Light transmission and distribution in vegetable greenhouses

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1 Light transmission and distribution in vegetable greenhouses Canadian Greenhouse Conference, 5 October 2016, Niagara Falls, Canada Dr. Silke Hemming, Wageningen University & Research Centre

2 Light is (almost) never too much: yield increase per % light increase Crop % Yield increase Lettuce 0.8 Radish 1 Cucumber Tomato Rose Chrysanthemum 0.6 Pointsettia Ficus benjamina 0.6 Source: Marcelis et al., 2006

3 Diffuse light

4 Potential diffuse light in different climates Amount of direct / already diffuse light varies in different climates Cold winter climate e.g. The Netherlands Mild winter climate e.g. Mediterranean (Semi-)arid climate e.g. Middle-East Increase potential of diffuse coverings Hemming et al. (2008)

5 Diffuse light crop effects Li (2014)

6 Horizontal light distribution at crop level Reference Lichtintensiteit (%) Lengte rij ( cm ) Pad Diff71 Diffuse Lichtintensiteit (%) Pad Lengte rij ( cm ) Dueck et al. (2012)

7 Diffuse light crop effects Li (2014)

8 Vertical light distribution in crop - cucumber Crop height [cm] April May 25 th May 23 3 rd rd,, Clear Diffuse Clear Diffuse Light interception [%] Hemming et al. (2007)

9 Diffuse light crop effects Li (2014)

10 Photosynthesis net - high-wire cucumber Dueck et al. (2009)

11 Photo-inhibition - tomato Dueck et al. (2012)

12 Diffuse light crop effects Li (2014)

13 Crop yield - cucumber high-wire Cumulatief productie (kg/m2 Production (kg m -2 ) % +6.5% Hoog diffuus Laag diffuus Controle Weeks Weeks High diffuse Low diffuse Diffuse light: 9% higher cucumber production (crop planted in March) Dueck et al. (2008)

14 Diffuse light sweet pepper ca. 5% more yield

15 Diffuse light cucumber 4-10% more yield Hemming et al. (2006, 2008)

16 Diffuse light tomato 8-10% more yield

17 Glasses Plastic films Increased light scattering

18 Diffuse light

19 Optical properties light quantity Light (PAR) Covering material Absorption Reflection increases Transmission decreases 1 Absorption Reflection = Transmission

20 Measurement light quantity Measure angular and hemispherical light transmission NOT perpendicular light transmission Transmission τ [%] T HEM 2 pi pi / = 2 pi pi / 2 0 T ( φ, θ ) I( φ, θ )sin( θ )cos( θ ) dθdφ 0 I( φ, θ )sin( θ )cos( θ ) dθdφ Angle of incidence ΘΘ i [ o ] Wageningen UR Transvision Integrating Sphere for hemispherical light transmission measurement 20

21 Optical properties light geometrical distribution Light (PAR) Diffuse structure Covering material Diffuse pigments Transmission Geometrical distribution

22 Materials and Methods - Equipment Measure Haze or even better BTDF scattering Radiant IS-SA Imaging Sphere for Scatter and Appearance Measurement at Wageningen UR Lightlab 22

23 Diffuse coverings plastics Plastic films

24 Hemispherical light transmission τ h vs. haze η hemispherical transmission [%] y = -0.16x R² = haze [%]

25 Diffuse coverings - PE/EVA plastic films Amount of scattering Amount of light Code Material Haze η Hemispherical transmission τ h PK14A Clear film AD PK14C Normal film PK14D Normal film AD PK14B Extra diffuse film

26 Light Diffusing Materials high η, high τ h ETFE medium diffusion, 80 µm AS ETFE high diffusion, 100 µm AS HDPE medium diffusion, 80µm BR HDPE high diffusion, 80µm BR haze hemispherical transmission

27 Diffuse coverings glasses Glasses

28 Diffuus en anti-reflectie: transmissie material haze hemispherical transmission A A 0 AR 87.1 A 0 ARAR 90.2 A LH A LH AR 86.2 A LH ARAR 89.2 A HH A HH AR 82.2 A HH ARAR % per side

29 Results - glass Material * with anti-reflection coating Code Light transmission perpendicular Light transmission hemispherical Haze F-scatter τ p τ h η Φ Traditional greenhouse glass PLA Clear glass* R Matt/matt glass low diffusion* SG Matt/matt glass medium diffusion* SG Prismatic glass high diffusion* SG Etched glass high diffusion* DA Etched glass extra high diffusion* DA Paraboloid glass extra high diffusion SG Motheye microlens extra high diffusion NO12J Lambertian diffusor L

30 Results - glass Material * with anti-reflection coating Code Light transmission perpendicular Light transmission hemispherical Haze F-scatter τ p τ h η Φ Traditional greenhouse glass PLA Clear glass* R Matt/matt glass low diffusion* SG Matt/matt glass medium diffusion* SG Prismatic glass high diffusion* SG Etched glass high diffusion* DA Etched glass extra high diffusion* DA Paraboloid glass extra high diffusion SG Motheye microlens extra high diffusion NO12J Lambertian diffusor L

31 Results- BTDF glass 2D plot of calculated angular energy distribution E(θθ tt ) based on measured BTDF of different glasses η=100% Φ=100% η=100% Φ=98% η=97% Φ=82% η=94% Φ=79% 31

32 Conclusions diffuse materials Measure hemispherical light transmission & haze & Fscatter Covering materials with higher light scattering increase production (at same light transmission!) Materials with different scattering distribution (Fscatter) are available, choose right material for crop Covering materials with significantly reduced hemispherical transmission can cause production decreases (if light is limiting factor)

33 Screens Coatings Other materials Increased light scattering

34 Thank you for your attention! 34

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