INFLUENCE OF SURFACTANTS ON Fe 2 O 3 NANOSTRUCTURE PHOTOANODE

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "INFLUENCE OF SURFACTANTS ON Fe 2 O 3 NANOSTRUCTURE PHOTOANODE"

Transcription

1 INFLUENCE OF SURFACTANTS ON Fe 2 O 3 NANOSTRUCTURE PHOTOANODE Amir Memar, Chi M. Phan, Moses O. Tade Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia C.Phan@curtin.edu.au ABSTRACT Fe 2 O 3 nanostructures photoanodes were prepared via sol-gel spin-coating method onto Fluorine-doped Tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates using four different surfactants: Polyethylene glycol, Triton, F127 and Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The resulting films have thickness from 520±10 to 980±10 nm after calcinations at 450 C in the air. A comparative study of photocatalytic activity of thin films was performed. The photogenerated samples were determined by measuring the currents and voltages under illumination of UV vis light. The highest photocurrent density of 1.58 ma/cm 2 at 1 V/SCE, under illumination intensity of 100 mwcm -2 from a solar simulator with a global AM 1.5 filter, were produced by CTAB treated sample. The optical properties, morphology, surface roughness and structure of the films were also characterized by UV-Visible Spectroscopy, SEM, AFM and XRD. The results are consistent with photocatalytic performance: CTAB treated sample has the largest grain size and the highest optical absorption. The improved performance of this sample can be attributed to the crystallinity process of CTAB which leads to the larger grain size and highest photocatalytic activity. The study demonstrates that photoelectrochemical performance of metal oxide can be improved by simply changing surfactant. Further studies with another cationic surfactants are underway to optimize the nanostructure for water splitting process. Keywords: Fe 2 O 3 nanostructure, sol-gel method, surfactant, photoanode INTRODUCTION At present, approximately 88% of the world s energy supply is derived from fossil fuel (Mu et al., 2006). Combustion of fossil fuel brings about severe pollution and contributes to greenhouse effect. Hence, developing technologies utilizing renewable energies, such as solar energy, become an urgent priority. However, storage remains the main obstacle for solar energy. Therefore, an effective energy carrier is needed. At present, the only energy carrier that can be synthesized efficiently without material limitations is hydrogen. Furthermore, the combustion of hydrogen only produces water (Winter and Nitsch, 1988). Thus, hydrogen as an energy carrier is one of the most promising yet challenging prospects among several clean and sustainable energy systems (Zheng et al., 2009). In addition to thermolysis or biological processes, hydrogen can be directly produced by photocatalytic process, i.e. splitting water (Zheng et al., 2009). This process is the most attractive due to availability and sustainability of the energy source. Nevertheless, the process is far from being economically viable (Currao, 2007). As a result, new preparation techniques (Rajeshwar et al., 2008) and semiconductive oxides (Solarska et al., 2006) have been intensively studied to improve the efficiency of water splitting. Amongst these materials, Fe 2 O 3 is known as an n-type semiconductive oxide with a band gap of 2.2 ev and a flat band potential of 0.32 V which resulted in high theoretical efficiency of 12.9% (Murphy et al., 2006). Its absorption of solar spectrum is in the range of nm which comprises 38% of the photons of the solar spectrum (Komp, 1995). Although hematite possesses many favorable characteristics, the reported water splitting efficiencies in the literature for α-fe 2 O 3 are very low (Bolton, 1996) due to its low charge carrier mobility small hole diffusion length ( 2-4 nm < light penetration

2 depth 118 nm at λ=550 nm ) and fast recombination (Bird et al., 1983) and unfavorable bandedge positions (Dare-Edwards et al., 1983). Consequently, Fe 2 O 3 nanostructure have been used to improve photoelectrochemical performance (Wheeler et al., 2012). These nanostructures have large surface area, which provides a direct pathway for electrons to transfer (Memar et al., 2010). Metal oxide nanostructures can be prepared by sputtering, chemical vapor deposition or sol-gel. Among these methods, sol-gel technology for deposition of thin nanostructure has gained impetus in the last decade owing to the low capital cost and its adaptability towards large area deposition (Miyake and Kozuka, 2005). The sol-gel process often employs surfactants to enhance the quality of the nanostructures (Zhang et al., 2009, Liu et al., 2010). However, the influence of surfactants on the structural and photoelectric properties of resulting Fe 2 O 3 film is not well understood. This study investigates the effect of different surfactants on the optical absorption, morphology, surface roughness and photo-responses of Fe 2 O 3 nanostructures. Four different surfactants were used during sol-gel spin-coating method: Polyethylene glycol, Triton, F127 and Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. Subsequently, the films were tested in a photoelectrochemical cell and characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, SEM, AFM and XRD. Ultimately, the study aims to improve the photoelectrochemical performance of Fe 2 O 3 nanostructures by simply varying surfactant. EXPERIMENTAL Materials Chemical and suppliers used for this study are listed in Table 1. Fluorine-doped Tin oxide (FTO) glass with a sheet resistance of R Ω < 15 Ω cm -1 was purchased from Pilkington glass (USA). Table 1: List of the chemicals used in the study Name Formula Grade (%) Supplier Iron (III) Nitrate Fe(NO 3 ) 3.9H 2 O 99.9 Chem. supply Co. Ethanol C 2 H 6 O 70 Sigma Aldrich PEG 300 (Polyethylene glycol 300) (C 2 H 4 O) n H 2 O 99 Sigma Aldrich T-100 (Triton X-100) (C 2 H 4 O) n C 14 H 22 O 99.9 Sigma Aldrich F127 (Pluronic F127) (C 3 H 6 O.C 2 H 4 O 2 ) x 99.9 Sigma Aldrich CTAB (Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) C 19 H 42 BrN 98.5 AMRESCO Preparation of the electrodes The four FTO conductive glasses substrates mm (width/length/thickness), were cleaned and sonicated in solvents sequentially with acetone, ethanol, acetone. The FTO glasses were separately immersed into the solvents and treated in ultrasonic bath for 15 minutes. In the final stage after rinsing, the FTO glasses were dried using nitrogen gas. The solutions were prepared according to the followings: PEG-300. Iron nitrate 2.02 g was dissolved in 20 ml ethanol under ultrasonic irradiation; then 5 ml deionized water was added into the solution. 0.2 g concentrated PEG consisting of 30 g PEG 300 and 30 g water were added to the solution and stirred for 2 hrs at room temperature, and the 0.4 mol L -1 deep red solution (ph~2) was obtained. T-100. Iron nitrate (2.5 g) was added to 1 ml water. 0.4 g Triton (X-100) was added to 1 ml ethanol and stirred for 10 minutes. Both solutions were mixed together and stirred for 2 hrs. A light red solution (ph~1.7) was obtained. 2

3 F g F127 was added to 5 ml ethanol and stirred for 20 minutes. 2 g Fe 2 O 3 was added to 1 ml deionized water. Both solutions were mixed and stirred for 3 hrs. The resultant solution was dark brown solution with (ph~1.9). CTAB. 0.5 g CTAB was added to 4 ml distilled water. The solution was stirred for 30 minutes. Then 2 g Fe 2 O 3 was added to the solution. The mixture was stirred for 2 hrs and orange solution (ph~1.5) was obtained. Fe 2 O 3 nanostructures photoanodes were prepared via sol-gel spin coating method onto FTO glass substrate, and complied with the following deposition steps: 1. A spin coater (Laurell Tech., model WS-400-6NPP) at a two fixed rotation speed 5 s (500 rpm) and 25 s (5000 rpm) where used to deposit a few drops of the resulting solution into the FTO substrate. 2. The substrate was dried on a hot plate (~50 C) for 15 minutes. 3. To enhance the interconnectivity of the particles, samples were heated at 450 ± 1 C, for 2 hrs, in air, with fixed heating and a cooling rate of 5 C/min. Photoelectrochemical cell The photoelectrochemical installation (Fig. 1) encompasses two electrodes, which are wrapped up in an aqueous electrolyte in a vessel. In this case, either electrode can be photoactive (Minggu et al., 2010). The vessel, with a quartz optical window, is filled with an aqueous electrolyte. The quartz optical window allows light to reach the photoactive electrode. The photoelectrode absorbs photons with sufficient energy to inject electrons from the valence to the conduction band of the semiconductor, creating electron-hole pairs. Holes oxidize water in the semiconductor surface and gaseous oxygen evolves at the photoanode surface. Simultaneously, hydrogen ions migrate to the cathode through the aqueous electrolyte, resulting in the reduction of hydrogen ions into gaseous hydrogen. In a laboratory investigation such as in this study, a reference electrode is typically used (this method is commonly referred to as the three electrodes cell) for solar conversion efficiency measurement. The corresponding oxidation and reduction reactions are shown in Fig. 1. Water splitting will occur when the energetic requirements are met as shown in Table 2. In practice, the cell potential should be higher than the minimum requirement to overcome overpotential and other system losses. Fig. 1: Structure of the photo-electrochemical cell 3

4 Table 2: Main PEC water splitting requirements Conditions Main requirements PEC water splitting H 2 O (liquid) + 2hυ ½O 2(gas) + H 2(gas) Minimum potential requirement E H2O (25 C) min =1.229 ev For efficient utilization of sunlight UV> hυ (Vis)> IR hυ E bandgap Characterization of electrodes The films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD, Bruker D8 Advance) with Cu Kα radiation (λ = nm) and for qualitative analysis, XRD diagrams were recorded in the interval 20 2θ 60 at scan rate of 0.01 s -1. The absorbance was measured by UV Visible Spectrophotometer (JASCO, V-670 spectrophotometer). Whereas the morphology of the thin films was obtained using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, Zeiss NEON 40 EsB CrossBeam) as well as atomic force microscope (Nanoscope (R) IIIa, Digital Instruments, Santa Barbara, CA). Photoelectrochemical measurements The photocurrent measurement was carried out on a model DEA 332 digital electrochemical analyzer by applying an external potential bias to the cell and measuring the generated photocurrent under 500 W xenon lamp (100 mwcm -2, 25 C) solar simulator (Abet Technologies Model 11016A Sun 3000). The light intensity was measured by a photodiode power meter, at a scan rate of 20 mv s -1 between -1.2 and 1.2 V RHE. All photoelectrochemical measurements were performed in a three-electrode setup. The prepared films were used as the working electrode and a Pt wire and Ag/AgCl electrode were used as the counter and reference electrode respectively. A 0.5 mol L -1 Na 2 SO 4 aqueous solution (ph ~ 7) was used as the electrolyte. In order to make an electrical connection, an uncoated area of the glass was attached to a copper wire by silver conductive glue. Subsequently, the copper wire was protected and supported by a glass tube. The edges and the back of the photoelectrode were covered with epoxy resin for insulation. The effective working area of the film was 1.34 ± 0.04 cm 2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Performance of the photo-electrochemical cell Figure 2 shows the current density voltage (J V) curves under illumination for the photoelectrochemical cell with Fe 2 O 3 nanostructures. The photo-responses of α-fe 2 O 3 films were evaluated by measuring photocurrent densities, J p. The results show distinctive influence of surfactants, with CTAB showing highest photo-generation. As shown in Table 3, the photocurrent density of CTAB treated sample was 1.58 ma/cm 2 at 1 V/SCE, under illumination intensity of 100 mwcm -2, which is significantly larger than the other samples (7 times more than PEG and almost 50% more than F127). It should be noted that PEG, the lowest sample, is often used in sol-gel method. The photocurrent density of Fe 2 O 3 /PEG at 1.23 V RHE was 0.65 macm -2, which is similar to reported value for the same sample in the literature (0.89 macm -2 ) (Lopes et al., 2010). 4

5 3.5 Photocurrent Density (ma/cm 2 ) Photocurrent Density at 1.00 V Vs RHE PEG-300 T-100 F127 CTAB Surfactant PEG-300 T-100 F127 CTAB Voltage (mv) Fig. 2: Photocurrent values of Fe 2 O 3 /PEG, Fe 2 O 3 /Triton, Fe 2 O 3 /F127 and Fe 2 O 3 /CTAB Optical characterization The optical properties of the surfactant treated hematite films (α-fe 2 O 3 ) produced by spin coating technique were measured by UV-visible absorption spectra and are displayed in Fig 3. Table 3 shows the UV-Visible absorption value for all samples between 320 and 670 nm. The UV-Vis analysis showed that both CTAB and Triton have higher optical absorption, covering both UV and visible spectrum. However, Triton sample diminished quickly with increasing wavelength. Again, the highest optical absorption observed in the ultraviolet and visible region for Fe 2 O 3 /CTAB sample (290 A.U.). The results agree with improved photocurrent performance and confirm that CTAB sample has larger numbers of electron hole pairs (Dare-Edwards et al., 1983). The bandgap of samples can be obtained from the absorption coefficient data, according to solid band theory (Tauc et al., 1966): (α h ν) = A (h ν - E g ) m [1] Where α is the absorption coefficient, hν is the energy of the incident photon, A is a constant related to the effective mass of the electrons and holes, E g represents the energy band gap of samples and m = 2 for allowed indirect transition. Analyzed onset region is at around 600 nm, which is in agreement with the bandgap of α-fe 2 O 3. The bandgap values were determined from the curves extrapolations. Fig. 4 presents the change in bandgap energy, E g, with treating Fe 2 O 3 by PEG and CTAB surfactants. It can be seen that the bandgap energy decreased slightly from indirect transition of 2.02 to 1.94 ev for PEG and CTAB treated of Fe 2 O 3, respectively. Similar values have already been reported in the literature, e.g ev (Souza et al., 2009) and 2 ev (Duret and Graetzel, 2005). The indirect transition has been identified as a spin-forbidden Fe 3+ 3d 3d excitation (Jitianu et al., 2002). Furthermore, it has been observed that the surfactant treated hematite film may not produce any intermediate level within the energy level of iron oxide. These results are in good agreement with XRD diffraction data (shown below), which did not show that any change in the structural parameters when different surfactant were added. The calculated band gaps are consistent with the optical absorption. Again, Fe 2 O 3 nanostructure treated with CTAB has the lowest band gap compared with the other samples. The lowest E g of 1.94 ev, it is expected to generate the highest number of electron hole pairs when illuminated with light. Moreover, with the lower band gap, it is easier for electrons to be excited from valence band to conduction band of Fe 2 O 3 (Cherepy et al., 1998). 5

6 1 PEG T-100 F127 CTAB Absorbance (a.u) Wavelength (nm) Fig. 3: Absorption spectra of Fe 2 O 3 /PEG, Fe 2 O 3 /Triton, Fe 2 O 3 /F127 and Fe 2 O 3 /CTAB 0.3 (α.hν) Indirect Transition PEG-300 CTAB Photon energy in ev Fig. 4: Calculation of the indirect electronic transition Table 3: Comparison of various parameters as a function of Fe 2 O 3 nanostructures treated with different type of surfactants Sample Photocurrent Absorption Open circuit Grain Surface density E g (A.U) Thickness potential size roughness (ma/cm 2 ) (ev) (nm) V (nm) R z (nm) aoc (V/SCE) At zero At nm V/SCE V/SCE PEG ± ± T ± ± F ± ± CTAB ± ±

7 Crystalline properties In order to investigate phase formation and crystalline properties of the films, XRD analysis was performed at room temperature. Similar hematite signature covered on FTO conducting glass substrate pattern was obtained from X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments of surfactant treated hematite films (α-fe 2 O 3 ) produced by spin coating technique (Fig. 5). The diffraction peaks 24, 33, 34, 36, 41 and 55 at in Fig. 5a reveal the diffraction peaks of rhombohedral Fe 2 O 3. A similar prevalence of the peaks has also been observed for α-fe 2 O 3 nanostructure film in studies carried out by sol-gel method (Memar et al., 2010, Souza et al., 2009). The average crystallite size has been estimated from the Debye-Scherrer equation using (110) peak: D = 0.94 λ / β cos θ [2] where D is the crystalline dimension, λ is the wavelength of the X-ray radiation (which is nm), θ is the diffraction angle, and β is the full width at half maximum. From Table 3, it can be seen that surfactants can strongly influence the crystallite size, with CTAB being 4 times bigger than PEG sample. It can be seen that the grain size is directly correlated to the optical absorption and the photocurrent density, i.e. bigger grain size gives better optical and photo responses. This correlation is expected and consistent with previous study (Memar et al., 2010). Fig. 5: X-ray diffraction patterns of Fe 2 O 3 /PEG, Fe 2 O 3 /Triton, Fe 2 O 3 /F127 and Fe 2 O 3 /CTAB Surface morphology The surface morphology of the films was observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, Zeiss NEON 40 EsB CrossBeam) operating at 3 KV for both top and cross-sectional view using InLens mode. The SEM micrographs of four samples (Fig. 6) show distinctive features, which correspond well to the XRD results. The morphology of Fe 2 O 3 /PEG film shows a uniform, smooth and compact structure with worm-like grains in nanometric scale (Fig. 6 a). The Triton affects the grains size leading to a grain width reduction, (Fig. 6 b), which resulted in columnar tree structure. On the other hand, F127 7

8 treated Fe 2 O 3 thin films revealed the formation of a homogeneous and uniform surface (Fig. 6 c). Finally, CTAB treated sample (Fig. 6 d) comprises of small clusters of about 250 nm, which are consisted of much smaller primary particles in the range of nm. During the annealing process of CTAB sample, these smaller nanoparticles expectedly dispersed in the surface and form very compact layer. The SEM images are consistent with the grain size analysis. The film thickness was measured by FESEM, which ranged between 520±10 nm and 980±10 nm. Uncoated fluorine-doped thin oxide conductive layer with a thickness of about 820 nm was shown in Fig. 7, which highlights a good adherence in the FTO substrate. There is no clear correlation between film thickness and particle size nor grain size. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images obtained for surfactant treated hematite thin films have been shown in Fig. 8. The estimated value of the average grain sizes are found to closely match the average particle/grain size obtained from XRD data. AFM photographs of surfactant treated hematite films show that Fe 2 O 3 /CTAB film was very rough with extensive granular structures extending over the film surface. This leads to large amounts of intergranular surfaces and higher possibilities of surface related effects. On the other hand, F127, Triton and PEG surfactants significantly reduced the surface roughness (Table 3). Amongst these samples, PEG treated film had the smoothest surface, 2 nm. The influence of surface roughness on photocurrent can be explained by considering the light absorption process. In general, a beam of radiation can be reflected, scattered and transmitted on a surface of sample. However, the diffuse reflection phenomena due to scattered light can increase the amount of absorption. On the other hand, a rough surface with large grain size can significantly increase the diffuse reflection in the visible light region. A rough surface also has higher electrode/electrolyte interfacial contact area for enhancing photocurrent and multiple scattering of UV vis light (Memar et al., 2010). As the results, the film with larger grain sizes and a higher surface roughness (CTAB) showed a better photocurrent. a b c d Fig. 6: SEM images of (a) Fe 2 O 3 /PEG, (b) Fe 2 O 3 /Triton, (c) Fe 2 O 3 /F127 and (d) Fe 2 O 3 /CTAB 8

9 Fig. 7: Cross sectional view of Fe 2 O 3 /PEG film Fig. 8: AFM image for (a) Fe 2 O 3 /PEG, (b) Fe 2 O 3 /Triton, (c) Fe 2 O 3 /F127, and (d) Fe 2 O 3 /CTAB It can be seen from the results that cationic surfactant has shown higher photocatalytic activity compare than non-ionic. The strong bonding forces between the positively charged amino-group of CTAB [CTA + ] and the Fe 2 O 3 particles probably prevented the aggregation of the molecules in solution and dispersed the particles evenly and increase the efficiency. The high photo current of CTAB sample is consistent with UV-vis optical absorption and the estimated band gap. The decrease in band gap is useful in obtaining higher electron hole pair generation, as electrons can transfer easily from valence bond to conduction band of the 9

10 semiconductor. Therefore, it can be concluded that CTAB treated sample can generate highest numbers of electron-hole pairs under illumination. The result is also supported by morphology characterization, in which CTAB produced larger grain size. On the other hand, the surface roughness plays an enhancing role in photocurrent yield due to large specific surface area (contact area) and strong light scattering effect (diffuse reflection). The results showed that surfactant treating of the film can release the internal stress, relax the distortion of the crystal lattice and improve the crystallinity, which increases the photocatalytic activity. On the other hand, with the decreasing particle size the surface tension increases and causes a crystal lattice distortion. Hence, the larger grain size effect can increase the photocatalytic activity of the Fe 2 O 3 thin film as demonstrated by CTAB sample. Further studies with other cationic surfactants are underway to confirm the phenomena. CONCLUSIONS Fe 2 O 3 nanostructures have successfully been prepared with surfactants (PEG, Triton, F127 and CTAB) on FTO substrate using the sol - gel spin coating technique. The surfactants distinguishingly altered morphology of the resulting Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticle layers. PEG, F127 and Triton surfactants produced smoother surface than CTAB. PEG produced the smoothest surface and the lowest photocurrent. More significantly, the surfactants significantly influence the photocurrent and optical absorption of Fe 2 O 3 layer. Amongst these four surfactants, CTAB revealed the best performance: highest current density (more than 7 times in comparison with PEG), lowest band gap (1.94 ev) and highest absorption (290 A.U.). These results indicated that CTAB treated sample had the highest number of electron-hole pairs under illumination, which is also supported by morphology characterization (largest grain size and roughest surface). The study demonstrates that the photo-electrochemical performance of Fe 2 O 3 nanostructures can be improved by simply varying surfactant. The results highlighted the superior performance of cationic surfactant over non-ionic surfactant in preparing photoanodes by sol-gel method. In comparison to PEG, a common surfactant used in sol-gel method, CTAB can increase the grain size by 4 times and increase photocurrent density by 7 times (at 1 V). The result can be attributed to crystallinity process of CTAB, which resulted in the larger grain size and highest photocatalytic activity. REFERENCES BIRD, R. E., HULSTROM, R. L. & LEWIS, L Terrestrial solar spectral data sets. Solar Energy, 30, BOLTON, J. R Solar photoproduction of hydrogen: A review. Solar Energy, 57, CHEREPY, N. J., LISTON, D. B., LOVEJOY, J. A., DENG, H. & ZHANG, J. Z Ultrafast studies of photoexcited electron dynamics in γ-and α-fe 2 O 3 semiconductor nanoparticles. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 102, CURRAO, A Photoelectrochemical water splitting. CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry, 61, DARE-EDWARDS, M. P., GOODENOUGH, J. B., HAMNETT, A. & TREVELLICK, P. R Electrochemistry and photoelectrochemistry of iron (III) oxide. J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1, 79, DURET, A. & GRAETZEL, M Visible light-induced water oxidation on mesoscopic α-fe 2 O 3 films made by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 109,

11 JITIANU, A., CRISAN, M., MEGHEA, A., RAU, I. & ZAHARESCU, M Influence of the silica based matrix on the formation of iron oxide nanoparticles in the Fe 2 O 3 SiO 2 system, obtained by sol gel method. J. Mater. Chem., 12, KOMP, R. J Practical photovoltaics: electricity from solar cells. Ann Arbor, Michigan: aatec Publications. LIU, J., WU, D., ZHANG, N. & WANG, Y Effect of surfactants on the structure and photoelectric properties of ITO films by sol-gel method. Rare Metals, 29, LOPES, T., ANDRADE, L., RIBEIRO, H. A. & MENDES, A Characterization of photoelectrochemical cells for water splitting by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35, MEMAR, A., DAUD, W. R. W., HOSSEINI, S., EFTEKHARI, E. & MINGGU, L. J Study on photocurrent of bilayers photoanodes using different combination of WO 3 and Fe 2 O 3. Solar Energy, 84, MINGGU, L. J., WAN DAUD, W. R. & KASSIM, M. B An overview of photocells and photoreactors for photoelectrochemical water splitting. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35, MIYAKE, H. & KOZUKA, H Photoelectrochemical properties of Fe 2 O 3 -Nb 2 O 5 films prepared by sol-gel method. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 109, MU, Y., ZHENG, X. J., YU, H. Q. & ZHU, R. F Biological hydrogen production by anaerobic sludge at various temperatures. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 31, MURPHY, A., BARNES, P., RANDENIYA, L., PLUMB, I., GREY, I., HORNE, M. & GLASSCOCK, J Efficiency of solar water splitting using semiconductor electrodes. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 31, RAJESHWAR, K., MCCONNELL, R. D. & LICHT, S Solar hydrogen generation: toward a renewable energy future, Springer Verlag. SOLARSKA, R., ALEXANDER, B. D. & AUGUSTYNSKI, J Electrochromic and photoelectrochemical characteristics of nanostructured WO 3 films prepared by a sol gel method. Comptes Rendus Chimie, 9, SOUZA, F. L., LOPES, K. P., NASCENTE, P. A. P. & LEITE, E. R Nanostructured hematite thin films produced by spin-coating deposition solution: Application in water splitting. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 93, TAUC, J., GRIGOROVICI, R. & VANCU, A Optical properties and electronic structure of amorphous germanium. physica status solidi (b), 15, WHEELER, D. A., WANG, G., LING, Y., LI, Y. & ZHANG, J. Z Nanostructured hematite: synthesis, characterization, charge carrier dynamics, and photoelectrochemical properties. Energy & Environmental Science. WINTER, C. J. & NITSCH, J Hydrogen as an energy carrier. ZHANG, Y., YUAN, J., LE, J., SONG, L. & HU, X Structural and electrochromic properties of tungsten oxide prepared by surfactant-assisted process. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 93, ZHENG, X. J., WEI, L. F., ZHANG, Z. H., JIANG, Q. J., WEI, Y. J., XIE, B. & WEI, M. B Research on photocatalytic H 2 production from acetic acid solution by Pt/TiO 2 nanoparticles under UV irradiation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34,

Supplementary Information

Supplementary Information Supplementary Information Facile Preparation of Fe 2 O 3 Thin Film with Photoelectrochemical Properties Hyun Gil Cha, Jieun Song, Hyun Sung Kim *, Woonsup Shin, Kyung Byung Yoon, Young Soo Kang * Korea

More information

Fe 2 O 3 on patterned fluorine doped tin oxide for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting

Fe 2 O 3 on patterned fluorine doped tin oxide for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Journal of Materials Chemistry A. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Fe 2 O 3 on patterned fluorine doped tin oxide for efficient photoelectrochemical

More information

Preparation of Bi-Based Ternary Oxide Photoanodes, BiVO 4,

Preparation of Bi-Based Ternary Oxide Photoanodes, BiVO 4, Preparation of Bi-Based Ternary Oxide Photoanodes, BiVO 4, Bi 2 WO 6 and Bi 2 Mo 3 O 12, Using Dendritic Bi Metal Electrodes Donghyeon Kang, a, Yiseul Park, a, James C. Hill, b and Kyoung-Shin Choi a,*

More information

Electronic Supplementary Information

Electronic Supplementary Information Electronic Supplementary Information Improving the Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Activities of Mesoporous Single Crystal Rutile TiO 2 for Water Splitting Wei Jiao, Ying Peng Xie, Run Ze Chen,

More information

A Multi-step Ion Exchange Approach for Fabrication of Porous BiVO 4 Nanorod Arrays on Transparent Conductive Substrate

A Multi-step Ion Exchange Approach for Fabrication of Porous BiVO 4 Nanorod Arrays on Transparent Conductive Substrate Supporting Information A Multi-step Ion Exchange Approach for Fabrication of Porous BiVO 4 Nanorod Arrays on Transparent Conductive Substrate Cong Liu, Jinzhan Su*, Jinglan Zhou and Liejin Guo International

More information

Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA 2

Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA 2 Enhance Solar Water Splitting Performance by Utilizing Near Infrared Radiation with Composite Films of Hematite and Rare Earth Doped Upconversion Materials Ming Zhang, 1 Yongjing Lin, 2 Thomas J. Mullen,

More information

Simultaneous glucose sensing and bio-hydrogen evolution from direct photoelectrocatalytic glucose oxidation on robust Cu 2 O-TiO 2 electrodes

Simultaneous glucose sensing and bio-hydrogen evolution from direct photoelectrocatalytic glucose oxidation on robust Cu 2 O-TiO 2 electrodes Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. This journal is the Owner Societies 2014 Supporting information Simultaneous glucose sensing and bio-hydrogen evolution

More information

Photoelectrochemical cells based on CdSe films brush plated on high-temperature substrates

Photoelectrochemical cells based on CdSe films brush plated on high-temperature substrates Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 90 (2006) 753 759 www.elsevier.com/locate/solmat Photoelectrochemical cells based on CdSe films brush plated on high-temperature substrates K.R. Murali a,, A. Austine

More information

Optical parameter determination of ZrO 2 thin films prepared by sol gel dip coating

Optical parameter determination of ZrO 2 thin films prepared by sol gel dip coating International Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN (USA): IJCRGG ISSN : 0974-490 Vol.6, No.13, pp 534-5346, November 014 MESCon 014 [4th -5 th September 014] National Conference on Material for Energy Storage

More information

for New Energy Materials and Devices; Beijing National Laboratory for Condense Matter Physics,

for New Energy Materials and Devices; Beijing National Laboratory for Condense Matter Physics, Electronic Supplementary Information Highly efficient core shell CuInS 2 /Mn doped CdS quantum dots sensitized solar cells Jianheng Luo, a Huiyun Wei, a Qingli Huang, a Xing Hu, a Haofei Zhao, b Richeng

More information

Supporting Information

Supporting Information Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Catalysis Science & Technology. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 Supporting Information Tuning nanosheet Fe 2 O 3 photoanode with C 3 N 4

More information

The Effects of the Adding V2O5 on the Oxide Semiconductor Layer of a Dye-sensitized Solar Cell

The Effects of the Adding V2O5 on the Oxide Semiconductor Layer of a Dye-sensitized Solar Cell , pp.66-71 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2016.140.14 The Effects of the Adding V2O5 on the Oxide Semiconductor Layer of a Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Don-Kyu Lee Electrical Engineering, Dong-Eui University,

More information

Growth Of TiO 2 Films By RF Magnetron Sputtering Studies On The Structural And Optical Properties

Growth Of TiO 2 Films By RF Magnetron Sputtering Studies On The Structural And Optical Properties Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) Growth Of TiO 2 Films By RF Magnetron Sputtering Studies On The Structural And Optical Properties Ahmed K. Abbas 1, Mohammed K. Khalaf

More information

CHAPTER 4. SYNTHESIS OF ALUMINIUM SELENIDE (Al 2 Se 3 ) NANO PARTICLES, DEPOSITION AND CHARACTERIZATION

CHAPTER 4. SYNTHESIS OF ALUMINIUM SELENIDE (Al 2 Se 3 ) NANO PARTICLES, DEPOSITION AND CHARACTERIZATION 40 CHAPTER 4 SYNTHESIS OF ALUMINIUM SELENIDE (Al 2 Se 3 ) NANO PARTICLES, DEPOSITION AND CHARACTERIZATION 4.1 INTRODUCTION Aluminium selenide is the chemical compound Al 2 Se 3 and has been used as a precursor

More information

Supporting Information. Hematite photoanode with gradient structure shows an unprecedentedly low onset

Supporting Information. Hematite photoanode with gradient structure shows an unprecedentedly low onset Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. This journal is the Owner Societies 2014 Supporting Information Hematite photoanode with gradient structure shows an unprecedentedly

More information

Cubic CeO 2 Nanoparticles as Mirror-like Scattering Layer for Efficient Light Harvesting in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Cubic CeO 2 Nanoparticles as Mirror-like Scattering Layer for Efficient Light Harvesting in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Supplementary Material (ESI for Chemical Communications This journal is (c The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 Supplementary Material (ESI for Chemical Communications Cubic CeO 2 Nanoparticles as Mirror-like

More information

Supporting Information. on Degradation of Dye. Chengsi Pan and Yongfa Zhu* Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, , China

Supporting Information. on Degradation of Dye. Chengsi Pan and Yongfa Zhu* Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, , China Supporting Information A New Type of BiPO 4 Oxy-acid Salt Photocatalyst with High Photocatalytic Activity on Degradation of Dye Chengsi Pan and Yongfa Zhu* Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University,

More information

Supplementary Information

Supplementary Information Supplementary Information Fabrication of (001)-oriented monoclinic WO 3 films on FTO substrates Jin You Zheng, Guang Song, Chang Woo Kim and Young Soo Kang* Korea Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (KCAP),

More information

Supplementary Information

Supplementary Information Supplementary Information Facile growth of hierarchical hematite ( -Fe 2 O 3 ) nanopetals on FTO by pulse reverse electrodeposition for photoelectrochemical water splitting Pravin S. Shinde, Geun Ho Go

More information

Synthesis, Characterization and Optical Properties of ZnS Thin Films

Synthesis, Characterization and Optical Properties of ZnS Thin Films Synthesis, Characterization and Optical Properties of ZnS Thin Films H. R. Kulkarni KJ College of Engineering and Management Research, Pune, India Abstract: ZnS thin films were prepared by pulsed electrodeposition

More information

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF CDS THIN FILMS SPIN COATED ON CONDUCTIVE GLASS SUBSTRATES

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF CDS THIN FILMS SPIN COATED ON CONDUCTIVE GLASS SUBSTRATES UDC: 538.9 Condensed matter Physics, Solid state Physics, Experimental Condensed matter Physics ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF CDS THIN FILMS SPIN COATED ON CONDUCTIVE GLASS SUBSTRATES P. Samarasekara and P.A.S.

More information

Supplementary Information

Supplementary Information Supplementary Information Oxygen-Deficient Zirconia (ZrO2-x): A New Material for Solar Light Absorption Apurba Sinhamahapatra 1, Jong-Pil Jeon 1, Joonhee Kang 1, Byungchan Han 2, * and Jong-Sung Yu 1,

More information

Supplementary Information

Supplementary Information Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Journal of Materials Chemistry A. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017 Supplementary Information Spray pyrolysis of CuBi 2 O 4 photocathodes:

More information

Polycrystalline and microcrystalline silicon

Polycrystalline and microcrystalline silicon 6 Polycrystalline and microcrystalline silicon In this chapter, the material properties of hot-wire deposited microcrystalline silicon are presented. Compared to polycrystalline silicon, microcrystalline

More information

INFLUENCE OF TiO2 THIN FILM ANNEALING TEMPERATURE ON ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES SYNTHESIZED BY CVD TECHNIQUE

INFLUENCE OF TiO2 THIN FILM ANNEALING TEMPERATURE ON ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES SYNTHESIZED BY CVD TECHNIQUE INFLUENCE OF TiO2 THIN FILM ANNEALING TEMPERATURE ON ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES SYNTHESIZED BY CVD TECHNIQUE F. N. Mohamed, M. S. A. Rahim, N. Nayan, M. K. Ahmad, M. Z. Sahdan and J. Lias Faculty of Electrical

More information

Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci Vol. 32 (1) 2019

Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci Vol. 32 (1) 2019 Novel Co-Precipitation Method for Synthesis of Nanostructured Nickel Oxide in Accordance to PH: Structural and Optical Properties as an Active Optical Filter Zehraa N. Abdul-Ameer Lecturer Remote Sensing

More information

INVESTIGATION ON STRUCTURAL, OPTICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF LEAD SULPHIDE (PbS) THIN FILMS

INVESTIGATION ON STRUCTURAL, OPTICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF LEAD SULPHIDE (PbS) THIN FILMS Journal of Ovonic Research Vol. 11, No. 3, May - June 015, p. 13-130 INVESTIGATION ON STRUCTURAL, OPTICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF LEAD SULPHIDE (PbS) THIN FILMS S.THIRUMAVALAVAN a*,

More information

and Curtis P. Berlinguette.*,, Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z1.

and Curtis P. Berlinguette.*,, Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z1. Supplementary Materials for Photodecomposition of metal nitrate and chloride compounds yields amorphous metal oxide films Jingfu He, David M. Weekes, Wei Cheng, Kevan E. Dettelbach, Aoxue Huang, Tengfei

More information

Supporting Information

Supporting Information Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Journal of Materials Chemistry A. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 18 Supporting Information CVD-grown copper tungstate thin films for solar water

More information

PbS NANO THIN FILM PHOTOCONDUCTIVE DETECTOR

PbS NANO THIN FILM PHOTOCONDUCTIVE DETECTOR International Journal of Physics and Research (IJPR) ISSN 2250-0030 Vol. 3, Issue 3, Aug 2013, 21-26 TJPRC Pvt. Ltd. PbS NANO THIN FILM PHOTOCONDUCTIVE DETECTOR SUDAD S. AHMED, EMAN K. HASSAN & FATN EMAD

More information

Supporting information for. Insights into the Liquid State of Organo-Lead Halide. Perovskites and Their New Roles. in Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

Supporting information for. Insights into the Liquid State of Organo-Lead Halide. Perovskites and Their New Roles. in Dye-sensitized Solar Cells Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Journal of Materials Chemistry A. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 Supporting information for Insights into the Liquid State of Organo-Lead

More information

Efficient CdSe Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells Prepared by Postsynthesis Assembly Approach

Efficient CdSe Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells Prepared by Postsynthesis Assembly Approach Electronic Supplementary Information Efficient CdSe Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells Prepared by Postsynthesis Assembly Approach H. Zhang, K. Cheng, Y. M. Hou, Z. Fang, Z. X. Pan, W. J. Wu, J. L. Hua

More information

Structural and Optical Properties of MnO 2 : Pb Nanocrystalline Thin Films Deposited By Chemical Spray Pyrolysis

Structural and Optical Properties of MnO 2 : Pb Nanocrystalline Thin Films Deposited By Chemical Spray Pyrolysis IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) e-issn: 2250-3021, p-issn: 2278-8719 Vol. 3, Issue 4 (April. 2013), V4 PP 52-57 Structural and Optical Properties of MnO 2 : Pb Nanocrystalline Thin Films Deposited

More information

Synthesis and Characterization of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles

Synthesis and Characterization of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles Synthesis and Characterization of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles R.Hepzi Pramila Devamani 1*, R.Kiruthika, P.Mahadevi and S.Sagithapriya 2 1 1. Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, V.V.Vanniaperumal

More information

CHAPTER 3. Experimental Results of Magnesium oxide (MgO) Thin Films

CHAPTER 3. Experimental Results of Magnesium oxide (MgO) Thin Films CHAPTER 3 Experimental Results of Magnesium oxide (MgO) Thin Films Chapter: III ---------------------------------------------------------------- Experimental Results of Magnesium oxide (MgO) Thin Films

More information

Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Iron Sulphide (ZnFeS) Of Varying Zinc Ion Concentration

Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Iron Sulphide (ZnFeS) Of Varying Zinc Ion Concentration International Journal of Science and Technology Volume 5 No. 5, May, 2016 Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Iron Sulphide (ZnFeS) Of Varying Zinc Ion Concentration I. B. Obasi 1 and J. C. Osuwa 2

More information

Influence of Annealing Temperature on the Properties of ITO Films Prepared by Electron Beam Evaporation and Ion-Assisted Deposition

Influence of Annealing Temperature on the Properties of ITO Films Prepared by Electron Beam Evaporation and Ion-Assisted Deposition Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 42 : 362-366 (2008) Influence of Annealing Temperature on the Properties of ITO Films Prepared by Electron Beam Evaporation and Ion-Assisted Deposition Artorn Pokaipisit 1 *, Mati

More information

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION In the format provided by the authors and unedited. ARTICLE NUMBER: 16178 DOI: 10.1038/NENERGY.2016.178 Enhanced Stability and Efficiency in Hole-Transport Layer Free CsSnI3 Perovskite Photovoltaics Supplementary

More information

Structural, Optical, Morphological and Elemental Analysis on Sol-gel Synthesis of Ni Doped TiO2 Nanocrystallites

Structural, Optical, Morphological and Elemental Analysis on Sol-gel Synthesis of Ni Doped TiO2 Nanocrystallites Structural, Optical, Morphological and Elemental Analysis on Sol-gel Synthesis of Ni Doped TiO2 Nanocrystallites T Sakthivel, K Jagannathan To cite this version: T Sakthivel, K Jagannathan. Structural,

More information

Supplementary Information

Supplementary Information Supplementary Information Supplementary Figure 1 Characterization of precursor coated on salt template. (a) SEM image of Mo precursor coated on NaCl. Scale bar, 50 μm. (b) EDS of Mo precursor coated on

More information

ITO. Crystal structure: Cubic, space group Ia3 No. 206, ci80, a = nm, Z = 16

ITO. Crystal structure: Cubic, space group Ia3 No. 206, ci80, a = nm, Z = 16 ITO Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a ternary composition of indium, tin and oxygen in varying proportions. Depending on the oxygen content, it can either be described as a ceramic or alloy. Indium tin oxide

More information

Applications of Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) Technique for CZTS Thin Film Solar Cells

Applications of Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) Technique for CZTS Thin Film Solar Cells NANO VISION An International Open Free Access, Peer Reviewed Research Journal www.nano-journal.org ISSN 2231-2579 (Print) ISSN 2319-7633 (Online) Abbr: Nano Vision. 2013, Vol.3(3): Pg.235-239 Applications

More information

The Effect of Annealing Heat Treatment on Structural and Optical Properties of Ce-doped ZnO Thin Films

The Effect of Annealing Heat Treatment on Structural and Optical Properties of Ce-doped ZnO Thin Films 4th International Conference on Computer, Mechatronics, Control and Electronic Engineering (ICCMCEE 2015) The Effect of Annealing Heat Treatment on Structural and Optical Properties of Ce-doped Thin Films

More information

Supporting Information

Supporting Information Supporting Information Efficient Light Harvester Layer Prepared by Solid/Mist Interface Reaction for Perovskite Solar Cells Xiang Xia, a Hongcui Li, a Wenyi Wu, b Yanhua Li, a Dehou Fei, a Chunxiao Gao

More information

Mn DOPED SnO2 Semiconducting Magnetic Thin Films Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis Method

Mn DOPED SnO2 Semiconducting Magnetic Thin Films Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis Method International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 2, Issue 4, April-2011 1 Mn DOPED SnO2 Semiconducting Magnetic Thin Films Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis Method K.Vadivel, V.Arivazhagan,

More information

A Comparative Performance Study of Plasmon-induced Charge Separation of 2, 2 O 3, and Photocell Thin-films

A Comparative Performance Study of Plasmon-induced Charge Separation of 2, 2 O 3, and Photocell Thin-films Available Online Publications J. Sci. Res. 5 (2), 245-254 (2013) JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH www.banglajol.info/index.php/jsr A Comparative Performance Study of Plasmon-induced Charge Separation of

More information

PREPARATION OF VISIBLE-LIGHT-DRIVEN TIO 2 PHOTOCATALYST DOPED WITH IRON IN SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE

PREPARATION OF VISIBLE-LIGHT-DRIVEN TIO 2 PHOTOCATALYST DOPED WITH IRON IN SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE PREPARATION OF VISIBLE-LIGHT-DRIVEN TIO 2 PHOTOCATALYST DOPED WITH IRON IN SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE Esther Alonso *, Héctor Fernández-Rodríguez and M.J. Cocero Department of Chemical Engineering &

More information

The Influence of Solvent Coordination on Hybrid. Organic-Inorganic Perovskite Formation. (Supporting Information)

The Influence of Solvent Coordination on Hybrid. Organic-Inorganic Perovskite Formation. (Supporting Information) The Influence of Solvent Coordination on Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Perovskite Formation (Supporting Information) J. Clay Hamill, Jr., Jeffrey Schwartz, and Yueh-Lin Loo, * Department of Chemical and Biological

More information

Synthesis, Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties of Cadmium sulphide Thin Films by Chemical Bath Deposition Method

Synthesis, Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties of Cadmium sulphide Thin Films by Chemical Bath Deposition Method International Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN (USA): IJCRGG ISSN : 0974-4290 Vol.6, No.7, pp 3748-3752, Sept-Oct 2014 Synthesis, Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties of Cadmium sulphide Thin

More information

Influence of In/Sn ratio on nanocrystalline indium tin oxide thin films by spray pyrolysis method

Influence of In/Sn ratio on nanocrystalline indium tin oxide thin films by spray pyrolysis method Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Scholars Research Library Archives of Physics Research, 2011, 2 (1): 19-25 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN 0976-0970 CODEN (USA):

More information

Optical, microstructural and electrical studies on sol gel derived TiO 2 thin films

Optical, microstructural and electrical studies on sol gel derived TiO 2 thin films Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Physics Vol. 55, January 2017, pp. 81-85 Optical, microstructural and electrical studies on sol gel derived TiO 2 thin films M Bilal Tahir*, S Hajra, M Rizwan & M Rafique

More information

Selective growth of Au nanograins on specific positions (tips, edges. heterostructures.

Selective growth of Au nanograins on specific positions (tips, edges. heterostructures. Selective growth of Au nanograins on specific positions (tips, edges and facets) of Cu 2 O octahedrons to form Cu 2 O-Au hierarchical heterostructures. Han Zhu b, MingLiang Du* a,b, DongLiang Yu b, Yin

More information

Cu(I)-Mediating Pt Reduction to Form Pt-Nanoparticle-Embedded Nafion Composites and Their Electrocatalytic O 2 Reduction

Cu(I)-Mediating Pt Reduction to Form Pt-Nanoparticle-Embedded Nafion Composites and Their Electrocatalytic O 2 Reduction Cu(I)-Mediating Pt Reduction to Form Pt-Nanoparticle-Embedded Nafion Composites and Their Electrocatalytic O 2 Reduction Jing-Fang Huang,* a and Wen-Rhone Chang a Supporting information Experimental Section

More information

Supporting Information

Supporting Information Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Nanoscale. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017 Supporting Information A Fast Chemical Approach towards Sb 2 S 3 Film with Large Grain Size for

More information

GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOSTRUCTURED CdS THIN FILMS BY CHEMICAL BATH DEPOSITION TECHNIQUE

GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOSTRUCTURED CdS THIN FILMS BY CHEMICAL BATH DEPOSITION TECHNIQUE Chalcogenide Letters Vol. 6, No. 8, September 29, p. 415 419 GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOSTRUCTURED CdS THIN FILMS BY CHEMICAL BATH DEPOSITION TECHNIQUE V. B. SANAP *, B. H. PAWAR, * MSS s College

More information

Three-dimensional NiFe Layered Double Hydroxide Film for Highefficiency

Three-dimensional NiFe Layered Double Hydroxide Film for Highefficiency Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for ChemComm. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 Three-dimensional NiFe Layered Double Hydroxide Film for Highefficiency Oxygen Evolution Reaction

More information

Effect of deposition parameters on Structural and Optical Properties of ZnS Thin Films

Effect of deposition parameters on Structural and Optical Properties of ZnS Thin Films IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering PAPER OPEN ACCESS Effect of deposition parameters on Structural and Optical Properties of ZnS Thin Films To cite this article: K Priya et al 2018

More information

Effect of Volume Spray Rate on Highly Conducting Spray Deposited Fluorine Doped SnO2 Thin Films

Effect of Volume Spray Rate on Highly Conducting Spray Deposited Fluorine Doped SnO2 Thin Films Effect of Volume Spray Rate on Highly Conducting Spray Deposited Fluorine Doped SnO2 Thin Films Dr.R.N. ARLE 1, B.L.KHATIK 2 1 Department of Physics, Jijamata College of Science and Arts, Bhende Bk.India

More information

Schottky Tunnel Contacts for Efficient Coupling of Photovoltaics and Catalysts

Schottky Tunnel Contacts for Efficient Coupling of Photovoltaics and Catalysts Schottky Tunnel Contacts for Efficient Coupling of Photovoltaics and Catalysts Christopher E. D. Chidsey Department of Chemistry Stanford University Collaborators: Paul C. McIntyre, Y.W. Chen, J.D. Prange,

More information

Supporting Information

Supporting Information Supporting Information Au Nanowire-Striped Cu 3 P Platelet Photoelectrocatalysts Anirban Dutta, Aneeya K. Samantara, Samrat Das Adhikari, Bikash Kumar Jena and Narayan Pradhan Department of Materials Science

More information

Electronic Supporting Information

Electronic Supporting Information Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for RSC Advances. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 Electronic Supporting Information An Au@Ag Nanocube based Plasmonic Nano-sensor for Rapid Detection

More information

Ultra-low-temperature growth of CdS quantum dots on g-c 3 N 4. nanosheets and their photocatalytic performance

Ultra-low-temperature growth of CdS quantum dots on g-c 3 N 4. nanosheets and their photocatalytic performance Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Dalton Transactions. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 Ultra-low-temperature growth of CdS quantum dots on g-c 3 N 4 nanosheets and their photocatalytic

More information

An advantage of thin-film silicon solar cells is that they can be deposited on glass substrates and flexible substrates.

An advantage of thin-film silicon solar cells is that they can be deposited on glass substrates and flexible substrates. ET3034TUx - 5.2.1 - Thin film silicon PV technology 1 Last week we have discussed the dominant PV technology in the current market, the PV technology based on c-si wafers. Now we will discuss a different

More information

STUDY OF CHEMICAL BATH DEPOSITED NANOCRYSTALLINE CdZnS THIN FILMS

STUDY OF CHEMICAL BATH DEPOSITED NANOCRYSTALLINE CdZnS THIN FILMS Journal of Optoelectronics and Biomedical Materials Vol. 3 Issue 2, April-June 2011 p. 39-43 STUDY OF CHEMICAL BATH DEPOSITED NANOCRYSTALLINE CdZnS THIN FILMS V. B. SANAP *, B. H. PAWAR *Yeshwantrao Chavan

More information

Effect of copper doping on the some physical properties of Nio thin films prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis

Effect of copper doping on the some physical properties of Nio thin films prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis Effect of copper doping on the some physical properties of Nio thin films prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis 1. Dr. Anwar H. Ali, 2. Raania R. Kadhim 1. Department of Physics College of science, Al-

More information

Structural and Optical properties of Nickel Sulphide(NiS) nanoparticles

Structural and Optical properties of Nickel Sulphide(NiS) nanoparticles International Journal of NanoScience and Nanotechnology. ISSN 0974-3081 Volume 6, Number 1 (2015), pp. 41-45 International Research Publication House http://www.irphouse.com Structural and Optical properties

More information

Annealing Effects on the Properties of Copper Selenide Thin Films for Thermoelectric Applications

Annealing Effects on the Properties of Copper Selenide Thin Films for Thermoelectric Applications IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) e-issn: 2278-4861. Volume 4, Issue 5 (Sep. - Oct. 2013), PP 65-71 Annealing Effects on the Properties of Copper Selenide Thin Films for Thermoelectric Applications

More information

Exploring the Photovoltaic Performance of All-

Exploring the Photovoltaic Performance of All- Supporting Information Exploring the Photovoltaic Performance of All- Inorganic Ag 2 PbI 4 /PbI 2 Blends Lyubov A. Frolova, 1 Denis V. Anokhin, 1,2 Alexey A. Piryazev, 2 Sergey Yu. Luchkin 3, Nadezhda

More information

Energy-level matching of Fe(III) ions grafted at surface and. doped in bulk for efficient visible-light photocatalysts

Energy-level matching of Fe(III) ions grafted at surface and. doped in bulk for efficient visible-light photocatalysts Energy-level matching of (III) ions grafted at surface and doped in bulk for efficient visible-light photocatalysts Min Liu, Xiaoqing Qiu, Masahiro Miyauchi,*,, and Kazuhito Hashimoto*,, Department of

More information

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF MgO NANOPARTICLES

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF MgO NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF MgO NANOPARTICLES Bhagya J 1,2, Dedhila Devadathan 1, Baiju V 1, Biju R 1, Raveendran R 1 1 Nanoscience Research Laboratory, Department of Physics,

More information

FABRICATION AND EVALUATION OF CuO/ZnO HETEROSTRUCTURES FOR PHOTOELECTRIC CONVERSION

FABRICATION AND EVALUATION OF CuO/ZnO HETEROSTRUCTURES FOR PHOTOELECTRIC CONVERSION IJRRAS 13 (1) October 2012 www.arpapress.com/volumes/vol13issue1/ijrras_13_1_06.pdf FABRICATION AND EVALUATION OF / HETEROSTRUCTURES FOR PHOTOELECTRIC CONVERSION Hiroki Kidowaki, Takeo Oku & Tsuyoshi Akiyama

More information

Supporting Information. Solution-Processed 2D PbS Nanoplates with Residual Cu 2 S. Exhibiting Low Resistivity and High Infrared Responsivity

Supporting Information. Solution-Processed 2D PbS Nanoplates with Residual Cu 2 S. Exhibiting Low Resistivity and High Infrared Responsivity Supporting Information Solution-Processed 2D PbS Nanoplates with Residual Cu 2 S Exhibiting Low Resistivity and High Infrared Responsivity Wen-Ya Wu, Sabyasachi Chakrabortty, Asim Guchhait, Gloria Yan

More information

International Journal of Engineering Research-Online A Peer Reviewed International Journal

International Journal of Engineering Research-Online A Peer Reviewed International Journal N C L A 2016 ISSN: 2321-7758 STUDY OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CHARACTERIZATION OF SPRAY DEPOSITED CdTe THIN FILMS D.M.Sapkal S.I.C.E.S. Degree college of Arts, Commerce & Science, Ambernath(west) ABSTRACT CdTe thin

More information

Structure and optical properties of M/ZnO (M=Au, Cu, Pt) nanocomposites

Structure and optical properties of M/ZnO (M=Au, Cu, Pt) nanocomposites Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 8 () 339 38 Structure and optical properties of M/ (M=Au, Cu, Pt) nanocomposites U. Pal a,b, *, J. Garc!ıa-Serrano a, G. Casarrubias-Segura a, N. Koshizaki c, T. Sasaki

More information

STRUCTURAL AND OPTOELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF PYRALYTICALLY SPRAYED CdZnS THIN FILMS

STRUCTURAL AND OPTOELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF PYRALYTICALLY SPRAYED CdZnS THIN FILMS Chalcogenide Letters Vol. 9, No. 12, December 2012, p. 495-500 STRUCTURAL AND OPTOELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF PYRALYTICALLY SPRAYED CdZnS THIN FILMS S. RAJATHI *, N. SANKARASUBRAMANIAN *, K. RAMANATHAN, M.

More information

High Efficiency Heterojunction Cadmium Sulphide (CdS) Thin Film Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation Technique

High Efficiency Heterojunction Cadmium Sulphide (CdS) Thin Film Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation Technique NANO VISION An International Open Free Access, Peer Reviewed Research Journal www.nano-journal.org ISSN 2231-2579 (Print) ISSN 2319-7633 (Online) Abbr: Nano Vision. 2013, Vol.3(3): Pg.179-183 High Efficiency

More information

CHAPTER-VII SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

CHAPTER-VII SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER-VII SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Chapter-VII Summary and Conclusions Sr. No. Title Page No. 7.1 Summary 167 7.2 Conclusions.. 171 CHAPTER SEVEN Summary and Conclusions 7.1: Summary The technologies

More information

Thermally-Enhanced Generation of Solar Fuels

Thermally-Enhanced Generation of Solar Fuels Thermally-Enhanced Generation of Solar Fuels Xiaofei Ye, Liming Zhang, Madhur Boloor, Nick Melosh, William Chueh Materials Science & Engineering, Precourt Institute for Energy Stanford University Fundamentals

More information

IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) ISSN (e): , ISSN (p): Vol. 07, Issue 10 (October. 2017), V1 PP 50-60

IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) ISSN (e): , ISSN (p): Vol. 07, Issue 10 (October. 2017), V1 PP 50-60 IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) ISSN (e): 2250-3021, ISSN (p): 2278-8719 Vol. 07, Issue 10 (October. 2017), V1 PP 50-60 www.iosrjen.org Investigation on photo-response characteristics of cadmium

More information

Photoelectrochemical Cells for a Sustainable Energy

Photoelectrochemical Cells for a Sustainable Energy Photoelectrochemical Cells for a Sustainable Energy Dewmi Ekanayake Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States With the increasing demand of the energy, researches

More information

High Transmittance Ti doped ITO Transparent Conducting Layer Applying to UV-LED. Y. H. Lin and C. Y. Liu

High Transmittance Ti doped ITO Transparent Conducting Layer Applying to UV-LED. Y. H. Lin and C. Y. Liu High Transmittance Ti doped ITO Transparent Conducting Layer Applying to UV-LED Y. H. Lin and C. Y. Liu Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli,

More information

QUANTUM SIZE EFFECT IN CHEMOSYNTHESIZED NANOSTRUCTURED CdS THIN FILMS

QUANTUM SIZE EFFECT IN CHEMOSYNTHESIZED NANOSTRUCTURED CdS THIN FILMS Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures Vol. 5, No 4, October-December 2010, p. 805-810 QUANTUM SIZE EFFECT IN CHEMOSYNTHESIZED NANOSTRUCTURED CdS THIN FILMS S. A. VANALAKAR, S. S. MALI, M. P.

More information

Optimization of ZnO Seed Layer for Growth of Vertically Aligned ZnO Nanorods on Glass Surface

Optimization of ZnO Seed Layer for Growth of Vertically Aligned ZnO Nanorods on Glass Surface Proc. 14th Int. Conf. on Global Research and Education, Inter-Academia 2015 JJAP Conf. Proc. 4 (2016) 011103 2016 The Japan Society of Applied Physics Optimization of ZnO Seed Layer for Growth of Vertically

More information

EFFECT OF DEPOSITION TIME ON CHEMICAL BATH DEPOSITION PROCESS AND THICKNESS OF BaSe THIN FILMS.

EFFECT OF DEPOSITION TIME ON CHEMICAL BATH DEPOSITION PROCESS AND THICKNESS OF BaSe THIN FILMS. Journal of Optoelectronics and Biomedical Materials Vol. 3 Issue 4, October-December 2011 p. 81-85 EFFECT OF DEPOSITION TIME ON CHEMICAL BATH DEPOSITION PROCESS AND THICKNESS OF BaSe THIN FILMS. N.A. OKEREKE

More information

Supporting Online Material for

Supporting Online Material for www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/science.1200448/dc1 Supporting Online Material for Increasing Solar Absorption for Photocatalysis with Black Hydrogenated Titanium Dioxide Nanocrystals This PDF file

More information

CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSIONS AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSIONS AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSIONS AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK In this thesis an experimental investigation about Magnisium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles and its nanocomposites i.e.mgo-x (X= NiO, CuO, Co3O4, Fe2O3, CeO2,

More information

Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells

Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells The Birnie Group solar class and website were created with much-appreciated support from the NSF CRCD Program under grants 0203504 and 0509886. Continuing Support from the McLaren Endowment is also greatly

More information

Preparation of CuAlO 2 Thin Films by Sol-Gel Method Using Nitrate Solution Dip-Coating

Preparation of CuAlO 2 Thin Films by Sol-Gel Method Using Nitrate Solution Dip-Coating Preparation of CuAlO 2 Thin Films by Sol-Gel Method Using Nitrate Solution Dip-Coating Takashi Ehara 1,2,a* and Takayoshi Nakanishi 1 1 Department of Human Culture, Faculty of Human Studies, Ishinomaki

More information

Influence of Different Solvents on the Formation of Uniform Titanium Dioxide (TiO 2 ) Thin Film by Sol-gel

Influence of Different Solvents on the Formation of Uniform Titanium Dioxide (TiO 2 ) Thin Film by Sol-gel Applied Mechanics and Materials Submitted: 2014-08-14 ISSN: 1662-7482, Vols. 773-774, pp 667-671 Accepted: 2014-12-22 doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.667 Online: 2015-07-15 2015 Trans Tech Publications,

More information

Studies on Structural and Optical Properties of Iron doped Cds Nanoparticles ABSTRACT

Studies on Structural and Optical Properties of Iron doped Cds Nanoparticles ABSTRACT Studies on Structural and Optical Properties of Iron doped Cds Nanoparticles Atheek P., Vidhya M. and Balasundaram O. N Department of Physics, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

More information

Induced Crystallization of Rubrene with Diazapentacene as the Template Danqing Liu, 1 Zhefeng Li, 1 Zikai He, 1 Jianbin Xu, 2 Qian Miao* 1, 3

Induced Crystallization of Rubrene with Diazapentacene as the Template Danqing Liu, 1 Zhefeng Li, 1 Zikai He, 1 Jianbin Xu, 2 Qian Miao* 1, 3 Electronic Supplementary Information for: Induced Crystallization of Rubrene with Diazapentacene as the Template Danqing Liu, 1 Zhefeng Li, 1 Zikai He, 1 Jianbin Xu, 2 Qian Miao* 1, 3 1 Department of Chemistry,

More information

Supporting Information for Amorphous FeOOH Oxygen Evolution Reaction Catalyst for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting

Supporting Information for Amorphous FeOOH Oxygen Evolution Reaction Catalyst for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Supporting Information for Amorphous FeOOH Oxygen Evolution Reaction Catalyst for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting William D. Chemelewski 1,2, Heung-Chan Lee 2,3, Jung-Fu Lin 1,4, Allen J. Bard 1,2,3,

More information

Molarities Concentration Effects On Some Characterization Of (Fe 2 O 3 ) Thin Film Solar Cell Application

Molarities Concentration Effects On Some Characterization Of (Fe 2 O 3 ) Thin Film Solar Cell Application Molarities Concentration Effects On Some Characterization Of (Fe 2 O 3 ) Thin Film Solar Cell Application Majid H. Hassoni, Noor J. Sahib Physics Department, Education Faculty, University of Al- Mustansiriyah,

More information

This version was downloaded from Northumbria Research Link:

This version was downloaded from Northumbria Research Link: Citation: Maiello, Pietro, Zoppi, Guillaume, Miles, Robert, Pearsall, Nicola and Forbes, Ian (2011) Investigations of ternary Cu3SbS3 thin films as absorber in photovoltaic devices. In: The 7th Photovoltaic

More information

Photoactivity and hydrophilic property of SiO 2

Photoactivity and hydrophilic property of SiO 2 Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 32 (4), 413-418, Jul. - Aug. 2010 Original Article Photoactivity and hydrophilic property of nano-composite thin films Lek Sikong 1 *, Kalayanee Kooptarnond 1, Sutham Niyomwas

More information

Study of The Structural and Optical Properties of Titanium dioxide Thin Films Prepared by RF Magnetron sputtering

Study of The Structural and Optical Properties of Titanium dioxide Thin Films Prepared by RF Magnetron sputtering Study of The Structural and Optical Properties of Titanium dioxide Thin Films Prepared by RF Magnetron sputtering Aqeel K. Hadi 1, Muneer H.Jaduaa 1, Abdul- Hussain K. Elttayef 2 1 Wasit University - College

More information

Crystal Growth, Optical and Thermal Studies of 4-Nitroaniline 4- Aminobenzoic Acid: A Fluorescent Material

Crystal Growth, Optical and Thermal Studies of 4-Nitroaniline 4- Aminobenzoic Acid: A Fluorescent Material Research Article Crystal Growth, Optical and Thermal Studies of 4-Nitroaniline 4- Aminobenzoic Acid: A Fluorescent Material A. Silambarasan, P. Rajesh * and P. Ramasamy Centre for Crystal Growth, SSN College

More information

Linlin Xin a and Xuefeng Liu b. School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, , PR China.

Linlin Xin a and Xuefeng Liu b. School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, , PR China. Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for RSC Advances. This journal is The Royal Society of Chemistry 215 Electronic Supplementary Information Black TiO 2 Inverse Opals for Visible-Light Photocatalysis

More information

PHOTO-ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF FLASH EVAPORATED CADMIUM SULPHIDE FILMS

PHOTO-ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF FLASH EVAPORATED CADMIUM SULPHIDE FILMS Chalcogenide Letters Vol. 5, No. 9, September 2008, p. 195-199 PHOTO-ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF FLASH EVAPORATED CADMIUM SULPHIDE FILMS K. R. Murali *, C. Kannan a, P. K. Subramanian b Electrochemical

More information

Novel concept of rechargeable battery using iron oxide nanorods. anode and nickel hydroxide cathode in aqueous electrolyte

Novel concept of rechargeable battery using iron oxide nanorods. anode and nickel hydroxide cathode in aqueous electrolyte Supplementary Information for: Novel concept of rechargeable battery using iron oxide nanorods anode and nickel hydroxide cathode in aqueous electrolyte Zhaolin Liu *, Siok Wei Tay and Xu Li Institute

More information