Prognosis Of Concrete Corrosion Due To Acid Attack
|
|
- Grant Holmes
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Prognosis Of Concrete Corrosion Due To Acid Attack HW Dorner and RE Beddoe Institute of Building Materials Science and Testing Technical University of Munich Germany Summary: A model is introduced for the prediction of the corrosion of concrete under acid attack at ph values between 4. and 6.5. The corrosion process is described by the diffusion of acid in the pore solution coupled to the reaction kinetics between the acid and the different hydration products. The effect of changing porosity is included. The input parameters are measured by exposing mortar containing quartzitic sand to acetic acid buffer solutions. An instationary method is used to determine the diffusion coefficients of the ions including, Fe 3 and Al 3 in the pore solution of corroded mortar. The rate constants for the dissolution of, Fe 3 and Al 3 contained in the solid phases are determined in solubility experiments. Experiments at ph 5. show that the dissolution of phases containing iron and aluminium is slower than C-S-H and calcium hydroxide. This implies that the iron and aluminium phases reduce the speed of corrosion, enhancing concrete durability. Keywords: Concrete, durability, corrosion, acid attack, model INTRODUCTION The degradation of concrete occurring when the unprotected concrete surfaces of sewer pipes, waste water treatment plants, cooling towers, animal houses etc. are subjected to aggressive acid solutions seriously limits service life. The resistance of concrete against acid attack depends on the concrete composition, the type of aggregate as well as the ph and type of the acid. The modelling of the chemical reactions and ion transport processes leading to corrosion is highly important for the prediction of durability. An overview of the various types of chemical reactions which can occur during corrosion is given by Samson et al. (). The present contribution introduces a model for the corrosion of unprotected concrete subjected to constant ph values between 4. and 6.5. At ph values below 4. concrete rapidly deteriorates. In this case the concrete requires a protective barrier. When a concrete surface is subjected to acid attack protons enter the concrete and neutralize the hydroxyl ions contained in the hydration products. This causes mainly calcium, iron, aluminium and sulphate ions to enter the pore solution. These ions then diffuse towards the concrete surface owing to concentration gradients between the pore solution and the attacking acid. The dissolution of the solid hydration products results in an increase in porosity. A corroded layer develops gradually. The speed of penetration of the corrosion front - which is decisive for concrete durability - is determined by (a) the rate of diffusion of the acid through the corroded layer to the reaction front and there (b) the reaction rate of the acid with the concrete. corroded layer, x acid H - X Fe 3 Al SO 3-4 uncorroded, i.e. alkaline concrete OH - Figure. Corroded layer due to acid attack. The corroded layer comprises zones of varying composition and structure which are determined by the distribution of protons within the corroded layer, the different acid resistances of the hydration products and the solubility limits for the dissolved 9DBMC- Paper Page
2 ions. As the ph value within the corroded layer decreases during the course of corrosion, calcium hydroxide (ph.5), ettringite (ph.7), C-S-H (ph 9) and finally the calcium aluminate and ferrite hydrates decompose successively until a silica gel layer remains at ph values below roughly. At ph values between 4. and 6.5 phases containing iron and aluminium are still present. The strength of attack depends on the ability of the acid to dissociate and the solubility of its calcium salt (Revertegat et al. 99). Although acetic acid dissociates far less readily than the mineral acids it is extremely aggressive owing to the high solubility of its calcium salt. Thus sulphuric acid is less aggressive than acetic acid at similar ph values because soluble gypsum fills surface pores and reduces the ingress of the acid (Pavlík 994). In the case of sulphuric acid, expansion and destruction of the surface concrete will finally take place. As opposed to strong mineral acids, weak acids lead to buffering effects which modify the zones described above. Changes in the corroded layer due to precipitation of salts are also possible. Thus Pavlík (994) attributed a brown zone, formed adjacent to the uncorroded material during the exposure of hardened Portland cement paste to nitric acid, to the diffusion of Fe 3 ions and the subsequent precipitation of ferric hydroxide at ph values above. Similarly, the diffusion of SO 4 - in the corroded layer can lead to the precipitation of gypsum. The corrosion resistance of concrete with quartzitic acid-resistant aggregate depends on the chemical composition of the cement. According to De Belie et al. (996) the vulnerability of concrete to attack by lactic and acetic acid decreases over the groups: Portland cement without C 3 A, ordinary Portland cement, Portland cement with fly ash, blast furnace slag cement. In view of the higher corrosion resistance of the calcium aluminate and ferrite hydrates, which decompose at ph values below approximately 4.5 (Biczók 968), cements with a high C 3 A or C 4 AF content should improve corrosion resistance. On the contrary, Shi and Stegemann () observed that hardened pastes made with high alumina cement corroded faster in nitric and acetic acids than pastes made with Portland cement. The corrosion resistance of concrete is affected by the use of mineral additions such as blast furnace slag or fly ash since these materials modify the chemical composition and pore system of the hardened binder as well the composition and permeability of the corroded layer. According to Shi and Stegemann () it is the nature of the hydration products rather than the porosity of the hardened binder that specifies the corrosion resistance. Fig. shows the effect of binder type and w/b ratio on the deterioration of concrete plates stored for 4 d in a solutions with a ph of 4.5 which contained. mol/l Na SO 4 (Dorner, ). Compared with samples made from German Portland cement () or German blast furnace cement (II), the samples made with high alumina cement (HAC) clearly exhibits the highest resistance against acid attack. [% O loss [wt.% FeO3 loss [wt.% w/b=.5; % SF: w/b=,4; % SF; w/b=.4; % SF; HAC w/b=.3; % SF; HAC w/b=.4; 8% SF; w/b=.4; 8% SF II B w/b=.4; 8% SF; HAC w/b=.3; 8% SF; w/b=.7; 5% SF; AlO3 loss [wt.% Figure. Loss of, Fe and Al from concrete plates ( 5 mm 3 ) stored for 4 d at 5 C in a solution with ph 4.5 containing. mol/l Na SO 4 (Dorner ) 9DBMC- Paper Page
3 CORROSION OF MORTAR CYLINDERS Fig. 3 shows the distribution of, Fe and Al within the corroded layer of a mortar cylinder exposed to a buffer solution with a ph of 5. for 4 d at 5 C (Dorner ). The mortar cylinder was prepared with acid-resistant quartz sand and German Portland cement ( 4,5 R) at a w/c ratio of.58. Following storage in the acid, a lathe was used to remove the corroded layer in steps of.5 mm down to the undamaged mortar at depth of 6.5 mm. By dissolving the material obtained from each step in hydrochloric acid and chemically analysing the solution composition, it was possible to determine the distributions of, Fe and Al remaining in the corrosion layer. The vertical axis of Fig. 3 gives the remaining amount of, Fe and Al as a percentage of the initial contents of these elements. The initial contents were calculated from the chemical analysis of the cement and the composition of the mortar. It is apparent that a large proportion of calcium has been removed throughout the thickness of the corroded layer. This is primarily due to the decalcification of C-S-H and calcium hydroxide. Thus the calcium in these phases rapidly dissolved and was able to diffuse through the corroded layer into the surrounding acid. In contrast to this, iron and aluminium were only partially removed from the corroded layer. It therefore appears that the rate of degradation of the hydrate phases containing iron and aluminium is slower. These phases can slow down the corrosion process. Content, % Al Fe Element,75,5,75,5,75 3,5 3,75 4,5 Depth, mm 4,75 5,5 5,75 6,5 Figure 3. Distributions of Al, Fe and in the corroded layer of mortar stored for 4 d at ph 5. and 5 C (Dorner ) 3 SIMULATION OF CORROSION The exact simulation of the corrosion process requires detailed knowledge, not only of the chemical reactions between the acid and the numerous solid phases, but also of the transport of ions in the pore system. Such a simulation would, ideally, require exact data describing the phases and their amounts as well as a three-dimensional description of the pore system. Schmidt-Döhl and Rostásy (999), for example, developed a model based on the minimization of the Gibbs free energy of the different solid phases and solution taking part in the chemical reactions leading to corrosion. The model requires knowledge of the chemical or phase composition of the concrete as well as the formation enthalpies of the different phases and the rate constants of the corrosive reactions. Since the present corrosion model should ultimately be applicable to the wide range of concrete compositions used in practice and the different types of acid environments encountered, such a fundamental approach would be extremely difficult. To avoid this problem, integral materials properties (effective diffusion and absorption coefficients, effective rate constants) can be used instead of basic thermodynamic data. This means that the values for the model input parameters should be determined in tests which are as closely linked to the model as possible. The model, the tests and the method of calculating the input parameters from the test results represent a system. Correction factors will, at a later date, be introduced to account for differences between the model and actual experimental results. These factors will be based on physically and chemically definable differences such as effects due to specific surface, additional chemical reactions and interactions between ions in the pore solution. Currently, the model is being developed by using a number of tests to quantify the corrosion process when cement mortar made with fine acid-resistant quartz sand is stored in an acetic acid / sodium acetate buffer solution. The results of these tests 9DBMC- Paper Page 3
4 are necessary to (a) confirm the mechanisms and parameters necessary for the simulation and (b) supply the basic input parameters. At a later date, tests will be carried out using strong mineral acids, such as HCl or HNO 3. Finally, the application of the model to concrete should only require the results of simple tests, e.g. corrosion depth after a defined storage time at the ph value of the attacking acid. As already mentioned, the decomposition of the different hydration products depends on the ph of the attacking acid. Thus the rate of a particular corrosion reaction is determined by the concentration of the acid and the type and quantity of the hydration product taking part in the reaction. For example at any given ph, is released from C-S-H and (OH) more rapidly than from the ferrite or aluminate hydrates. At first, it will be assumed that the corrosion reactions are of second order type as described by Eqn. (). The various reactions take place, in principle, simultaneously throughout the depth of the corroded layer. The dissolution processes result in a corroded layer which is more porous than the original concrete. The porosity is expected to decrease when moving from the surface of the concrete towards the corrosion front where the porosity of the original concrete is reached. This is because the duration of exposure is longest for the concrete surface and zero for the undamaged concrete. Furthermore, the ph of the pore solution increases from the value of the attacking acid at the concrete surface to approximately.5 at the corrosion front. This is because proton consumption increasingly dominates proton supply by diffusion. Corrosion experiments indicate that the main increase in ph takes place within a fairly narrow region next to the uncorroded material (Pavlík 994). The porosity at an arbitrary distance x from the concrete surface within the corroded layer is determined by the combined effect of the different reactions with the local variation of ph over the duration of exposure at x. In general, the ph value of the pore solution at x decreases with time from about.5 to the ph of the attacking acid. The rate of ph decrease is itself a function of the porosity changes within the corroded layer since the protons must permeate the corroded layer to arrive at point x and react. In addition, the consumption of protons at x by the corrosion reactions affects the local concentration gradient and thus the diffusion of the acid. 3. Transport and reactions concerning The following figure shows schematically the various processes occurring within a volume element of thickness x at a distance x from the concrete surface which lead to changes in the amount of in the solid hydration products and the pore solution. - solid: OH S H X - X HO pore solution x - V Figure 4. Processes affecting content of hydration products and pore solution in a volume element of thickness Dx at a distance x from the concrete surface The hydroxyl ions in the solid hydration products are neutralized by the protons causing ions to enter the pore solution. The rate of neutralization depends on the proton concentration of the pore solution [H (mol/l) and the content of potentially soluble calcium in the solid, [ S (mol/kg). The increase in [ also depends on the solution volume V and the initial mass of the solid phase m participating in the reaction. The latter specifies the total available amount of soluble calcium at the beginning of corrosion. During corrosion, the remaining amount of soluble calcium at x, i.e. [ S m, diminishes. The solution volume V is given by the local volume fraction of water-saturated pores into which acid ions are supplied by diffusion and convection. This is essentially the capillary porosity, P, if it is assumed that the pores are completely saturated of that diffusion and convection depend on pore size in the same manner. The reaction kinetics are to a first approximation 9DBMC- Paper Page 4
5 m = K [ H [ S V where the variables [, V, [H, and [ S are functions of position x and time t. The mass m is constant. Using the rate constant K it is possible to calculate the increase in dissolved calcium in the pore solution. The neutralization of the various hydration product phases may be considered to be a reaction between the acid and (OH) contained in the phases (see Fig. 4). Consequently, stoichiometry yields the reduction in ph of the pore solution corresponding to Eqn. (), i.e. () H The reduction in the amount of soluble calcium in the solid phase is given by S = = V m () (3) The supply of acid into x and the composition of the pore solution depends on the diffusion flux of the various species. In the simplest form, the diffusion flux J is determined by the concentration gradient of the pore solution and the local watersaturated volume fraction P available for diffusion. Thus J H = D H H P and J x = D P (4) x The coefficient D is an effective value for the diffusion of ions in the pore solution. It differs from the bulk value for infinitely dilute electrolytes owing to the interactions between ions which decrease the activity coefficients. In addition, the diffusion potential due the different mobilities of the ionic species will tend to slow down the faster ions and speed up the slower ions, see Samson et al. (999), Tang (999). The quantity P is also an effective property since only the solution volume effectively contributing to diffusion is considered. It encompasses the effect of pore size distribution, tortuosity and constrictivity of the pore system. When dry concrete is exposed to an acid solution the ions generated will rapidly enter the concrete by capillary suction. The penetration rate for the front of capillary suction x C into the concrete and thus the convection of the acid ions is determined by the absorption coefficient A (kg/(m s / ) and the capillary porosity P i.e. xc ( t) = A P ρ W x ( t) C (5) Here ρ W is the density of water. 3. Transport and reactions concerning Fe 3 and Al 3 The transport processes and reactions involving Fe 3 and Al 3 can be treated analogously to. Owing to the neutralization reaction, Fe 3 and Al 3 ions are accompanied by when they are released from the hydrated ferrite and aluminate phases. Thus, as above, a ph reduction is calculated from the increase in the calcium concentration of the pore solution. However, it is likely that different ferric and perhaps aluminium oxide hydrate compounds precipitate or redissolve, thus affecting porosity, diffusion flux and capillary suction. It is also necessary to include this effect during the calculation of the ph of the pore solution. 3.3 The acid Acetic acid has been chosen for the experiments necessary to determine the model input parameters and verify the model. This acid represents the organic acids produced by the decay of organic matter in, for example, waste disposal sites or animal houses (De Belie et al. 996) and, owing to the high solubility of its calcium salt, attacks concrete with similar aggression to mineral acids. Acetic acid has the advantage that buffer solutions with sodium acetate can be prepared with ph values ranging from 4. to 6.5 which cover the very strong, strong and weak attacks as defined by DIN 43. Furthermore, acid attack is commonly in the form of large quantities of standing or slowly flowing solution in contact with a concrete surface so that the strength of the attack is not diminished by the reaction with the concrete. This requirement is easily fulfilled by the buffer solution. Another advantage is the high ionic strength of the buffer solution which means that the activity coefficients of ions in the pore solution will not change greatly as ions from the solid material enter the pore solution. 9DBMC- Paper Page 5
6 During the simulation of the corrosion process, the properties of the acid must also be taken into account. Dissociation is especially important for weak organic acids and their buffer solutions. The ph of the acid is determined by the equilibrium between the dissociated protons and acid anions with the non-dissociated acid molecules as defined by the dissociation constant of the acid K a, i.e. K a [ H [ X = (6) [ HX Differences in the diffusion coefficients of these species and the removal of protons due the reactions with the solid continually disturb the equilibrium according Eqn. (6) thus necessitating the calculation of new solution compositions. The conservation of the number of the components X and H in molecular and ionic form in the solution requires [ HX [ X = [ HX [ X Here denotes the initial unstable composition and the final equilibrium composition. [ HX and [ H = [ HX [ H The solution of Eqns 6 and 7 yield quadratic expressions for the equilibrium composition of the pore solution. It is necessary to calculate the new equilibrium composition of the buffer solution components of the pore solution after each time step t of the corrosion model. It is assumed that the equilibrium is not affected by other ions in the solution and that it is achieved instantaneously. 4 DETERMINATION OF THE MODEL PARAMETERS 4. Diffusion coefficients and porosity The ph value of the pore solution and the time of exposure to the acid vary over the corroded layer. Thus the corrosion model requires values for the diffusion coefficients of the various ions and porosity as a function of the time of exposure to ph values between 4. and, theoretically,.5. Thin mortar disks (thickness l = 3 mm, diameter d = 3 mm) are stored for different time periods t up to d in buffer solutions at ph values between 4. and nearly 8.5. Following this, the corroded disks are transferred to distilled water so that the ions contained in the pore solution can diffuse out of the disks into the surrounding water. One-dimensional diffusion conditions are obtained by sealing the disk edges with epoxy resin. The concentration of the various ions in the storage water is monitored for up to four days, see Fig. 5. Afterwards the porosity and matrix density of the disks are determined gravimetrically. In order to determine diffusion coefficients from the experimental data, Fick s second law of diffusion has been solved for the boundary conditions imposed by thin semi-infinite plates to yield an expression for the increase in concentration of an ion in the storage water as a function of the diffusion coefficient. The increase in, for example, the calcium concentration of the water is given by [ P [ = ( t) 4v n= P π d l,3,5.. 4 π n π ( cos( πn) ) exp D t l Here [ is the initial concentration of calcium in the pore solution and v the storage water volume. Fig. 5 shows examples for the increase in the concentration of ions in the storage water according to Eqn. (8). The curves were calculated for a disk 3 mm in diameter and 3 mm thick immersed for h in 5 ml water. The initial concentration of ions dissolved in the pore solution of the disk was. mol/l and the porosity of the disk was 3%. The maximum concentration given in the figure is reached when the pore solution and the surrounding storage water have the same concentration. n (7) (8) 9DBMC- Paper Page 6
7 ,4, max. concentration Concentration, mmol/l,8,6,4 D = - m /s D = - m /s, Time, h Figure 5. Diffusion of calcium ions from thin disks into surrounding water Values for the diffusion coefficients of the relevant ions, including, Fe 3 and Al 3, are obtained by fitting Eqn. (8) to the appropriate experimental data. 4. Rate constants for dissolution The rate constants are determined by solubility measurements with finely ground mortar in order to minimize the effect of diffusion. Samples of initial mass m are stored for various lengths of time in buffer solutions of volume V with ph values ranging between 4. and 8.5. At the end of the storage period the storage solution is chemically analysed and the dry residue weighed. The solution of Eqn. for a buffer solution ([H is constant) yields the calcium concentration of the solution as a function of time. ( exp( K [ H t ) m [ = [ S, (9) V Here [ S, is the initial content of potentially soluble calcium in the solid hydration products at the beginning of the acid attack (mol/kg). Values for the rate constants governing the release of, Fe 3 and Al 3 and the corresponding initial contents of these ions in the mortar are determined by fitting Eqn. (9) to the experimental data. Fig. 6 shows results obtained from preliminary solubility measurements. A specimen of finely ground mortar weighing 5 g was placed in ml buffer solution with a ph of 4.5 at C. The concentrations of calcium, iron and aluminium in the buffer solution were recorded a number of times over a h storage period. In the figure, the concentration of calcium, iron and aluminium (symbols) in the solution is plotted against the square root of time. Based on the initial contents, it was estimated that after h more than 95% of the calcium in the sample had entered the solution. Around 95% of the iron and 65% of the aluminium were in the solution. [, mmol/l K = 3. l/(mmol s) [ S, = 3 mmol/kg Time, min / [Fe 3, [Al 3 mmol/l K Al3 =.7 l/(mmol s) [Al 3 S, = 5 mmol/kg K Fe3 =.3 l/(mmol s) [Fe 3 S, = 65 mmol/kg Time, min / Figure 6. Increase in concentration of, Fe 3 and Al 3 in a buffer solution (ph 4.5) containing finely ground mortar 9DBMC- Paper Page 7
8 In Fig. 6 the experimental results are compared with curves calculated according to Eqn. (9). The values for the rate constant and the content of soluble ions in the mortar are next to the curves. Although the figure illustrates the method by which rate constants can be obtained from the results of solution measurements, a better description of the corrosion reactions is clearly necessary to provide more accurate rate constants. In principle, the rate constant in Eqn. (9) is valid for the complete range of ph values (4. to.5) and is therefore an integral value incorporating the effect of many different chemical reactions, precipitation and dissolution processes. A more accurate description of the kinetics requires knowledge of the effect of ph on the various rate constants. In view of the brown zone adjacent to the uncorroded material observed by Pavlík (994), lower solubility of phases containing iron is expected at higher ph values. This also explains why at ph 4.5 the amount of dissolved aluminium in the ground mortar sample appears to reach a maximum (Fig. 6) well below the total aluminium content, which would completely dissolve at, for example, ph. Eqn. (9) assumes that the rate constant is independent of the ratio of the initial mass of solid to the volume of the liquid in contact with it, m /V. However, the true ratio within the corroded layer will be much larger than the ratio used in the preliminary solubility measurements. This will affect ionic strength and the solubility limits of the solution. At present experiments are being conducted to ascertain the effect of the ratio m /V on the rate constants. Eqn. (9) also assumes that all the soluble ions contained in the mortar particles are in permanent contact with the acid, i.e. the time needed for the protons to reach any point within the particles is negligible. However, the corrosion reactions will also have some topological character, i.e. K will also depend on specific surface. Since the mortar particles ( 6 µm) contain capillary pores, their specific surface is determined by the external and internal areas at which the corrosion reactions occur. This will vary as the dissolution reactions proceed. The change in external specific surface during corrosion is currently being investigated using laser granulometry. 4.3 Verification In order to test the model, mortar cylinders are stored for up to three months in buffer solutions with ph values ranging from 4. to 6.5. The calcium, iron and aluminium content of the external buffer solution and the corroded layer, resolved in.5 mm steps, are determined by chemical analysis. The thickness of the corroded layer is measured. Finally, the data are compared with the results of the simulation. 5 CONCLUDING REMARKS A model is presented for the prediction of the corrosion of concrete under acid attack at ph values between 4. and 6.5 as a function of time. The model considers the diffusion of the acid within the corroded layer and the rate of reaction with the solid phases. Changes in porosity due to corrosion as well as precipitation and dissolution are also considered. An important part of the model is the simulation of the release of, Fe 3 and Al 3 ions into the pore solution and the diffusion of these ions through the corroded layer into the attacking acid. This approach enables the quantification of the corrosion mechanisms based on experimental observations. The main input parameters of the model are diffusion coefficients for the acid as well as, Fe 3 and Al 3, rate constants for the release of, Fe 3 and Al 3 into the pore solution and the associated change in porosity. The parameters are integral, i.e. effective, material properties rather than fundamental thermodynamic quantities, which are chosen in order to simplify the application of the model to practice concretes. The parameters are determined in special experiments tailored to the model. The values for the diffusion coefficients are determined under instationary conditions by corroding thin fine mortar disks in acetic acid / sodium acetate buffer solutions or other acids, transferring them to distilled water and monitoring the concentration of ions in the water. The porosity of the disks is determined gravimetrically. The rate constants are determined by storing finely ground mortar specimens in buffer solutions and observing the concentration of ions in the solutions. It is necessary to take account of the effect of ph on the corrosion reactions. The latest experimental results, in particular for high alumina cement, will be presented at the conference. 6 ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors thank the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft for financially supporting this work. 7 REFERENCES. Biczók, I. 968, Betonkorrosion, Betonschutz, Bauverlag, Wiesbaden-Berlin, in German. De Belie, N., Verselder, H. J., De Blaere, B., Van Nieuwenburg, D. and Verschoore, R. 996, Influence of the cement type on the resistance of concrete to feed acids, Cem. Concr. Res., 6, Dorner, H. W., Säurewiderstand von Hochleistungsbetonen, Deutscher Ausschuss für Stahlbeton. 38th Research Colloquium, Tech. Univ. Munich, Germany, -3 March, in German 9DBMC- Paper Page 8
9 4. Pavlík, V. 994, Corrosion of hardened cement paste by acetic and nitric acids. Part I: lculation of corrosion depth, Cem. Concr. Res., 4, 55-56, Part II: Formation and chemical composition of the corrosion products layer, Cem. Concr. Res., 4, Revertegat, E., Richet, C. and Gégout, P. 99, Effect of ph on the durability of cement pastes, Cem. Concr. Res.,, Samson, E., Marchand, J. and Beaudoin, J. J. 999, Describing ion diffusion mechanisms in cement-based materials using the homogenization technique, Cem. Concr. Res., 9, Samson, E., Marchand, J. and Beaudoin, J. J., Modeling the influence of chemical reactions on the mechanisms of ionic transport in porous materials. An overview, Cem. Concr. Res., 3, Schmidt-Döhl, F. and Rostásy, F. S. 999, A model for the calculation of combined chemical reactions and transport processes and its application to the corrosion of mineral-building materials. Part. Simulation model, Cem. Concr. Res., 9, 39-45, Part II. Experimental verification, Cem. Concr. Res., 9, Shi, C. and Stegemann, J. A., Acid corrosion resistance of different cementing materials, Cem. Concr. Res., 3, Tang, L. 999, Concentration dependence of diffusion and migration of chloride ions Part. Theoretical considerations, Cem. Concr. Res., 9, DBMC- Paper Page 9
EFFECT OF CONCRETE COMPOSITION ON RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE TO ACID ATTACK
EFFECT OF CONCRETE COMPOSITION ON RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE TO ACID ATTACK Robin E. Beddoe and Karl Schmidt Centre for Building Materials, Technische Universität München, Germany Abstract The effect of Portland
More informationbleeding during sample preparation. The specimens were demolded at hours and sealed with aluminum foil. Afterward, the sealed samples were stored at C
コンクリート工学年次論文集,Vol.3,No.1,1 - Technical Paper - CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF CEMENT-BASED MATERIALS IN SODIUM AND MAGNESIUM SULFATE SOLUTIONS Yogarajah ELAKNESWARAN *1, Tetsuya ISHIDA * ABSTRACT This paper presents
More informationAn Experimental Investigation on the behaviour of Portland Cement Concrete and Geopolymer Concrete in acidic environment
An Experimental Investigation on the behaviour of Portland Cement and Geopolymer in acidic environment Kolli Venkata Manjeeth, J. Sri Kalyana Rama 1 (Student, Civil Engineering Department, BITS PILANI
More informationConcrete Deterioration Caused by Sulfuric Acid Attack
1DBMC International Conférence On Durability of Building Materials and Components LYON [France] 17-2 April 25 Concrete Deterioration Caused by Sulfuric Acid Attack K. Kawai, S. Yamaji, T. Shinmi Department
More informationDurability of fly ash based Geopolymer concrete against sulphuric acid attack
10DBMC International Conference On Durability of Building Materials and Components Durability of fly ash based Geopolymer concrete against sulphuric acid attack X. J. Song a, M. Marosszeky a, M. Brungs
More informationSULFATE AND CHLORIDE RESISTANCE PROPERTIES OF PORTLAND CEMENT BLENDS
Proceedings of the 4 th International Conference on Civil Engineering for Sustainable Development (ICCESD 2018), 9~11 February 2018, KUET, Khulna, Bangladesh (ISBN-978-984-34-3502-6) SULFATE AND CHLORIDE
More informationChapter 2. Literature Review
Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Outline In this chapter, literature review about definition and risk of a concrete carbonation, durability degradation mechanisms of a concrete carbonation, substance for
More informationResistance of cracked concrete to chloride attack
Resistance of cracked concrete to chloride attack Mathias Maes 1* and Nele De Belie 1* 1 Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research, Department of Structural Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark
More informationUtilization of micro silica as partial replacement of OPC & SRC in concrete
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) ISSN (Online) 2319-183X, (Print) 2319-1821 Volume 3, Issue 3(March 2014), PP.67-73 Utilization of micro silica as partial replacement of
More informationPublished in: Proceedings of the RILEM International workshop on performance-based specification and control of concrete durability
Determination of the chloride diffusion coefficient in mortars with supplementary cementitious materials Elfmarkova, V.; Spiesz, P.R.; Brouwers, H.J.H. Published in: Proceedings of the RILEM International
More informationSP2 Report on. Service Model of Calcareous Aggregate Cement Based on Field Test. Author and Chief Investigator: M. Valix
SP2 Report on Service Model of Calcareous Aggregate Cement Based on Field Test Author and Chief Investigator: M. Valix Summary This is a service life model based on the kinetic analysis of calcareous aggregate
More informationConcrete Pipe in Acid Sulfate Soil Conditions
TECHNICAL BRIEF Concrete Pipe in Acid Sulfate Soil Conditions Concrete Pipe Association of Australasia Concrete Pipe in Acid Sulfate Soil Conditions There are widespread areas in Australia where the soil
More informationPore Solution Analysis as a Tool for Studying Early Age Hydration & Predicting Future Durability R.D. Hooton, T. Ramlochan, and M.D.A.
Pore Solution Analysis as a Tool for Studying Early Age Hydration & Predicting Future Durability R.D. Hooton, T. Ramlochan, and M.D.A. Thomas Cement Hydration Summit, Quebec, July 2009 Contents Obtaining
More informationDurability Predictions Using Early-Age Durability Index Testing
Durability Predictions Using Early-Age Durability Index Testing JR Mackechnie & MG Alexander Summary: Durability of reinforced concrete structures is often dependent on the corrosion of reinforcement due
More informationDURABILITY of CONCRETE STRUCTURES
DURABILITY of CONCRETE STRUCTURES Assist. Prof. Dr. Mert Yücel YARDIMCI This presentation covers the subjects in CEB Durable Concrete Structures Guideline and has been prepared by the graduate students
More informationPARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT IN CONCRETE WITH SUGAR CANE BAGASSE ASH- BEHAVIOUR IN HCl SOLUTION
http:// PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT IN CONCRETE WITH SUGAR CANE BAGASSE ASH- BEHAVIOUR IN HCl SOLUTION ABSTRACT K Meeravali 1, K V G D Balaji 2, T. Santhosh Kumar 3 1 PG Student, 2 Professor, 3 Assistant
More informationEvaluation Methods of Concrete Carbonation Suppressive Performance of Surface Coating
Evaluation Methods of Concrete Carbonation Suppressive Performance of Surface Coating Kenji Motohashi Shibaura Institute of Technology, Japan Toyosu 3-7-, Koto-Ku, 13-848 Japan, motoken@shibaura-it.ac.jp
More informationIns & outs of carbonation of concrete
Ins & outs of carbonation of concrete Lecture Adv. Concrete technology, 24-28 feb 2014, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. 2 Ins & outs of carbonation of concrete Contents: 1. Introduction: what is
More informationAcid Attack on PCCP Mortar Coating. Dipayan Jana, P.G. 1 Richard A. Lewis, P. E. 2
Acid Attack on PCCP Mortar Coating Dipayan Jana, P.G. 1 Richard A. Lewis, P. E. 2 Abstract During the failure investigation of a 2.59 meter (102 inch) diameter prestressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP)
More informationEric Samson Cementitious Barriers Partnership SIMCO Technologies Inc. August 2014
SIMCO Experimental Results Eric Samson Cementitious Barriers Partnership SIMCO Technologies Inc. August 2014 Summary Concrete mixture characterization Saltstone characterization Effect of damage on transport
More informationLECTURE NO. 10 & 11 (Part II) MINERAL ADMIXTURES
Objectives: LECTURE NO. 10 & 11 (Part II) MINERAL ADMIXTURES To introduce the mineral admixtures By: Dr. Shamshad Ahmad To explain in detail fly ash and silica fume used as mineral admixtures INTRODUCTION
More informationINFLUENCE OF CRACKS ON CHLORIDE PENETRATION IN CONCRETE
INFLUENCE OF CRACKS ON CHLORIDE PENETRATION IN CONCRETE Katrien Audenaert*, Geert De Schutter* & Liviu Marsavina** * Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research, Department of Structural Engineering, Ghent
More informationJournal of Engineering Sciences, Assiut University, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp , July 2006
Journal of Engineering Sciences, Assiut University, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 1061-1085, July 2006 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY OF CEMENT CONCRETE CONTAINING ALKALI WASTES OF OIL AND CELLULOSE PAPER INDUSTRIES
More informationPrediction Of Chloride Penetration Into Concrete Exposed To Various Exposure Environments
Prediction Of Chloride Penetration Into Concrete Exposed To Various Exposure Environments L Tang 1,) & L-O Nilsson 1) 1) Chalmers University of Technology Göteborg, Sweden ) SP Swedish National Testing
More informationIMPROVING SULFATE RESISTANCE OF MORTARS PRODUCED WITH SANDS CONTAMINATED BY NATURAL SULFATE
International RILEM Conference on Material Science MATSCI, Aachen 2010 Vol. III, AdIPoC 231 IMPROVING SULFATE RESISTANCE OF MORTARS PRODUCED WITH SANDS CONTAMINATED BY NATURAL SULFATE H. N. Atahan, D.
More informationRESISTANCE OF CONCRETE AGAINST COMBINED ATTACK OF CHLORIDES AND SULPHATES
RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE AGAINST COMBINED ATTACK OF CHLORIDES AND SULPHATES Mathias Maes 1, Elke Gruyaert 1 and Nele De Belie 1 1 Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde
More informationEffect of Incorporating Silica Fume in Fly Ash Geopolymers Suresh Thokchom 1, Debabrata Dutta 2, Somnath Ghosh 3
Vol:, No:1, 11 Effect of Incorporating Silica Fume in Fly Ash Geopolymers Suresh Thokchom 1, Debabrata Dutta, Somnath Ghosh 3 International Science Index, Civil and Environmental Engineering Vol:, No:1,
More informationCHLORIDE TRANSPORT IN CONCRETE EXPOSED TO MARINE ENVIRONMENT
- Technical Paper CHLORIDE TRANSPORT IN CONCRETE EXPOSED TO MARINE ENVIRONMENT Prince O Neill IQBAL *1, Tetsuya ISHIDA *2 ABSTRACT The purpose of this research is to predict transportation behavior of
More informationEvaluation Of Accelerated Chloride Ion Diffusion Test And Applicability Of Fick s Second Law
Evaluation Of Accelerated Chloride Ion Diffusion Test And Applicability Of Fick s Second Law AS Poupeleer & D Van Gemert Department of Civil Engineering KU Leuven Belgium Summary: A global test program
More informationMODELLING THE DURABILITY OF CONCRETE FOR NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITIES
MODELLING THE DURABILITY OF CONCRETE FOR NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITIES Olli-Pekka J. Kari (1), Jari A. Puttonen (1) (1) Helsinki University of Technology, Department of Structural Engineering and Building
More informationIJRASET 2013: All Rights are Reserved 1
Estimating of long term concrete magnesium sulfate resistance up to 450 days depending on cement impact and water cement ratio Ahmed M. Diab #1, Hafez E. Elyamany *2, Abd Elmoaty M. Abd Elmoaty #3, Ali
More informationSteel making slag concrete as sustainable construction materials
Steel making slag concrete as sustainable construction materials K. Sakata, T. Ayano & T. Fujii Okayama University, Okayama, Japan ABSTRACT: Steel making slag concrete is made of ground granulated blast
More informationApplication of Silane-based Compounds for the Production of Integral Water Repellent Concrete
Hydrophobe VI 6 th International Conference on Water Repellent Treatment of Building Materials Aedificatio Publishers, 137-144 (2011) Application of Silane-based Compounds for the Production of Integral
More informationTHE LEACHING EFFECT OF CONCRETE IMMERSED IN AMMONIUM NITRATE SOLUTION
THE LEACHING EFFECT OF CONCRETE IMMERSED IN AMMONIUM NITRATE SOLUTION U. Schneider and S.-W. Chen Institute of Building Construction and Technology, Vienna University of Technology, Austria Abstract This
More informationEffects of Cement Type and Fly Ash on the Sulfate Attack Using ASTM C 1012
Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute Vol.16 No.1, pp.13~138, February, 24 today s construction industry. Effects of Cement Type and Fly Ash on the Sulfate Attack Using ASTM C 112 Nam-Shik Ahn 1)* Dept.
More information1. Scaling. H.O.: H-5/21, KRISHNA NAGAR, DELHI Tel.: , Fax:
Boiler Water Problems and Its Causes Water is the essential medium for steam generation. Conditioning it properly can increase the efficiency of boiler and as well as extend the boiler s life. Treating
More informationDetermination of the chloride diffusion coefficient in blended cement mortars Elfmarkova, V.; Spiesz, P.R.; Brouwers, H.J.H.
Determination of the chloride diffusion coefficient in blended cement mortars Elfmarkova, V.; Spiesz, P.R.; Brouwers, H.J.H. Published in: Proceedings of the International Conference of Non-Traditional
More informationCommentary on the Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete Structures at the Seabrook Nuclear Plant
Commentary on the Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete Structures at the Seabrook Nuclear Plant March 14, 2012 Statement of Purpose The purpose of this document is to summarize and comment on the analyses
More information4. STRENGTH APPROXIMATION. 4.1 The European Standard EN 206 and strength aspects
4. Strength approximation 4. STRENGTH APPROXIMATION 4.1 The European Standard EN 206 and strength aspects According to EN 206 [12], the hardened concrete is classified with respect to its compressive strength
More informationConcrete. Chapter 11 Durability of Concrete & Mix Design. Materials of Construction-Concrete 1. Wikipedia.org
Wikipedia.org Concrete Chapter 11 Durability of Concrete & Mix Design Materials of Construction-Concrete 1 Durability of hardened concrete Materials of Construction-Concrete 2 Leaching and efflorescence
More informationEffect of Acidic Curing Environment on the Strength and Durability of Concrete
Effect of Acidic Curing Environment on the Strength and Durability of Concrete Taku, Kumator Josiphiah Department of Civil Engineering, University of Agriculture Makurdi, Nigeria Amartey, D Yusuf Department
More informationFACTORS INFLUENCING THE SULPHATE RESISTANCE OF CEMENT CONCRETE AND MORTAR
ASIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING (BUILDING AND HOUSING) VOL. 7, NO. 3 (26) PAGES 259-268 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SULPHATE RESISTANCE OF CEMENT CONCRETE AND MORTAR J. Prasad, D.K. Jain and A.K. Ahuja
More informationConcrete Durability in a Marine Environment. M. Collepardi
Concrete Durability in a Marine Environment M. Collepardi Synopsis: The holistic model of the damage process of reinforced concrete structures is preliminary shown in the present paper by examining the
More informationBlast Furnace Slag Cements
REFERENCE DATA SHEET 3-2011 Blast Furnace Slag Cements FLY ASH REFERENCE Properties, Characteristics and Applications DATA SHEET No. 1 August 2009 1. INTRODUCTION This data sheet reviews in some detail
More informationAccelerated carbonation: changes in water transport, porosity and phases of mortar due to different CO 2 pressures
Accelerated carbonation: changes in water transport, porosity and phases of mortar due to different CO 2 pressures Charlotte Thiel, Robin Beddoe, Dirk Lowke, Christoph Gehlen Centre for Building Materials,
More informationTool for quantification of chloride binding. Søren L. Poulsen Danish Technological Institute, Concrete
Tool for quantification of chloride binding Søren L. Poulsen Danish Technological Institute, Concrete Chloride binding in concrete Exposure solution Concrete Reinforcement CL - CL - CL - CL - CL - Chloride
More informationCIVIL ENGINEERING. For. UPSC Engineering Services Examination, GATE, State Engineering Service Examination & Public Sector Examination.
CIVIL ENGINEERING For UPSC Engineering Services Examination, GATE, State Engineering Service Examination & Public Sector Examination. (BHEL, NTPC, NHPC, DRDO, SAIL, HAL, BSNL, BPCL, NPCL, etc.) BUILDING
More informationProperties of Concrete with GGBS and its Applications for Bridge Superstructures
Properties of Concrete with GGBS and its Applications for Bridge Superstructures Yasutaka SAGAWA 1*, Daisuke Yamamoto 1 and Yoshikazu HENZAN 2 1 Kyushu University, Japan 2 P.S. Mitsubishi Construction
More informationNon-Steady-State Chloride Migration Test on Mortar with Supplementary Cementitious Materials
Non-Steady-State Chloride Migration Test on Mortar with Supplementary Cementitious Materials Eisuke Nakamura 1, Satoshi Suzuki, and Hiroshi Watanabe 3 1 Public Works Research Institute, Japan 1-6 Minamihara,
More informationAdmixtures CIVL
Admixtures CIVL 3137 88 Admixtures admixture (n.) any material other than water, aggregates, hydraulic cement and fiber reinforcement, used as an ingredient of concrete or mortar, and added to the batch
More informationThe durability of normal strength concrete: an experimental study
Materials Characterisation VII 195 The durability of normal strength concrete: an experimental study V. Patel & N. Shah Civil Engineering Department, Charotar University of Science and Technology, India
More informationIMPROVEMENT OF CONCRETE DURABILITY BY COMPLEX MINERAL SUPER-FINE POWDER
277 IMPROVEMENT OF CONCRETE DURABILITY BY COMPLEX MINERAL SUPER-FINE POWDER Chen Han-bin, Chen Jian-xiong, Xiao Fei, and Cui Hong-ta College of Material Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PRC Abstract
More informationDISSOLVED CONSTITUENTS IN MARINE PORE WATER ... DATA EVALUATION...
DISSOLVED CONSTITUENTS IN MARINE PORE WATER PORE WATER PROFILES DIFFUSIVE FLUXES... DATA EVALUATION... How to read pore water concentration profiles 1 How to read pore water concentration profiles Consumption
More informationIJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development Vol. 4, Issue 02, 2016 ISSN (online):
IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development Vol. 4, Issue 0, 016 ISSN (online): 31-0613 R.Niranjana Reddy 1 Dr. Vaishali G.Ghorpade 1 M.Tech. Student Professor 1, Department of
More informationAdmixtures CIVL
Admixtures CIVL 3137 1 Admixtures admixture (n.) any material other than water, aggregates, hydraulic cement and fiber reinforcement, used as an ingredient of concrete or mortar, and added to the batch
More informationEttringite revisited. Fred Glasser University of Aberdeen Old Aberdeen, Scotland UK
Ettringite revisited Fred Glasser University of Aberdeen Old Aberdeen, Scotland UK Ettringite (1) Since its discovery in nature and its subsequent identification as a minor phase in hydrated Portland cement,
More informationQingke Nie 1 Changjun Zhou 2 Huawei Li 1 Xiang Shu 3 Baoshan Huang 3. Hebei Research Inst. of Construction & Geotechnical Investigation Co., Ltd.
Qingke Nie 1 Changjun Zhou 2 Huawei Li 1 Xiang Shu 3 Baoshan Huang 3 3 Hebei Research Inst. of Construction & Geotechnical Investigation Co., Ltd. 3 Harbin Institute of Technology 3 The University of Tennessee,
More information75 Years of experience with high dosed blast furnace slag cement
75 Years of experience with high dosed blast furnace slag cement Mario de Rooij TNO Innovation for Life 10-12 TNO in brief The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research Owner: Dutch Government
More informationSTUDIES ON SMALL IONIC DIFFUSIVITY CONCRETE
319 STUDIES ON SMALL IONIC DIFFUSIVITY CONCRETE He Xingyang, 1 Chen Yimin, 1 Ma Baoguo, 2 Li Yongxin, 1 Zhang Hongtao, 1 and Zhang Wensheng 1 1 China Building Materials Academy, Beijing, 124, PRC 2 Wuhan
More informationANALYSIS OF LONG-TERM INFLUENCE OF CHLORIDE AGGRESSIVE ENVIRONMENT ON THE UHPC
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Mechanics and Materials in Design, Editors: J.F. Silva Gomes & S.A. Meguid, P.Delgada/Azores, 26-30 July 2015 PAPER REF: 5573 ANALYSIS OF LONG-TERM INFLUENCE
More informationRELATION BETWEEN VACUUM WATER ABSORPTION AND POROSITY OF SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE
RELATION BETWEEN VACUUM WATER ABSORPTION AND POROSITY OF SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE Katrien Audenaert and Geert De Schutter Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research, Ghent University, Belgium Abstract Self
More informationPrediction of Chloride Permeability of High Performance Concrete
Prediction of Chloride Permeability of High Performance Concrete M. Iqbal KHAN Saleh ALSAYED Assistant Professor Professor King Saud University King Saud University Riyadh 1141, KSA Riyadh 1141, KSA Summary
More informationDIFFUSION OF CHLORIDE IONS IN CEMENT-BASED MATERIAL
DIFFUSION OF CHORIDE IONS IN CEMENT-BASED MATERIA Toshiki Ayano (1), Kazuyoshi Hosotani (), Kentaro Yamamoto (3) and Kenji Sakata (4) (1) Graduate School of Environmental Science, Okayama University, Okayama,
More informationAnalysis of the theoretical model of the Rapid Chloride Migration test
Analysis of the theoretical model of the Rapid Chloride Migration test P. SPIESZ AND H.J.H. BROUWERS Department of Architecture, Building and Planning, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513,
More informationEffect of Simulated Desulphurised Waste Content on Resistance to Sodium Sulphate
Effect of Simulated Desulphurised Waste Content on Resistance to Sodium Sulphate J M Khatib, L Wright, and P S Mangat School of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna
More information13 FROST EFFECTS ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE
13 FROST EFFECTS ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE H. KUKKO Technical Research Centre (VTT), Building Technology, Finland 1. Introduction The purpose of this study was to clarify the internal
More informationApplication of Waste Ceramics as Active Pozzolana in Concrete Production
2012 IACSIT Coimbatore Conferences IPCSIT vol. 28 (2012) (2012) IACSIT Press, Singapore Application of Waste Ceramics as Active Pozzolana in Concrete Production Eva Vejmelková 1+, Tereza Kulovaná 1, Martin
More informationRe-alkalisation technology applied to corrosion damaged concrete
Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting II Alexander et al (eds) 2009 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-46850-3 Re-alkalisation technology applied to corrosion damaged concrete G.K.
More information1. CORROSION OF REINFORCEMENT
MAB 1033 Structural Assessment and Repair 1. CORROSION OF REINFORCEMENT Professor Dr. Mohammad bin Ismail C09-313 Learning Outcome At the end of the course students should be able to understand Mechanism
More informationCorrosion. Lab. of Energy Conversion & Storage Materials. Produced by K. B. Kim
Corrosion 대기환경에의한금속소재 (organic film coated steel) 의퇴화현상평가연구 Lab. of Energy Conversion & Storage Materials Produced by K. B. Kim Introduction AC Impedance Spectroscopy Application of AC Impedance to Corrosion
More informationSummary report: Highly insulating, monolithic concrete panels made of architectural lightweight concrete
Summary report: Highly insulating, monolithic concrete panels made of architectural lightweight concrete Project leader: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Breit, Department: Construction Material Technology; University
More informationComparison of Carbonation Models
Comparison of Carbonation Models I. Galan and C. Andrade Eduardo Torroja Institute IETcc-CSIC, Madrid, Spain ABSTRACT: In order to describe the CO 2 diffusion process into the concrete, several carbonation
More informationNATURAL POLYMER AS WATERPROOFING COMPOUND IN CEMENT CONCRETE
NATURAL POLYMER AS WATERPROOFING COMPOUND IN CEMENT CONCRETE Remya V 1 and Hima Elizabeth Koshy 2 1,2 Assistant Professor, Department Of Civil Engineering, Mount Zion College of Engineering, Pathanamthitta
More informationExperimental research for the determination of some parameters needed for the calculation of life-cycle CO 2 emission of reinforced concrete buildings
Experimental research for the determination of some parameters needed for the calculation of life-cycle CO 2 emission of reinforced concrete buildings Dan Paul GEORGESCU, Adelina APOSTU, Radu PASCU Reinforced
More informationRusting is an example of corrosion, which is a spontaneous redox reaction of materials with substances in their environment.
CORROSION WHAT IS CORROSION? Corrosion is the deterioration of a metal as a result of chemical reactions between it and the surrounding environment. Rusting is an example of corrosion, which is a spontaneous
More informationLime Cement Aggregates Mortar
Lime Cement Aggregates Mortar Lime Preparation of lime mortar Cement Ingredients Manufacturing process Types and Grades Properties of cement and Cement mortar Hydration Compressive strength Tensile strength
More informationMohammad Iqbal Khan 1
International Journal of ivil & Environmental Engineering IJEE-IJENS Vol:1 No:4 41 hloride Ingress Resistant oncrete: High Performance oncrete ontaining Supplementary omposites Mohammad Iqbal Khan 1 Abstract
More informationOptimization Of Silica Fume, Fly Ash And Cement Mixes For High Performance Concrete
Optimization Of Silica Fume, Fly Ash And Cement Mixes For High Performance Concrete Richard A. Livingston 1 and Walairat Bumrongjaroen 2 1 Federal Highway Administration, Office of Infrastructure R&D,
More informationLecture (Part-2) Portland Cement Based Paste Systems
Hydration, Porosity and Strength of Cementitious Materials Prof. Sudhir Mishra and Prof. K. V. Harish Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur Lecture - 16-18 (Part-2) Portland
More informationUnderstanding chemical attacks and permeation properties of concrete
Understanding chemical attacks and permeation properties of concrete 1st Saudi Concrete Conference, 1-4 May 2016 Riyadh, Jeddah and Khobar KSA Abu Saleh Mohammod PhD, MICT General Manager Pudlo Middle
More informationMODELLING OF CHLORIDE TRANSPORT COUPLED WITH MOISTURE MIGRATION IN CONCRETE WITH APPLICATION TO CRACKED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
International RILEM Symposium on Conete Modelling CONMOD 08 26-28 May 2008, Delft, The Netherlands MODELLING OF CHLORIDE TRANSPORT COUPLED WITH MOISTURE MIGRATION IN CONCRETE WITH APPLICATION TO CRACKED
More informationReduction in permeability of concrete, mortar and plasters by a chemical which retards water percolation and salt transfer
High Performance and Optimum Design of Structures and Materials 639 Reduction in permeability of concrete, mortar and plasters by a chemical which retards water percolation and salt transfer B. Sengupta
More informationCHAPTER 6 STRENGTH AND DURABILITY OF FLYASH BASED PAPERCRETE BUILDING BRICKS
66 CHAPTER 6 STRENGTH AND DURABILITY OF FLYASH BASED PAPERCRETE BUILDING BRICKS 6.1 GENERAL Strength and durability are the important parameters of any building material. This chapter focuses on flyash
More informationSchool of Civil & Environmental Engineering University of the Witwatersrand
School of Civil & Environmental Engineering University of the Witwatersrand Postgraduate Lecture: Physical and Chemical Deterioration Processes Prof. Y Ballim 1. PHYSICAL FORMS OF DETERIORATION 1.1 Abrasion
More informationPermeation Properties of Bacterial Concrete
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-issn: 2278-1684 Volume 5, Issue 6 (Mar. - Apr. 2013), PP 08-16 Srinivasa Reddy V 1, Sreenivasa Rao D 1, Seshagiri Rao M V 1, Sasikala Ch 2
More informationSwimming Pool Interior Finishes and Chemical Etching Deterioration
Issue No. 3, November 2016 Swimming Pool Interior Finishes and Chemical Etching Deterioration Introduction Swimming pool cementitious finishes are one of the most popular types of in-ground pool surface
More informationAn Experimental Study On Strength & Durability Of Concrete Using Partial Replacement Of Cement With Nano Silica
An Experimental Study On Strength & Durability Of Concrete Using Partial Replacement Of Cement With Nano Silica Karthika P Abstract: Nano science and technology is a new field of emergence in materials
More informationNon-Ferrous Extractive Metallurgy Prof. H. S. Ray Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Non-Ferrous Extractive Metallurgy Prof. H. S. Ray Department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture No. # 07 Principles of Hydrometalling Friends, we
More informationChapter 6a Interpreting Stability (Pourbaix) Diagrams
Chapter 6a Interpreting Stability (Pourbaix) Diagrams Overview Stability diagrams are graphic tools that contain two independent variables, Electrochemical Potential (EH), and ph. The dependent variable
More informationDurability Properties of Envisia a Lower Carbon Concrete
Durability Properties of Envisia a Lower Carbon Concrete David Hocking 1, Bob Bornstein 2 and Tony Song 3 1 National Technical Manager - Concrete, Boral Construction Materials and Cement 2 Manager Technical
More informationHydraulic Conductivity And Porosity of Hardening Slurries with Fluidal Fly Ashes in Chemically Aggressive Environments
Archives of Hydro-Engineering and Environmental Mechanics Vol. 55 (2008), No. 3 4, pp. 65 81 IBW PAN, ISSN 1231 3726 Hydraulic Conductivity And Porosity of Hardening Slurries with Fluidal Fly Ashes in
More informationresearch report Laboratory Comparison of Several Tests for Evaluating the Transport Properties of Concrete Virginia Transportation Research Council
Final Report VTRC 06-R38 Virginia Transportation Research Council research report Laboratory Comparison of Several Tests for Evaluating the Transport Properties of Concrete http:/www.virginiadot.org/vtrc/main/online_reports/pdf/06-r38.pdf
More information2 LITERATURE REVIEW IJSER
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7, Issue 4, April-2016 171 An Experimental Study on Strength & Durability of Concrete Using Partial Replacement of Cement with Nano Silica
More informationPerformance of Fly ash Based Geopolymer Mortars in Sulphate Solution
Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review 3 (1) (2010) 36-40 Research Article JOURNAL OF Engineering Science and Technology Review www.jestr.org Performance of Fly ash Based Geopolymer Mortars
More informationEXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF WATER AND WATER VAPOR TRANSPORT IN COATING- SUBSTRATE SYSTEMS
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF WATER AND WATER VAPOR TRANSPORT IN COATING- SUBSTRATE SYSTEMS Milena Jiřičková, Robert Černý Czech Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Structural
More informationEFFECT OF GREEN ACTIVATORS ON THE PROPERTIES OF ALKALI ACTIVATED MATERIALS: A REVIEW
EFFECT OF GREEN ACTIVATORS ON THE PROPERTIES OF ALKALI ACTIVATED MATERIALS: A REVIEW Adeyemi Adesina (1) (1) Concordia University, Montreal, Canada Abstract The most common types of activators used for
More information- paste cement-water mix allowing setting and hardening to occur w/c: setting stiffening without significant increase in strength
Definition - w/c, w/s water to cement / solid ratio by mass - paste cement-water mix allowing setting and hardening to occur w/c: 0.3-0.6 - setting stiffening without significant increase in strength -
More informationALKALI SILICA REACTION MITIGATING PROPERTIES OF TERNARY BLENDED CEMENT WITH CALCINED CLAY AND LIMESTONE.
ALKALI SILICA REACTION MITIGATING PROPERTIES OF TERNARY BLENDED CEMENT WITH CALCINED CLAY AND LIMESTONE. Aurélie R. Favier, Cyrille F. Dunant, Karen L. Scrivener EPFL-STI-IMX LMC, Station12, CH-1015 Lausanne,
More informationDurability of Marine Concrete with Mineral Admixture and Marine Aquatic Organism Layer
Durability of Marine Concrete with Mineral Admixture and Marine Aquatic Organism Layer Amry Dasar 1, Hidenori HAMADA 1, Yasutaka SAGAWA 1 and Takanori IKEDA 2 1 Kyushu University, Japan 2 Maeda Corporation,
More informationSTRUCTURE FORMATION OF HARDENING CEMENT PASTES AT FREEZING
STRUCTURE FORMATION OF HARDENING CEMENT PASTES AT FREEZING M. Sanitsky, H. Sobol, U. Marushchak National University Lviv Polytechnic, Ukraine Abstract Peculiarities of frost influence taking place in clinker
More information