National Science Olympiad Materials Science. May 17, 2014 National Science Olympiad

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1 National Science Olympiad 2014 School Name Materials Science May 17, 2014 National Science Olympiad Team # School Name Student Names Instructions: This exam consists of multiple choice questions, true/false questions and five experimental Activities. Students may write on the exam. Place the answers to the numbered questions on the provided BUBBLE sheet. The exam may be separated, but be sure it is properly re-assembled. Numbered answers not placed on the BUBBLE Sheet will not be scored. Place answers to the Experimental Activities in the exam. Point values are given by each Experimental Activity. Total Score is determined by summation of acquired points. M/C 1-67 Deflect Curve Poisson Surface SEM Total Score = A penalty of up to 10% will be assessed if the lab station is not cleaned by the student participants by the end of the event time. Ties are broken by quality and completeness of Stress-Strain Curve of aluminum. Signature Event Supervisor: Signature Event Assistant: Dr. Forrest S. Schultz Department of Chemistry Page 1 of 15 University of Wisconsin-Stout

2 National Science Olympiad 2014 School Name Mul$ple Choice and True/False Answers must placed on the Bubble Sheet provided. Mul$ple Choice and True/False Answers must placed on the Bubble Sheet provided. Ques$ons 1-67 are worth 2 points each. Ques$ons 1-67 are worth points each. 1. When identical particles pack in a simple cubic lattice, there is/are particle(s) per unit cell. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 8 2. Crystal structures may be conveniently measured using A) X-ray diffraction. D) microwave spectroscopy. B) infrared spectroscopy. E) magnetic resonance imaging. C) ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. 3. Polonium crystallizes in the simple cubic lattice. What is the coordination number for Po? A) 3 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8 E) Iron crystallizes in the body-centered cubic lattice. What is the coordination number for Fe? A) 4 B) 6 C) 8 D) 10 E) Lead crystallizes in the face-centered cubic lattice. What is the coordination number for Pb? A) 4 B) 6 C) 8 D) 10 E) Which of the following statements concerning a face-centered cubic unit cell and the corresponding lattice, made up of identical atoms, is incorrect? A) The coordination number of the atoms in the lattice is 8. B) The packing in this lattice is more efficient than for a body-centered cubic system. C) If the atoms have radius r, then the length of the cube edge is 8 r. D) There are four atoms per unit cell in this type of packing. E) The packing efficiency in this lattice and hexagonal close packing are the same. 7. A cubic unit cell has an edge length of 400. pm. The length of its body diagonal (internal diagonal) in pm is therefore A) 512. B) 566. C) 631. D) 693. E) A temperature increase causes in the conductivity of a semiconductor. A) a decrease B) an increase C) a modulation D) an increase or decrease (depending on the semiconductor) E) no change 9. The energy gap between the conduction band and the valence band is large for A) conductors. B) semiconductors. C) superconductors. D) insulators. E) alloys. Dr. Forrest S. Schultz Department of Chemistry Page 2 of 15 University of Wisconsin-Stout

3 National Science Olympiad The highest temperature at which superconductivity has been achieved is approximately A) 4K. B) 30K. C) 70K. D) 100K. E) 130K. 11. When silicon is doped with an element from group 3A(13), the device/material produced is a/an A) intrinsic semiconductor. B) p-type semiconductor. C) n-type semiconductor. D) p-n junction. Consider the phase diagram shown below for questions What phase(s) is/are present at point A? A) gas B) liquid C) solid D) gas and liquid E) gas, liquid and solid 13. What phase(s) is/are present at point B? A) gas B) liquid C) solid D) gas and liquid E) gas, liquid and solid 14. Starting at D, if the pressure is lowered while the temperature remains constant, describe what will happen. A) evaporation B) sublimation C) freezing D) melting E) boiling 15. Which of the following liquids is likely to have the highest surface tension? A) Br2 B) C8H18 C) CH3OCH3 D) H2O E) Hg 16. Which element is typically involved in hydrogen bonding? School Name A) O B) He C) C D) Mg E) Na 17. Which property(ies) of water is described by hydrogen bonding? A) surface tension B) taste C) color D) density of solid E) A and D 18. Of the five major types of crystalline solid, which would you expect KCl to form? (e.g., H2O: molecular) A) metallic B) network covalent C) ionic D) atomic E) molecular Dr. Forrest S. Schultz Department of Chemistry Page 3 of 15 University of Wisconsin-Stout

4 National Science Olympiad 2014 School Name Question are TRUE/FALSE questions, choose A for True and B for False on the bubble sheet. 19. The energy of a hydrogen bond is greater than that of a typical covalent bond. 20. A single water molecule can participate in at most two hydrogen bonds at any instant. 21. The surface tension of water is lowered when a detergent is present in solution. 22. Molecules with dipole moments are considered as polar. 23. In the packing of identical atoms with cubic unit cells, the packing efficiency increases as the coordination number increases. 24. In cubic closest packing, the unit cell is body-centered cubic. 25. Hexagonal close packing of identical atoms occurs when close-packed layers are stacked in an abcabc... arrangement. 26. In metals, the conduction bands and valence bands of the molecular orbitals are separated by a large energy gap. 27. In polymers, cross-linked molecular structures are generally considered thermoplastics. 28. Ceramic materials are generally characterized as brittle materials with low electrical conductivity. 29. Composite materials are commonly blends of ceramics and polymers. 30. As thermoplastic polymers are heated, they become more viscous. 31. Crystalline solids differ from amorphous solids in that crystalline solids have. A) appreciable intermolecular attractive forces B) a long-range repeating pattern of atoms, molecules, or ions C) atoms, molecules, or ions that are close together D) much larger atoms, molecules, or ions E) no orderly structure 32. The unit cell with all sides the same length and all angles equal to 90 that has lattice points only at the corners is called. A) monoclinic B) body-centered cubic C) primitive cubic D) face-centered cubic E) spherical cubic 33. What fraction of the volume of each corner atom is actually within the volume of a face-centered cubic unit cell? A) 1 B) 1/2 C) 1/4 D) 1/8 E) 1/16 A) 1/2 B) 1/4 C) 3/4 D) all of it E) none of it 35. An alloy is a 34. What portion of the volume of each atom or ion on the face of a unit cell is actually within the unit cell? A) heterogeneous mixture of two metals. B) pure metal. C) metallic material that is composed of two or more elements. D) nonmetal with some properties of a metal. E) a mineral containing two or more metals. Dr. Forrest S. Schultz Department of Chemistry Page 4 of 15 University of Wisconsin-Stout

5 National Science Olympiad Steel is School Name 37. Which one of the following is a property of most metals? A) low melting point B) brittleness C) high electronegativity D) thermal conductivity E) acidic oxides 38. For a substitutional alloy to form, the two metals combined must have similar A) ionization potential and electron affinity. B) number of valance electrons and electronegativity. C) reduction potential and size. D) atomic radii and chemical bonding properties. E) band gap and reactivity. 39. Which of the following is not an alloy? A) brass B) steel C) sterling silver D) dental amalgam E) ceramic 40. Which element is typically not added to steel to modify its properties? A) carbon B) vanadium C) chromium D) nitrogen E) nickel 41. The process of doping can produce a which can greatly intrinsic conductivity. A) n-type semiconductor, increase B) p-type semiconductor, decrease C) non-metal, increase D) non-metal, decrease E) allotrope, diminish 42. Of the following, only is not a polymer. A) cellulose B) nylon C) starch D) protein E) stainless steel A) an alloy of iron. B) pure iron. C) oxidized iron. D) a mixture of iron and silver. E) a liquid at room temperature. 43. Which one of the following is an addition polymer with the same structure as polyethylene except that one hydrogen on every other carbon is replaced by a benzene ring? A) polyvinyl chloride B) polypropylene C) polystyrene D) polyurethane E) nylon 6, Which of the following is not a natural polymer? A) silk B) starch C) protein D) cellulose E) nylon 45. PVC is a polymer. What does PVC stands for? A) Poly Viscous Chromium B) Poly Viscose Ceramic C) Poly Vinyl Chloride D) Poly Vinyl Carbonate 46. An elastomer will fail to regain its original dimensions following a distortion beyond its. A) glass transition B) phase boundary C) London force D) crystallinity E) elastic limit Dr. Forrest S. Schultz Department of Chemistry Page 5 of 15 University of Wisconsin-Stout

6 National Science Olympiad 2014 School Name 47. As a polymer becomes more crystalline,. A) its melting point decreases B) its density decreases C) its stiffness decreases D) its yield stress decreases E) None of the above is correct. 48. The monomer that is polymerized to make most milk jugs is. A) melamine B) formaldehyde C) ethylene D) isoprene E) adipic acid 49. A category plastic container will generally be the most easily recycled. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) When the size of a semiconductor particle or crystal, the band gap energy. A) decreases, decreases B) decreases, remains the same C) increases, increases D) decreases, increases E) decreases, goes to zero 51. In liquids, the attractive intermolecular forces are. A) very weak compared with kinetic energies of the molecules B) strong enough to hold molecules relatively close together C) strong enough to keep the molecules confined to vibrating about their fixed lattice points D) not strong enough to keep molecules from moving past each other E) strong enough to hold molecules relatively close together but not strong enough to keep molecules from moving past each other 52. A gas is and assumes of its container whereas a liquid is and assumes of its container. A) compressible, the volume and shape, not compressible, the shape of a portion B) compressible, the shape, not compressible, the volume and shape C) compressible, the volume and shape, compressible, the volume D) condensed, the volume and shape, condensed, the volume and shape E) condensed, the shape, compressible, the volume and shape 53. If rods of these materials are the same size, which would be the lightest? A) Steel B) Titanium C) Aluminum D) Gold E) Glass 54. Which one of the following should have the lowest boiling point? A) PH 3 B) H 2 S C) HCl D) CH 4 E) H 2 O 55. is the energy required to expand the surface area of a liquid by a unit amount of area. A) Viscosity B) Surface tension C) Volatility D) Meniscus E) Capillary action Dr. Forrest S. Schultz Department of Chemistry Page 6 of 15 University of Wisconsin-Stout

7 National Science Olympiad Which statements about viscosity are true? School Name (i) Viscosity increases as temperature decreases. (ii) Viscosity increases as molecular weight increases. (iii) Viscosity increases as intermolecular forces increase. A) (i) only B) (ii) and (iii) C) (i) and (iii) D) none E) all 57. How high a liquid will rise up a narrow tube as a result of capillary action depends on. A) the magnitudes of cohesive forces in the liquid and adhesive forces between the liquid and the tube, and gravity B) gravity alone C) only the magnitude of adhesive forces between the liquid and the tube D) the viscosity of the liquid E) only the magnitude of cohesive forces in the liquid 58. The property responsible for the "beading up" of water is. A) density B) viscosity C) vapor pressure D) surface tension E) heat capacity 59. Which of the following characterizes a surfactant? A) a large linear molecule that is polar B) a large linear molecule that is non-polar C) a large linear molecule that has ends that are polar and non-polar D) a small linear molecule that is polar E) a small linear molecule that is non-polar 60. Which imaging technique is commonly used in Materials Science? A) SEM B) TEM C) AFM D) STM E) All of the above C B A D Above is a stress strain curve of a metallic material, choose labels for the following 61. Tensile Strength 62. Fracture 63. Elastic region 64. Necking region Dr. Forrest S. Schultz Department of Chemistry Page 7 of 15 University of Wisconsin-Stout

8 National Science Olympiad Young s Modulus is a measure of a material s. A) density B) volume C) elasticity D) hardness E) conductivity School Name 66. For an application in which there is a large pulling force (tension), what type of Young Modulus for a material would be preferred if the material is not to stretch. A) low Young s Modulus B) high Young s Modulus C) either A or C 67. If a material is desired to be compressible and not become expanded while compressed, the Poisson s ratio should be A) high. B) low. C) zero. D) >20. E) >100. Dr. Forrest S. Schultz Department of Chemistry Page 8 of 15 University of Wisconsin-Stout

9 National Science Olympiad 2014 School Name Materials Performance and Characteriza$on Lab Sec$on Intermolecular Forces and Surface Chemistry Lab Sec$on (12 points) DEFLECTION ACTIVITY For the materials provided, draw the anticipated stress-strain curves on the AXIS BELOW for a DEFLECTION experiment for each material. Draw all of the curves on the same axis. Label each curve with the corresponding material. Ignore the affect of cross-sectional area on the material performance in the plots. Provided materials: pretzel, uncooked spaghetti, gummy worm, licorice Stress Support Force DeflecCon Strain Dr. Forrest S. Schultz Department of Chemistry Page 9 of 15 University of Wisconsin-Stout Support

10 National Science Olympiad 2014 School Name (20 points) STRESS-STRAIN CURVE ACTIVITY: A cylindrical specimen of aluminum having a diameter of 12.8 mm and a length of mm is pulled in tension. Use the load-elongation characteristics tabulated below to plot a stressstrain curve and complete problems a through d. Load (N) Length (mm) a) Plot the data as engineering stress versus engineering strain. b) On the plot, indicate the yield strength at a strain offset of c) On the plot, indicate the tensile strength of this specimen. d) Compute the Young s modulus for this specimen , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Fracture PLACE THESE ANSWERS ON THE NEXT PAGE Dr. Forrest S. Schultz Department of Chemistry Page 10 of 15 University of Wisconsin-Stout

11 National Science Olympiad 2014 School Name Computation for Young s Modulus, place answer in box below. Young s Modulus (GPa) Dr. Forrest S. Schultz Department of Chemistry Page 11 of 15 University of Wisconsin-Stout

12 National Science Olympiad 2014 School Name (12 points) POISSON S RATIO ACTIVITY: For this experimental activity, consider the following four materials: marshmallow, bread cube, Gummy worm and licorice 68) Which material becomes thinner when pulled? A) Gummy worm B) licorice 69) Which material becomes thinner when pulled? A) marshmallow B) bread cube 70) Which material becomes fatter when compressed? A) marshmallow B) bread cube 71) Which material becomes fatter when compressed? A) Gummy worm B) licorice 72) Which material displays the greater poison ratio? A) marshmallow B) bread cube 73) Which material displays the greater poison ratio? A) Gummy worm B) licorice Dr. Forrest S. Schultz Department of Chemistry Page 12 of 15 University of Wisconsin-Stout

13 National Science Olympiad 2014 School Name (30 points) SURFACE CHEMISTRY ACTIVITY: At your station are FOUR squeeze bottles labeled A, B, C and H2O as a reference liquid and four material strips labeled A, B, C and D. 74) Which liquid has the highest cohesive forces? 75) Which liquid has the lowest surface tension? 76) Which surface is the most hydrophobic? 77) Which surface is the most hydrophilic? 78) Which surface is considered superhydrophobic? 79) Which liquid exhibits the highest adhesive forces to surface A? 80) Which liquid exhibits the highest adhesive forces to surface B? 81) Which surface is most wetted by water, C or D? 82) Which liquid is most likely water with an added surfactant? 83) Which liquid is most viscous? 84) Which liquid is most likely water? 85) Which surface is most likely to contain OH chemical groups? 86) Which surface is most likely to contain non-polar organic groups, A or B? 87) Which surface demonstrates the lowest adhesive force to liquid D? 88) Which surface produces the largest contact angle for water? Dr. Forrest S. Schultz Department of Chemistry Page 13 of 15 University of Wisconsin-Stout

14 National Science Olympiad 2014 School Name (14 points) MICROSCOPY ACTIVITY: Below are two images of two different silicon dioxide materials composed of spherical particles. Material B Material A 89) Which material has the larger silicon dioxide particles? 90) Which material is more crystalline? 91) Which material exhibits a broader range of particle sizes? 92) Which material has a greater surface area per volume? 93) Which material would be expected to be transparent to visible light? 94) Which material would clearly be considered a nano material? 95) Is Material A fcc or hcp arranged? Dr. Forrest S. Schultz Page 14 of 15 Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Stout

15 National Science Olympiad 2014 School Name Name Team Team Dr. Forrest S. Schultz Page 15 of 15 Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Stout

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