Index. Automotive engines, silicon nitride products development, 83-94
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1 Index Advanced composite ceramics, properties and applications, Aircraft engine bearings, shaft speed limits, 46-8 Alumina cast sintered, applications, 72-5 comparative erosive wear performance, 186 erosion testing, 74 matrix composites, room temperature mechanical properties, 112 microstructure, 76-7 properties, 36 Saffil, sol-gel processing, sintered case history summary, 81 erosion resistance, 72 manufacturing methods, processes, 78 titanium composites, 117 wear behaviour, 185 Aluminium, strength, with temperature increase, 128 Aluminium furnace, 156 American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM), 15 Application assessment, logical technique, Automotive engines, silicon nitride products development, Bearings ball mill, zirconia ceramics, 194 cutting tools, composites, and, hybrid ceramic, silicon nitride, aircraft engines, 46-8 calculated life, 48 composition, fluorescent dye penetrants, 43 Hertzian cracks, 43 lubrication, machine tools, material quality, microscopy, 43 non-destructive evaluation techniques, 40-3 rolling contact fatigue, 43-6 x-ray radiography, 40 silicon carbide sliding, design aspects, 61-5 sliding, material properties and wear, steel-hybrid, comparisons, 49 Blade edges, zirconia ceramics, 188-9
2 200 Index Boron, in non-metallic hard Boron carbide applications, 52 comparative erosive wear performance, 186 compared with silicon carbide, 53 low density and high Young's modulus, 58 product development, properties, 53 sintered, applications, 58-9 water-jet cutting, 56-9 Boron nitride, composites, high temperature corrosion, BRITE/EURAM Programme. 1990/ Burner quarls, 160 Carbon, in non-metallic hard Carbon-carbon fibre composites, CEN see European Standards Coordinating Committee Ceramic heat exchangers characteristics and performance data, condensing unit. domestic application, 143 connecting technique. 141 elements design processing techniques industrial use, summary see also Heat exchangers Ceramic industry, overview, 90 Ceramic matrix composites see Composites Ceramic processing case histories colloidal processing, sol-gel alumina fibres, driving forces for improvements, 98 Ceramic processing-contd. new processes, problems with traditional processing, 98 reaction growth, 103 Ceramic-metal joints, mass production methods, 87-9 Ceramics applications, 80-2 casting, classification factors, 24 commercial development development of sialon materials market exploitation material evaluation general properties. compared metals. 6 hot isostatic pressing installation criteria and methods joints, shrink fitting, 65 material manufacture and properties non-metallic hard materials. in. 52 overview specification and product standards. 24 specific properties. 7-9 standardization classification general and specific areas, 20-1 sampling, 19, 22 terminology. 19 test methods see also Oxide ceramics Chemical and mineralogical analysis. standardization. 22 Coil springs. zirconia ceramics. 195 Colloidal processing Composites bearings and cutting tools fibre structure, 119 heat engines, 116
3 Index 201 Composites-contd. high temperature corrosion, infiltration techniques, long fibre, major families, medical products, 118 particles, 109, platelets, 109, 115 processing, properties and applications, short fibres, 109 solution chemistry processing, 118 superplastic forming, 119 surface treatment, 119 tape casting, 119 whiskers, 109, Condensing ceramic boiler see Heat exchanger, condensing Consumer components, zirconia ceramics, 189 Corrosion and oxidating resistance, standardization, 23 Cutting tool applications, hard particle composites, 113 Electrical discharge machining, 113 Engine ceramics, zirconia ceramics, 188 Epoxy resin, typical properties, 79 Erosion pipe conveying systems, 70 resistant materials, oxide ceramics theoretical model, 74-5 EUREKA programme, 4 Europe, International programmes, government financial support, 4 European Commission, European Standards, 18 European Standards Coordinating Committee, 17 Technical Board, 18-9 European Standards Institute, 17 Fibre structure, composites, 119 Filler box, SNIF unit, 155 Fluorescent dye penetrants, bearings, 43 France, Permanent Standardization, 15 Glass matrix composites, 111 Goodman fatigue diagram, 93 Government financial support Europe, 4 Japan, 5 UK and USA, 2-4 Grinding media, zirconia components, 192 Hard particle composites crack branching and bowing, 114 crack deflection, 114 cutting tool applications, 113 microcracking, Heat engines, composites, 116 Heat exchanger, condensing, 129 characteristic data, 135 connecting technique, 141 domestic applications, 143 gas/liquid connections, 140 geometric characteristics, 137 industrial use, laminating punched cards, 132 performance data, condensing ceramic boiler, 147 schematic view, 145 summary, thermal efficiency, Heat exchanger, crossflow, design, domestic applications, 134 processing technique, tape casting, round vs rectangular channels, 131 Helicopter gas turbine engine bearing, relationship between speed and contact stress, 47
4 202 Index Hertzian cracks, bearings, 43 High temperature corrosion, composites, HIP see Hot isostatic pressing Hot isostatic pressing ceramics, 39, tetragonal zirconia polycrystals, IEC see International Electrotechnical Commission Immersion heater tubes, Incalloy 901, sia10n inserts, tool life, 32 Infiltration techniques deposition techniques, 121 liquid reaction with a preform, 121 melt infiltration technique, 120 organic precursor infiltration, 120 slurry infiltration, 120 sol-gel process, 120 Injection moulding process, silicon nitride, 85-7 International Electrotechnical Commission, 16 International Federation of the National Standardising Associations, 16 International Organisation for Standardization, 16 International programmes Europe, 4 Japan, 5 UK and USA, 2-4 ISA see International Federation of the National Standardising Associations Isostatic press, silicon nitride bonded ceramics, 152 Japan Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, 16 International programmes, government financial support, 5 Japan-contd. Japanese Engineering Standards, 16 Japanese Industrial Standards Committee, , 17 Ministry of International Trade and Industry, 16 standardization, 16 JES see Japanese Engineering Standards nsc see Japanese Industrial Standards Committee Lanxide process, Magnesium oxide, additions to mullite/zirconia complexes, 113 Magnesium-PSZ zirconia, comparative erosive wear performance, 186 Market exploitation, 28-9 Materials comparison in wear test, 57 first use, 5 relative absolute specific strengths, 8 tensile strength, as a function of temperature, 9 Medical products, composites, 118 Metals, compared with ceramics, 6 Microscopy, bearings, 43 Microwave processing, self propagation high temperature synthesis, 118 Mullite/alumina/zirconia composites, room temperature mechanical properties, 112 NDE see Non-destructive evaluation techniques Nicalon, 110 Nicarb tubes, isopressed, 157
5 Index 203 Nitride bonded carbide engineered ceramics see Silicon nitride bonded ceramics Nitriding process see Silicon nitride bonded ceramics Nitrogen, in non-metallic hard Non-destructive evaluation techniques, bearings, 40-3 Nuclear reactors, boron carbide, applications, 58 Oxidation resistance, R&D programme, 159 Oxide ceramics erosion resistant materials, lack of understanding by professional engineers, 70 material selection, 70-2 see also Alumina, sintered Oxide fibres, 110 Platelet composites, 115 applications, Powders, fine, characterization, 23 Pressure wave supercharger rotor development history, duty specification, 91 Pumping components, zirconia ceramics, 187 Quartz, erosion testing, 74 Radiant heater tubes, Rotary hearth furnace, curtain wall, Rotors see Pressure wave supercharger rotor; Turbocharger rotor Self propagation high temperature synthesis, microwave processing, 118 Sialon materials characteristics, 30 development, and metal cutting, effect of addition of extra aluminium and nitrogen, 31 effect of polytype additions on strength and hardness, 32 failure analysis, 33 sintering and reaction process, 30 variation in performance, 31 Sialon/stainless steel particles, 113 Silicon, in non-metallic hard Silicon aluminium oxynitride, 150 Silicon carbide applications, 52 chemical vapour deposition, compared with powder method,103 compared with boron carbide, 53 design aspects, 62-5 erosion testing, 74 material properties and wear, new processes, nitride bonded carbides, 151 porosity, 61 product development, properties, 36, 53 SEM micrographs, 62 sintered applications, 54-6 precision balls for valves and dosing pumps, 56 sliding-wear behaviour, wear behaviour, 185 Silicon carbide fibres, 110 Silicon carbide refractories, incremental programme, Silicon carbide whiskers, Silicon carbide/silicon, comparative erosive wear performance, 186 Silicon infiltrated silicon carbide characteristics and performance data,
6 204 Index Silicon infiltrated silicon carbidecontd. corrosion by different media, l36 properties, 127 strength, with temperature increase, 128 tape cast, properties, l37 Silicon nitride bearings, calculated life, 48 fully dense vs porous, 46 hybrid, bearings, injection moulding process, 85-7 manufacture of rolling elements, 37-9 finishing, 39 primary processing, 37-9 material quality, microstructure, 41, 86 new processes, products development for automotive engines, properties, 7, 35-7 rollers, examples of defects, 44-5 rolling contact fatigue, 43-6 SN-75 cyclic fatigue of rotating-bend test, 93 four point flexural strength, 92 Goodman fatigue diagram, 93 material properties, 91 static fatigue, 92 SN-84, material properties, 84 wear behaviour, 185 Silicon nitride bonded ceramics, applications, 151 alternative thermal applications, electromagnetic pump bodies, 162 immersion heater tubes, material development, non-ferrous metallurgical applications, pressure feeder tubes, 162 radiant heater tubes, size and thickness limitations of isopressed shape, Silicon nitride bonded ceramicscontd. thin wall complex shapes, chemical analysis, 150 incremental programme, summary, properties, 150 Silicon oxynitride, 150 SNIF unit, filler box, 155 Soft particle composites, 113 Sol-gel alumina fibres, Sol-gel processing, 104 Solution chemistry processing, composites, 118 Stainless steel, strength, with temperature increase, 128 Standardization, national and international, review, Standardization see Ceramics, standardization Steel bearings comparison with hybrid and optimized hybrid, 49 properties, 36 rolling contact fatigue resistance, 46 Superalloys, strength, with temperature increase, 128 Superplastic forming, composites, 119 Surface treatment, composites, 119 Tape casting, composites, 119 Telecommunications, zirconia ceramics, 192 Tensile strength, as a function of temperature, various minerals, 9 Thermo-mechanical properties, standardization, 23 Thermo-physical properties, standardization, 23 Titanium, strength, with temperature increase, 128 Turbocharger rotor development history, 83-9
7 Index 205 Turbocharger rotor-contd. injection mould, typical defect location, 87 UK International programmes CARE programme, 4 government financial support, 2-4 Ultrasound techniques, bearings, 40 USA ASTM, standards, 18 International programmes, government financial support, 2-4 V AMAS see Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards Vapour phase deposition processes ceramic processing, PVD and CVD,103 composites dispersion, fibre composites, III Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards, 18 Water-jet cutting, boron carbide, 56-9 Wear behaviour various ceramic discs, 185 zirconia ceramics, Wear see also Erosion X-ray radiography, bearings, 40 Zirconia ceramics applications, blade edges, consumer components, 189 engine ceramics, 188 general engineering, grinding media, 192 pumping components, 187 telecommunications, 192 classification, new processes, Nilcra stabilised, 101 nomenclature, 167 properties, 36 raw materials developments, summary, superplastic forming, 100 tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (2Y-TZP) 20A composite, 179 ageing behaviour, ceria-tzp, 179 hot isostatic pressing, mechanical and physical properties, process flow diagram, 178 superplastic forming, wear behaviour, 183-6, 185 transformation toughening, zirconia based composites, 111-4
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