MILITARY HANDBOOK METALLIC MATERIALS AND ELEMENTS FOR AEROSPACE VEHICLE STRUCTURES

Transcription

1 1 DECEMBER 1998 MILITARY HANDBOOK METALLIC MATERIALS AND ELEMENTS FOR AEROSPACE VEHICLE STRUCTURES AMSC N/A FSC 1560 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release: distribution is unlimited.

2 FOREWORD 1. This military handbook is approved for use by all Departments and Agencies of the Department of Defense and the Federal Aviation Administration. 2. Beneficial comments (recommendations, additions, deletions) and any pertinent data which may be of use in improving this document should be addressed to: Chairman, MIL-HDBK-5 Coordination Activity ( voice, fax), AFRL/MLSC, 2179 Twelfth St., Room 122, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH , by using the self-addressed Standardization Document Improvement Proposal (DD Form 1426) appearing at the end of Chapter 1 or by letter if using the hard copy. 3. This document contains design information on the strength properties of metallic materials and elements for aerospace vehicle structures. All information and data contained in this handbook have been coordinated with the Air Force, Army, Navy, Federal Aviation Administration, and industry prior to publication, and are being maintained as a joint effort of the Department of Defense and the Federal Aviation Administration. 4. The electronic copy of the Handbook is technically consistent with the paper copy Handbook; however, minor differences exist in format, i.e., table or figure position. Depending on monitor size and resolution setting, more data may be viewed without on-screen magnification. The figures were converted to electronic format using one of several methods. For example, digitization or recomputation methods were used on most of the engineering figures like typical stress-strain and effect of temperature, etc. Scanning was used to capture informational figures such as those found in Chapters 1 and 9, as well as most of the S/N curves and the majority of graphics in Chapters 4 through 7. These electronic figures were also used to generate the paper copy figures to maintain equivalency between the paper copy and electronic copy. In all cases, the electronic figures have been compared to the paper copy figures to ensure the electronic figure was technically equivalent. Appendix E provides a detailed listing of all the figures in the Handbook, along with a description of each figure s format. Custodians: Preparing activity: Army AV Air Force: 11 Navy AS Air Force 11 (Project No ) FAA Review activities: Army ME, MI Navy CG Air Force 80, 82, 84, 99 ii

3 EXPLANATION OF NUMERICAL CODE For chapters containing materials properties, a deci-numeric system is used to identify sections of text, tables, and illustrations. This system is explained in the examples shown below. Variations of this deci-numerical system are also used in Chapters 1, 8, and 9. Example A General material category (in this case, steel)... A logical breakdown of the base material by family characteristics (in this case, intermediate alloy steels); or for element properties... Particular alloy to which all data are pertinent. If zero, section contains comments on the family characteristics... If zero, section contains comments specific to the alloy; if it is an integer, the number identifies a specific temper or condition (heat treatment)... Type of graphical data presented on a given figure (see following description)... Example B X Aluminum Series Wrought Alloy Alloy... T3, T351, T3510, T3511, T4, and T42 Tempers... Specific Property as Follows... Tensile properties (ultimate and yield strength)... 1 Compressive yield and shear ultimate strengths... 2 Bearing properties (ultimate and yield strength)... 3 Modulus of elasticity, shear modulus... 4 Elongation, total strain at failure, and reduction of area... 5 Stress-strain curves, tangent-modulus curves... 6 Creep... 7 Fatigue... 8 Fatigue-Crack Propagation... 9 Fracture Toughness iii

4 CONTENTS Chapter General Purpose, Procurement, and Use of Document Introduction Scope of Document Use of Design Mechanical Properties Symbols, Abbreviations, and Systems of Units Symbols and Abbreviations International System of Units (SI) Commonly Used Formulas General Simple Unit Stresses Combined Stresses (see ) Deflections (Axial) Deflections (Bending) Deflections (Torsion) Biaxial Elastic Deformation Basic Column Formula Basic Principles and Definitions General Stress Strain Tensile Properties Compressive Properties Shear Properties Bearing Properties Temperature Effects Fatigue Properties Metallurgical Instability Biaxial Properties Fracture Strength Fatigue-Crack-Propagation Behavior Types of Failures General Material Failures Instability Failures Columns General Primary Instability Failures Local Instability Failure I

5 1.6.4 Correction of Column Test Results Thin-Walled and Stiffened Thin-Walled s References Chapter Steel General Alloy Index Material Properties Environmental Considerations Carbon Steels Comments on Carbon Steels AISI Low-Alloy Steels (AISI Grades and Proprietary Grades) Comments on Low-Alloy Steels (AISI and Proprietary Grades) Specific Alloys Intermediate Alloy Steels Comments on Intermediate Alloy Steels Cr-Mo-V Ni-4Co-0.20C Ni-4Co-0.30C High-Alloy Steels Comments on High-Alloy Steels Ni Maraging Steels AF AerMet Precipitation and Transformation-Hardening Steels (Stainless) Comments on Precipitation and Transformation-Hardening Steels (Stainless) AM AM Custom Custom PH13-8Mo PH PH15-7Mo PH PH Austenitic Stainless Steels Comments on Austenitic Stainless Steel AISI Element Properties Beams Columns II

6 2.8.3 Torsion References Chapter Aluminum General Aluminum Alloy Index Material Properties Manufacturing Considerations Series Wrought Alloys Alloy Alloy Alloy Alloy Alloy Alloy Alloy Alloy Alloy Alloy Series Wrought Alloys Series Wrought Alloys Series Wrought Alloys Alloy Alloy Alloy Alloy Alloy Series Wrought Alloys Alloy Alloy Alloy Series Wrought Alloys Alloy /7149 Alloy Alloy Alloy Alloy Alloy Alloy Alloy Series Cast Alloys A201.0 Alloy Series Cast Alloys III

7 Alloy Alloy C355.0 Alloy Alloy A356.0 Alloy A357.0 Alloy D357.0 Alloy Alloy Element Properties Beams Columns Torsion References Chapter Magnesium Alloys General Alloy Index Material Properties Physical Properties Environmental Considerations Alloy and Temper Designations Joining Methods Magnesium-Wrought Alloys AZ31B AZ61A ZK60A Magnesium Cast Alloys AM100A AZ91C/AZ91E AZ92A EZ33A QE22A ZE41A Element Properties Beams Columns Torsion References Chapter Titanium General Titanium Index IV

8 5.1.2 Material Properties Manufacturing Considerations Environmental Considerations Unalloyed Titanium Commercially Pure Titanium Alpha and Near-Alpha Titanium Alloys Ti-5Al-2.5Sn Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo Alpha-Beta Titanium Alloys Ti-6Al-4V Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn Beta, Near-Beta, and Metastable-Beta Titanium Alloys Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al (Ti-15-3) Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti ) Element Properties Beams References Chapter Heat-Resistant Alloys General Material Properties Iron-Chromium-Nickel-Base Alloys General Comments A N Nickel-Base Alloys General Comments Hastelloy X Inconel Inconel Inconel Inconel Inconel X Rene Waspaloy Cobalt-Base Alloys General Comments L HS References V

9 Chapter Miscellaneous Alloys and Hybrid Materials General Beryllium Standard Grade Beryllium Copper and Copper Alloys General Maganese Bronzes Copper Beryllium Multiphase Alloys General MP35N Alloy MP159 Alloy Aluminum Alloy Sheet Laminates General T3 Aramid Fiber Reinforced Sheet Laminate References Chapter Structural Joints Mechanically Fastened Joints Introduction and Fastener Indexes Solid Rivets Blind Fasteners Swaged Collar/Upset-Pin Fasteners Threaded Fasteners Special Fasteners Metallurgical Joints Introduction and Definitions Welded Joints Brazing Bearings, Pulleys, and Wire Rope References Chapter Summary General Introduction Applicability Approval Procedures Documentation Requirements Symbols and Definitions Data Requirements for Incorporation of a New Product into MIL-HDBK Procedures for the Submission of Mechanical Property Data VI

10 9.2 Room-Temperature Design Properties Introduction Designations and Symbols Computational Procedures, General Specifying the Population Deciding Between Direct and Indirect Computation Determining the Appropriate Computation Procedure Direct Computation for the Normal Distribution Direct Computation for the Weibull Distribution Direct Computation for an Unknown Distribution Computation of Derived Properties Determining Design Allowables by Regression Analysis Examples of Computational Procedures Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson s Ratio Physical Properties Presentation of Room-Temperature Design Properties Graphical Mechanical Property Data Elevated Temperature Curves Typical Stress-Strain, Compression Tangent-Modulus, and Full-Range Stress-Strain Curves Biaxial Stress-Strain Behavior Fatigue Data Analysis Fatigue-Crack-Propagation Data Creep and Creep-Rupture Data Properties of Joints and Structures Mechanically Fastened Joints Fusion-Welded Joints Miscellaneous Properties Fracture Toughness Statistical Procedures and Tables Goodness-of-Fit Tests Tests of Significance Data-Regression Techniques Tables Estimation Procedures for the Weibull Distribution References Appendices A.0 Glossary... A-1 B.0 Alloy Index... B-1 C.0 Specification Index... C-1 D.0 Subject Index... D-1 E.0 Figure Index... E-1 VII