining Channel Vent (Extrusion) Main Landing Gear Beam (Die Forging) Before Machining Typical Buy-To-Fly Ratios Plate, Hog-Out 30:1 Extrusion 12:1 Die Forged 6:1 Welded 2:1 Additive 1.2:1 Approved For Public Release ( EOT) Fuselage Side Frame (Plate Stock) EOT_.ppt 53
54 Monolithic Aluminum Example Part Current Configuration, Sheet Metal Assembly Machined Monolithic Part Approved For Public Release ( EOT) EOT_.ppt 54
55 Abrasive Metal Removal and Cutting Processes (a) Abrasive metal removal and cutting processes (b) Tribological model of an abrasive wear process EOT_.ppt 55
56 (a) Belt type grinding, polishing and deburring machine Before After (b) Turbine blade processed with this machine EOT_.ppt 56
57 (b) AWJ cutting machine Cut to Near Net Shape (a) Schematic representation of Abrasive Water Jet (AWJ) cutting (c) AWJ cut titanium plate for part manufacturing EOT_.ppt 57
58 Chemical Metal Removal and Chemical Processes EOT_.ppt 58
59 Chemical Milling (a) Fundamentals of chemical milling process (b) Aluminum fuselage skin panel having chemical mill pockets EOT_.ppt 59
60 Manufacturing Processes of Composite Materials (a) Typical applications of composites in an aircraft EOT_.ppt 60
61 EOT_.ppt 61
62 (a) Automated Tape Lamination (ATL) of horizontal stabilizer skin (b) Large Horizontal Automated Fiber Placement (AFP) of fuselage barrel (c) Composite fuselage structure made by AFP technology EOT_.ppt 62
63 Measurement and Inspection Methods in Manufacturing EOT_.ppt 63
64 Measurement Methods/Testing EOT_.ppt 64
65 Manual Bench (b) Standard gages (a) Precision measurement tools (c) Check fixture EOT_.ppt 65
66 Computer Assisted (b) Hand-Driven Guided Metrology System (a) Bridge Type CMM (c) Non-Guided Laser Tracker System EOT_.ppt 66
67 Research and Development EOT_.ppt 67
68 Major Elements for Aircraft Design and Manufacturing EOT_.ppt 68
69 R&D Model for Material Development EOT_.ppt 69
70 Manufacturing R&D Model EOT_.ppt 70
71 Automation and Innovation in Manufacturing EOT_.ppt 71
72 Introducing Automation to the Manufacturing Technology Top Business Outcomes Workplace Safety Product and Process Quality Flexibility / Factory Optimization Standardization / Replication Top Automation Applications Drill/Fill Paint & Seal Composite Fabrication Material Movement Enablers Networked Enabled Manufacturing In-Process Inspection TRL AND MRL 777 Fuselage Flex Tracks 737/787 Heatshield Line 787 Aft Robotic Drill/Fill Innovative, Simple, Robust & Cost Effective Approved For Public Release ( CORP) EOT_.ppt 66
73 Additive Innovation Top Business Outcomes Speed to Market Enhance Performance Cost Reduction Buy-to-Fly Top Additive Applications Tools Interiors Structural Parts Enablers Certification In-Process Inspection Tooling Metals Polymers Since 2002 more than 50,000 flyaway parts! Approved For Public Release ( CORP) EOT_.ppt 67
74 Metal Additive Manufacturing Processes WIRE FEED DEPOSITION POWDER FEED DEPOSITION LASER POWDER BED EB POWDER BED INDIRECT POWDER BED Applications Description Material Supplier Plasma arc & EB weld wire 50 in 3 /hr (8 lbs/hr) Bulkheads, ribs, spars, fittings 36 x 24 x 12 (prod machine); larger chambers available 2D parts Laser weld wire & powder 12 in 3 /hr (2 lbs/hr) Tubes and Ducts Medium-size engine & structure 8ft x 4ft x 4ft 2D parts Laser powder sintering Highly net-shape 5 in 3 /hr (0.8 lbs/hr) Intricate complex shapes Design optimization Small chambers 3D Nested parts EB powder sintering Highly net-shape 5 in 3 /hr (0.8 lbs/hr) Complex shapes Design optimization 11 x 13 x 15 H 3D Nested parts Binder-powder sintering Highly net-shape Small to medium, complex shapes Complex casting and insert molds OEM: ExOne 16 x 10 x 10 3D Nested Parts Ti alloys Ti and Ni alloys Ti, Ni, steel alloys Ti-6Al-4V Ni, steel alloys Sand, ceramics EOT_.ppt 74
75 Future Need for Manufacturing? EOT_.ppt 75
76 Material Development Advanced Aluminum Will offer Substantial Weight Savings At Lower Risk Advanced Titanium Alloys Will Reduce Processing Costs & Structural Weight Corrosion Resistant Steels Can Reduce Maintenance Costs Over High Strength Steels Specialty Alloy Development Is Critical For Materials-Driven Systems and Subsystems Computational Alloy Design Enables Rapid Certification & Advanced Hybrid Concepts EOT_.ppt 76
77 Technology Development Physics-based Machining Creates Value In The Supply Chain & Enables Advanced Designs Advanced Joining Technologies Provide Low Buy-to-Fly & Low Cost Tailored Blanks New Forming Technologies Produce Lower Buy-To-Fly & Rapid Cycle Times Advanced Wrought/Cast/Powder Products Reduce Material and Component Costs Revolutionary Processes Allow Direct Manufacturing & Innovative Hybrid Structures EOT_.ppt 77
78 Future Aviation Blended Wing Body (BWB), Aerodynamics Non-circular Pressure Vessel Advanced Composites (Materials) Autonomous Flight (Potentially Pilotless) Increased Monolithic Structure Increased Additive Process Increased Robotic and Touch Time Reduction. NASA Boeing ERA (Environmentally Responsible Aviation) Approved For Public Release ( EOT) EOT_.ppt 78
79 Summary Market challenges and industry realities are driving changes in the way the aerospace industry designs and builds products Cost, Speed to market, Performance and Environment Aircraft is an integration of many large, medium and small metal and nonmetal structural, nonstructural and operating system components made with millions of parts Cost effective efficient materials with lower density, higher strength, stiffness and excellent fatigue characteristics are needed for developing fuel efficient aircraft Manufacturing cost and quality of a part is directly related to the manufacturing technology involved Measurement and inspection methods are key to maintain the highest quality in manufacturing aerospace parts Role of R&D is very critical in aerospace industry for continuous improvement in productivity, reduced cost of manufacturing, quality, and safety performance of an aircraft Advances in materials, automation, additive/subtractive manufacturing, and data analytics are leading the changes for the 2 nd century of the aerospace industry Material and technology development is important to meet manufacturing need for future aviation EOT_.ppt 79
80 Thank You For Your Attention EOT_.ppt 80
81 EOT_.ppt 81
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