Physical Properties of Minerals Part II
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1 GEOLOGY 333 LAB 2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS PART II Physical Properties of Minerals covered last week: 1. Hardness 2. Cleavage 3. Crystal Shape 4. Specific Gravity Physical Properties of Minerals that we ll cover this week: 1. Color and Streak 2. Fluorescence 3. Luster 4. Magnetism 5. Solubility and Reaction with Acid 1
2 1. Color = Most obvious property, but is NOT always reliable. Opaque minerals (e.g., pyrite) often have consistent color (assuming surface is not oxidized) Many transparent minerals (e.g., quartz and fluorite) don t have consistent color. Mineral color is dependent on light--mineral interactions, chemical composition (presence of impurities) and crystal structure (presence of defects). Fluorite Pyrite Quartz 1. Streak = Color of a mineral when it is finely powdered. More reliable to identify minerals, because most minerals have only one streak color, which can be different from the hand sample color; use black porcelain plate for light streak. 2
3 2. Fluorescence = The color of a mineral when illuminated by ultraviolet (UV) light. Not usually used to identify minerals, but it is COOL!! 3. Luster = The way light reflects off a mineral s surface, i.e. its sheen or shininess. 2 general categories: Metallic and Non-metallic Metallic Luster Non-Metallic Luster Common non-metallic lusters: Vitreous and Earthy (Dull) Vitreous Dull 3
4 3. Luster: Table 3.1 (from Perkins, 2011, Mineralogy) Terms Used to Describe Luster of Nonmetallic Minerals Luster Meaning Minerals That Sometimes Exhibit the Luster vitreous having a glassy appearance quartz, tourmaline resinous having the appearance of resin sphalerite, sulfur greasy reflecting light to give a play of colors; similar to oil on water chlorite, nepheline silky having surfaces appearing to be composed of fine fibers chrysotile (asbestos), gypsum adamantine bright, shiny, brilliant appearance similar to that of diamonds diamond, cerussite pearly appearing iridescent, similar to pearls or some seashells Muscovite, talc dull Not reflecting significant amounts of light or showing any play kaolinite (clay), niter of colors 4. Magnetism = The ability of a mineral to be attracted by or act like a magnet. Results from the spinning of many unshared electrons in the 3d orbital. What is the only common mineral that is strongly magnetic? 4
5 5. Solubility = The ability of a mineral to dissolve in water or other liquids. Minerals that dissolve abundantly in water have a high solubility, whereas minerals that dissolve very little in water have a low solubility. What controls a mineral s solubility? 1. Strength of the chemical bonds 2. The ability of the atoms composing the mineral to become ions in water. Weak ionic bonds are associated with high solubility Strong covalent bonds are associated with low solubility High Solubility Example: NaCl (halite) + H 2 O Na + + Cl - (dissolved halite) + H 2 O 5
6 Low Solubility Example: SiO 2 (quartz) + H 2 O SiO 2 0 (dissolved quartz) + H 2 O Why is the ocean salty? Rainwater ~4 River water ~120 Seawater ~34,000 Salinity (total dissolved solids, ppm) 6
7 Hint: Think about the processes that move water around in the Water Cycle What mineral reacts vigorously with the dilute acid? Calcite becomes much more soluble in acidic solutions. The bubbles are CO 2 gas produced when calcite dissolves. Calcite Dissolution Reaction: CaCO 3 (calcite) + 2H + (acid) Ca 2+ + CO 2 gas + H 2 O (dissolved calcite) 7
8 Today s Lab Work in groups of 3 or 4 students (6 groups) For Question 8 (Solubility Station): Group 1: Halite Group 2: Gypsum Group 3: Quartz Post your answer on the board! Next Week s Reading Assignment p , , Klein and Philpotts (2013) Earth Materials 8
9 Don t Forget! Quiz next week over material covered in this lab. QUESTIONS?? 9
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