History of Metallurgy and Induction Heating
|
|
- Janice Wilcox
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Practical Induction Heat Treating, Second Edition Copyright 2015 ASM International R.E. Haimbaugh All rights reserved Chapter 1 History of Metallurgy and Induction Heating THIS CHAPTER includes a brief history of metallurgy, followed by a discussion of the development of scientific theories involving the electrical nature of induction heating. The author incorporates personal experiences and memories throughout. History of Metallurgy The Egyptians are believed to have worked copper for centuries before 3500 b.c. A piece of heat- treated steel was found in one of the pyramids, and it is thought to date from 3000 b.c. Early metal workers found certain metals and ores could be refined, processed, and made into tools and weapons, but it was not until the Iron Age and the Hittites that metallurgical processes were developed that would consistently produce strong steel weapons. Although the art of metallurgy developed as early smiths found that heating and cooling iron in different ways could make iron either softer or harder, metallurgical theory lagged behind until relatively modern times. In 1864 Henry Clifton Sorby first used a microscope to study metals. This was followed by Albert Sauveur trying to convince American steelmakers that something practical was to be gained from microscopic examination. However, it has only been since about 1930, when x- ray diffraction with wave mechanics was applied to metals, that the science of metallurgy was born. The first induction phenomenon was observed by Michael Faraday in the middle 1800s when the effect that caused the heating of transformer and motor windings was considered to be undesirable. The first constructive use of induction occurred in 1916 when it was used to melt metals. Induction heat treating came into prominence in the 1930s, when high-
2 2 / Practical Induction Heat Treating, Second Edition frequency motor- generator sets were developed and used for the induction hardening of crankshaft journals and bearings. In 1938, Caterpillar installed a power supply for induction hardening track links, and by 1943 they had 16 induction- hardening units in production (Ref 1). In 1941 Vaugn, Farlow, and Meyer presented a paper titled Metallurgical Control of Induction Hardening at the convention of the American Society for Metals, which provided proof that alloy elements such as nickel and chromium were wholly unnecessary for maximum surface hardness and that carbon steels could be used in place of alloy steels. Caterpillar subsequently purchased a 500 kw, 9.6 khz motor generator set for induction hardening their final drive gear with a 642 mm (25.7 in.) diameter by a 125 mm (5 in.) wide face. In an article in the July 1943 issue of Metal Progress, the Caterpillar process for contour hardening this gear was presented. Figure 1.1 shows the contour pattern produced at that time by Caterpillar. Caterpillar must be considered the early pioneer in the contour hardening of gear teeth. Progress in research in metallurgical principles of induction hardening continued, and at the 26th annual meeting of the American Society for Metals in 1944, D.L. Marten and F. E. Wiley presented a paper that reported investigation of temperature, composition, and previous structure upon induction- hardening characteristics of plain carbon steel (Ref 2). The basic metallurgical theory as presented at that time is still being taught today. Fig. 1.1 Hardness survey (Rockwell C scale) of hardened tooth, sectioned on center. Magnified 2¾ diameters. Source: Ref 1
3 Chapter 1: History of Metallurgy and Induction Heating / 3 Induction Heating after World War II In 1946, Edwin Cady listed the basic types of induction equipment (Ref 3) with frequencies ranging from 25 Hz to 50 MHz: Electronic circuit (vacuum tube, 300 to 530 khz, and greater than 1 MHz) Spark gap (15 to 60 khz and 125 to 450 khz) Rotary converter (motor generator, 1 to 10 khz) Mercury arc (400 Hz to 3 khz) Standard power cycle (line frequency of 60 Hz, or 25 Hz as generated by some steel mills) While other types of power supplies and converters have been used over the years, the intent of this book is to discuss those commonly used for induction heat treating. The first induction heaters sold by General Electric during World War II had rectifier tubes for the conversion of the alternating current (ac) to direct current (dc). Output control and tuning were accomplished through a combination of different taps on the output of the tank coil and a control knob that tapped the plate transformer for different output voltages. The power was turned on and off through the use of a main solenoid- activated contactor. Cycle times were controlled through use of a mechanical, camdriven timer. The output was the high voltage obtained directly from the tank voltage, and low- turn work coils could not be used. Coil designs to heat small areas were developed in many creative ways. For example, to get around overloads, a shunt coil was used. This was a coil made of copper tubing that was placed directly across the high- voltage output from the tank circuit. The coils were typically wound to a 102 mm (4 in.) diameter; the number of turn shunts varied from 5 to 13. The shunts were water cooled, with the water coming from T connections on both sides of the shunt. While it seemed that all of the power would be lost in the shunts, they actually worked quite well. If power reduction to prevent a slight overload at the heat on position was needed, a 13- turn shunt could be installed and used. If the overload was severe, a 5- turn shunt could reduce the power substantially. Setup instructions would indicate what shunt was to be used. The shunts, when used properly, actually leveled the power output so that the plate amperage was held more constant. As the workpiece on heating passed through the Curie temperature, the plate amperage with the use of a shunt did not drop as much. The use and development of induction heat treating practices continued to grow after World War II, and output transformers were developed to help the power supplies and load match when using low- turn work coils. Around 1948, General Electric performed research on the optimum design
4 4 / Practical Induction Heat Treating, Second Edition for output transformers for radio- frequency (RF) induction heaters. They ran tests on both the size of the transformer (settling on 152 mm, or 6 in.) and the stepdown ratio (11:1 found to be most desirable). The primary was sealed in beeswax, and the secondary was one turn, water- cooled, similar to current output transformers. The first transformer tops for sealing and mounting the outputs were Bakelite, which was later replaced by Micolex. In the 1950s General Electric went to a 279 mm (11 in.) diameter transformer with a 7:1 stepdown ratio. Because of the output transformers single turn secondary, low turn work coils could now be used. In addition, the coils could be grounded on one side, so arcs that occurred with highvoltage coils were practically eliminated. From the 1940s through the 1950s, the use and application of large motor generators and RF oscillator induction power supplies continued. In the mid- 1950s General Electric introduced a new RF induction heater. It featured an aluminum- enclosed oscillator section; the internal bus components were silver plated. Rectifier tubes were still used for the dc conversion, but two of the models that were available had three triode rectifier tubes so that thyratron power controls could be used for stepless power control and for power turn- on. Two of the models featured an internal output transformer that was rigidly attached and had an air core. The output power ratings were proven through running a water load in a work coil. The induction heaters featured what was called a filament regulated transformer- capacitor network that provided about 3% regulation through swings of line voltage. Motor- driven voltage regulators could be furnished on request. The induction hardening of air- to- air missile fuse bodies was developed during the Korean War. These were the striking end of the air- to- air missiles. The bodies required a soft nose to allow collapse on impact, to explode the missile. The requirement was for the body to be hard but the nose totally soft. At that time induction tempering did not produce parts in specification. A 20 kw RF induction heater was used for austenitizing with direct tank- loaded coils (high voltage). The coils themselves were contoured to the shape of the fuse body, starting with 6.35 mm (0.25 in.) copper tubing at the top for about four turns, moving into 4.18 mm ( 3 /16 in.) copper tubing around the bottom to provide higher current concentration. The nose of the fuse body was placed onto a brass, water- cooled nest to prevent the nose from heating and hardening. Nitrogen atmosphere was used to prevent scale, with an austenitizing cycle of 9 s. The parts were oil quenched in mineral oil and then furnace tempered. The final surface finish was good enough that the fuse bodies could be plated afterward with any finish machining or polishing. About 1959, International Harvester (IH) found that customers who purchased new tractors were replacing the track shoe bolts with Caterpillar bolts before use. The Caterpillar bolts were induction hardened and did not wear. The IH bolts were overall hardened and tempered but did
5 Chapter 1: History of Metallurgy and Induction Heating / 5 not have contour- hardened heads. The heads of the bolts wore in use, and the bolts had to be chiseled out for replacement. A track shoe bolt fixture was designed and built to handle production for IH. A 50 kw RF induction heater could run 2,500 bolts/h for a 14.3 mm ( 9 /16 in.) diameter, 3,500 bolts/h for 12 mm ( 1 /2 in.), and 5,000 bolts/h for 11 mm ( 7 /16 in.). Case hardening of full length bars for a steel company was developed in the early 1960s. A horizontal scanning system for case hardening of 38 mm (1.5 in.) diameter, 3.8 m (12 ft, 6 in.) long, AISI 1045 steel bars was developed. The scanner had fixed nylon rollers for a distance of about 4 m (14 ft) on each side of the induction coil. A pusher was used to move the bars through the coil, with pneumatically activated restraint wheels on each side of the coil. When one bar was done, the restraint rollers would elevate. The hardened bar was lifted up by pneumatic lifts and moved to the side so that another new bar could be loaded. Then, pusher direction was reversed, and the quench solenoids were switched so that the quench was applied on the exit side of the bar from the coil. The bar was austenitized and quenched in the opposite direction. The two- direction hardening produced high productivity. Starter ring gear teeth were hardened for a locomotive manufacturer in the mid- 1960s. A fixture was built to induction harden the 256 teeth of a starter ring gear that was made by a local gear company. A 20 kw induction heater was used with a remotely mounted transformer. The transformer was indexed into the tooth for tooth- by- tooth hardening. After austenitizing when the transformer and coil quickly moved back, the gear was indexed into an oil spray quench. An entire tooth was skipped during indexing each heating and quenching cycle. In order to harden all the teeth, the gear rotated around twice. After the teeth were all hardened, the gear was cleaned and moved over to a 50 kw, 10 kw motor generator set and single- shot induction tempered. About five gears per day were run over a period of about five years (the production of locomotives at that time). The production stopped when the manufacturing was moved to Canada. Automotive wheel hubs were induction case hardened for a large bearing company. About 1990 a large bearing company that had been producing the hubs in Japan provided sample hubs for test. Tooling was developed, and tests were run using 10 khz. The pattern with 10 khz was better than the customer was producing in Japan. A decision was made to build a production line. At that time more research on frequency was done, with the decision made that 25 khz would be a better frequency. Automatic fixturing was built using a 150 kw, 25 khz power supply. At that time little research had been done on induction tempering, so the decision was made to furnace temper after induction hardening. This line was in 8 to 16 h production for about 20 years. About 1999, a design of parking pawls needed to have the opposing faces case hardened. The parts were to be made of AISI 5160 steel that were Carbo- Austempered prior to induction hardening. Because the pawl
6 6 / Practical Induction Heat Treating, Second Edition was considered a safety item, there were strict requirements on case depth at both faces of the pawl. The pawls quenched to a hardness of 66 HRC. This was followed by a 160 C (325 F) furnace temper. One nick on these parts could cause the transmission to jam. The tooling was built to work using a four- position dial fixture, heating both faces simultaneously, with automatic activation of position holddown and subsequent unloading after quenching. Since there were four nests, one part from each nest was cut every 4 h. This job ran for about 10 years until there was a redesign of the pawl by the automotive company using the pawl. In the 1960s solid- state power supplies were invented for the conversion of line frequency into medium- frequency induction heating. Because of their higher efficiency and increased versatility as the reliability of the solid- state power supplies increased, solid- state power supplies started to replace motor- generator sets in the 1970s. The continued development trend of solid- state power supplies has been into higher frequencies as the solid- state devices have continued to increase in current- carrying and voltage- blocking characteristics. Today, while there is still a market for RF oscillators, most of the induction heating equipment sold is solid- state. Solid- state has made even the RF oscillators more efficient through replacement of the tube rectifiers by solid- state diodes. Development of better transformers for load matching will increase the potential use of solid- state RF power supplies. If the past is used as a basis for projection into the future, the probability is that transistors will continue to improve and at some time will convert the frequency for all RF power supplies. Advantages of Induction Heating Induction heating has the ability to rapidly heat specific areas of a part, such as the teeth of a gear or the bearing area of a shaft. Not only can superior mechanical properties be produced in such an area, but also the entire part does not have to be heated as is done with furnace heat treating. Significant benefits are produced, such as: Superior mechanical properties: A hard case and a soft core provide a good blend of strength and toughness not attainable with furnace through heating. Furthermore, because the hardness of as- quenched steels depends only on carbon content, carbon steels can be used instead of alloy steels for most applications. Induction- hardened tractor axles have a significant increase in bending fatigue over axles that are conventionally furnace hardened. Axles and shafts are also induction case hardened to produce high torsional strength, and many parts such as gears are selectively induction hardened to provide wear resistance on the gear teeth. Lower manufacturing costs: Total energy costs can be reduced because the entire part does not have to be heated. The costs of other
7 Chapter 1: History of Metallurgy and Induction Heating / 7 processes that are necessary for furnace- hardened parts are reduced because the lower distortion reduces the need for grinding and finishing for final net shape. Straightening can sometimes be eliminated. Manufacturing compatibility: Induction heat- treating systems can be automated for high production requirements and can be incorporated into manufacturing cells. Floor space requirements are reduced, and the workplace operating environment is improved. The development and use of solid- state power supplies for induction heating continue today in all frequency ranges. There are many different applications for induction heating outside the heat- treating area, but only heat treating of steel is discussed in this book. There are many other historic specific terms used for induction heating power supplies, such as converter, inverter, motor generator, vacuum tube oscillator, spark gap generator, and frequency tripler. These frequency converters change the 50/60 Hz line frequency to higher frequency. This book is concerned with the application of power supplies that are most commonly used in induction heat- treating practice that change or convert three- phase, 50/60 Hz line frequency into single- phase high frequencies above 3 khz. While there are installations and systems that use frequencies below 3 khz for heat treating, they relate to a smaller number of specific installations rather than wide and varied commercial use and deal with dedicated, through- heating type applications such as the heat treating of pipe. Induction is also used widely for forging, melting, and a good number of individual applications. For purposes of this book, the terms induction heater and power supply will essentially mean the same thing: An induction heater is a power supply that produces the high frequency for induction heating. References 1. G.C. Riegel, Casehardening Large Gears with High Frequency, Met. Prog., July 1943, p D.L. Marten and F.E. Wiley, Induction Hardening of Plain Carbon Steels: A Study of the Effect of Temperature, Composition, and Prior Structure on the Harden and Structure after Hardening, Transactions of the ASM, Vol 34, 1945, p E. Cady, Induction Heating, Materials and Methods, Aug 1946, p 401
Practical Induction Heat Treating
2001 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. Practical Induction Heat Treating (#06098G) Practical Induction Heat Treating Richard E. Haimbaugh Materials Park, Ohio 44073-0002 2001 ASM International. All
More informationUnited Induction Heating Machine Limited of China. Product Catalog
United Induction Heating Machine Limited of China Product Catalog Address: No.68, CT Industrial Park, Baiyun Area, Guangzhou City, 510420, Guangdong Province, China Tel: +86-20-29010055 Email: service@uihm.com
More informationTable 1,1. Induction heating applications and typical products. Preheating prior to metalworking Heat treating Welding Melting
Elements of Induction Heating Stanley Zinn, Lee Semiatin, p 1-8 DOI: 10.1361/eoih1988p001 Copyright 1988 ASM International All rights reserved. www.asminternational.org Chapter 1 Introduction Electromagnetic
More informationAbout UIHM. Welcome you to contact us to find more information about our products.
About UIHM United Induction Heating Machine Limited We are experienced in Induction Heating,induction heating machine,induction Heating equipment.they are widely used in induction heating service, induction
More informationInduction Heating. Jean Callebaut, Laborelec. 1 Introduction Physical principles Induction Installations... 5
Induction Heating Jean Callebaut, Laborelec 1 Introduction... 2 2 Physical principles... 2 2.1 Electromagnetic induction... 2 2.2 The Joule-effect... 3 2.3 Penetration depth... 3 3 Induction Installations...
More informationTechnical Note: Transverse Flux Induction Heat Treating
J. Heat Treat. (1988) 6:47-52 9 1988 Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Technical Note: Transverse Flux Induction Heat Treating G.F. Bobart Abstract. Transverse flux is an efficient method of induction heating
More informationCOMPOSITION MODIFICATION ALLOWS
COMPOSITION MODIFICATION ALLOWS INDUCTION HARDENING OF 450/12 GRADE DUCTILE IRON Induction hardening of SG iron grade 450/12 is not possible due to its high ferrite content (as high as 90%). However, modification
More informationInnovative heat treatment technologies. Field proven reliability and cutting-edge technology for every application
Innovative heat treatment technologies Field proven reliability and cutting-edge technology for every application Leading-edge heat treatment furnaces meeting international safety and quality standards
More informationCaseMaster. multipurpose Sealed Quench chamber furnaces
CaseMaster multipurpose Sealed Quench chamber furnaces Technological applications Gas carburizing Austenitic carbonitriding Bright hardening Annealing in protective atmospheres Carbon recovery Typical
More informationEngineering Materials
Engineering Materials Learning Outcome When you complete this module you will be able to: Describe the mechanical properties of ferrous and non-ferrous engineering materials, plus the effects and purposes
More informationCan We Use Induction Heating to Weld Steel as a Fusion Welding Process?
Can We Use Induction Heating to Weld Steel as a Fusion Welding Process? Hani A. Almubarak 1, Abdulaziz I. Albannai 2 Abstract: Using heat is very important for forming, joining, or treating most metals.
More informationTypes of stainless steel
Types of stainless steel Composition (wt%) Applications Types C Ni Cr Mo Ferritic 0.06-0.2-11-30 - Household utensils; Automotive Exhaust Components Heat exchanger Austenitic
More informationHIGH FREQUENCY WELDING - THE PROCESS AND APPLICATIONS By Robert K. Nichols, PE Thermatool Corp. April 5, 1999
HIGH FREQUENCY WELDING - THE PROCESS AND APPLICATIONS By Robert K. Nichols, PE Thermatool Corp. April 5, 1999 The High Frequency ing Process is usually associated with welded tubular products. While this
More informationISO:9001, AS9100 & ITAR Certified NADCAP Accredited
ISO:9001, AS9100 & ITAR Certified NADCAP Accredited Welcome to Century Sun Our Commitment Service & Reliability Our fleet of trucks assures customers of consistent turn-around and delivery time. Located
More informationATI 15-7 ATI Technical Data Sheet. Semi-Austenitic Stainless Steel INTRODUCTION
ATI 1-7 Semi-Austenitic Stainless Steel (UNS S1700) INTRODUCTION ATI 1-7 Precipitation Hardening Alloy (S1700, AISI Type 632) is a chromium-nickel-molybdenum-aluminum semi-austenitic precipitation hardening
More informationArch. Metall. Mater. 62 (2017), 1,
Arch. Metall. Mater. 62 (2017), 1, 315-320 DOI: 10.1515/amm-2017-0047 P. ROKICKI* # INDUCTION HARDENING OF TOOL STEEL FOR HEAVILY LOADED AIRCRAFT ENGINE COMPONENTS Induction hardening is an innovative
More informationWhat is Induction Hardening
What is Induction Hardening United Induction Heating Machine Limited We are experienced in Induction Heating,induction heating machine,induction Heating equipment.they are widely used in induction heating
More informationThe University of New Mexico. Lecture 4. Chapter 5. zcl ME260L 06. The University of New Mexico. Austenite, Ferrite and Cementite.
Lecture 4 Chapter 5 Austenite, Ferrite and Cementite 1 Austenite, Ferrite, Martensite and Cementite Austenite FCC Structure of Fe/steel at elevated temperatures (~ >727 o C) Ferrite BCC Relatively soft
More informationTHE EFFECT OF CARBURIZATION ON HARDNESS AND WEAR PROPERTIES OF THE MILD STEEL SAMPLES
International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies ISSN 2028-9324 Vol. 6 No. 4 July 2014, pp. 995-1001 2014 Innovative Space of Scientific Research Journals http://www.ijias.issr-journals.org/ THE
More information2. OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF INDUCTION HEATING 11
1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF INDUCTION HEATING 11 2.1. Heat treatment by induction 2.1.1. The basics of metallurgy and principles of heat treatment 2.1.1.1. Crystalline structure
More informationFundamentals p. 1 Mechanical Engineering Design in Broad Perspective p. 3 An Overview of the Subject p. 3 Safety Considerations p.
Fundamentals p. 1 Mechanical Engineering Design in Broad Perspective p. 3 An Overview of the Subject p. 3 Safety Considerations p. 5 Ecological Considerations p. 9 Societal Considerations p. 11 Overall
More informationOff-Highway Applications of Austempered Materials
April 2002 Off-Highway Applications of Austempered Materials Kristin R. Brandenberg Applied Process Inc. Technologies Div.- Livonia, Michigan, USA ABSTRACT Austempering is a high performance heat treat
More informationINDUCTION FOR CARS OVERVIEW OF APPLIED AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS AXLE SHAFTS GEAR BOX ELEMENTS WHEEL BOLTS BRAKE FLUID CONVEYANCE PIPES
INDUCTION FOR CARS OVERVIEW OF APPLIED AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS MOTOR DRIVE BRAKES EXHAUST SYSTEM FEED SYSTEM ACCESSORIES BODY HYDRAULIC SERVO CONTROLS SUSPENSIONS Giorgio Mazzola Massimo Mosca VALVES CRANKSHAFT
More informationImproved Quality by Electro Slag Re-Melting
Improved Quality by Electro Slag Re-Melting BY GÜNTER BUSCH* SYNOPSIS Electro Slag Re-Melting is a process performed after the primary melting steps in electro arc, induction or vacuum induction furnaces.
More informationEFFECT OF SHOT PEENING AFTER CARBONITRIDING ON THE CONTACT FATIGUE STRENGTH OF CHROMIUM-CONTAINING STEEL
EFFECT OF SHOT PEENING AFTER CARBONITRIDING ON THE CONTACT FATIGUE STRENGTH OF CHROMIUM-CONTAINING STEEL A. Goloborodko, Y. Watanabe Powertrain Technology and Prototype Development Department, Nissan Motor
More informationInduction Heating in the Processing of Ti & Zr
Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications, 2014, 6, 404-412 Published Online November 2014 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/jemaa http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jemaa.2014.613042 Induction
More informationTRADE OF HEAVY VEHICLE MECHANIC
TRADE OF HEAVY VEHICLE MECHANIC PHASE 2 Module 2 Basic Electricity/Batteries UNIT: 1 Table of Contents 1.0 Learning Outcome... 1 1.1 Key Learning Points... 1 2.0... 2 2.1 What is... 2 2.2 Classification
More informationInduction Heat Treating
Practical Induction Heat Treating Second Edition Richard E. Haimbaugh Materials Park, Ohio 44073-0002 www.asminternational.org Copyright 2015 by ASM International All rights reserved No part of this book
More informationWelcome to Century Sun
Welcome to Century Sun Our Commitment Service & Reliability Our fleet of trucks assures customers of consistent turn-around and delivery time. Located next to a full-service, commercial airport, we can
More informationFor decades, the industry has addressed the challenge
Production-integrated vacuum heat treatment systems in the automotive industry by Klaus Löser To secure the required properties of highly stressed parts from the automotive industry these parts need to
More informationHumankind has used iron products since at least 1200 B.C. Even though
Metallography of Steels Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing Hubertus Colpaert Updated and Translated by André Luiz V. da Costa e Silva Copyright 2018 ASM International All rights
More informationShot Peening CHAPTER 2 METAL IMPROVEMENT COMPANY RESPONSE OF METALS. A Subsidiary of Curtiss-Wright Corporation
Shot Peening A P P L I C A T I O N S METAL IMPROVEMENT COMPANY A Subsidiary of Curtiss-Wright Corporation CHAPTER 2 Copyright 2005 By Metal Improvement Company HIGH STRENGTH STEELS The residual compressive
More informationMODELING STRESS AND DISTORTION OF FULL-FLOAT TRUCK AXLE DURING INDUCTION HARDENING PROCESS
MODELING STRESS AND DISTORTION OF FULL-FLOAT TRUCK AXLE DURING INDUCTION HARDENING PROCESS Dr. Lynn Ferguson (1), Dr. Zhichao Li (1), Dr. Valentin Nemkov (2), Robert Goldstein (2), John Jackowski (2),
More informationSurface Hardening. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
10 Surface Hardening Surface Hardening Many engineering must be very hard to resist surface indentation or wear and yet posses adequate toughness to resist impact damage Surface Hardening is a process
More informationThe heat treatment necessary to produce ADI is essentially a two-stage operation:
The remarkable properties of ADI are developed by a closely controlled heat treatment operation (austempering) which develops a unique matrix structure of bainitic ferrite (6%) and retained (high carbon)
More informationMATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY
S56 Coimisiún na Scrúduithe Stáit State Examinations Commission JUNIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION, 2006 MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY METALWORK - ORDINARY LEVEL 100 Marks Tuesday, 20 June, Afternoon, 00 to 30
More informationME 216 Engineering Materials II
ME 216 Engineering Materials II Chapter 12 Heat Treatment (Part II) Mechanical Engineering University of Gaziantep Dr. A. Tolga Bozdana Assistant Professor Hardenability It is the ability of steel to harden
More informationHEAT TREAT SIMULATION USED TO IMPROVE GEAR PERFORMANCE
HEAT TREAT SIMULATION USED TO IMPROVE GEAR PERFORMANCE Heat treat simulation using a finite element based tool offers the ability to compare competing heat treat process routes and material selection to
More informationLeadership in Soft Magnetic Alloys
Leadership in Soft Magnetic Alloys Carpenter Technology Corporation offers a wide selection of soft magnetic alloys to meet your material specifications. Choose from high permeability alloys, shielding
More informationAustempered Ductile Iron
Austempered Ductile Iron Austempering Offers Manufacturers High-Strength, Low-Cost Components: Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) has found successful applications across many industries. This specialty heat
More informationDevelopment of Long Life Case-Hardened Bearing Steel with Rust Resistance
TECHNICAL PAPER Development of Long Life Case-Hardened Bearing Steel with Rust Resistance M. GOTO Customers are requiring rolling bearings whose function has been improved through enhanced materials and
More informationIntroduction p. 1 History p. 3 Applications of Induction Heating p. 4 Preheating Prior to Metalworking p. 6 Heat Treating p. 6 Melting p.
Introduction p. 1 History p. 3 Applications of Induction Heating p. 4 Preheating Prior to Metalworking p. 6 Heat Treating p. 6 Melting p. 6 Welding, Brazing, and Soldering p. 6 Curing of Organic Coatings
More informationSteel Forgings: Design, Production, Selection, Testing, and Application. Edward G. Nisbett. ASTM Stock No. MNL53
Steel Forgings: Design, Production, Selection, Testing, and Application Edward G. Nisbett ASTM Stock No. MNL53 INTERNATIONAL Standards Worldwide ASTM International 100 Barr Harbor Drive PO Box C700 West
More informationThe Convenience Stores For Metal
TOOL STEEL SELECTOR GUIDE Application Suggested Grades Arbors... O1, A2, A6 Battering Tools... S5, S1, S7 Blacksmith Tools... S5, S1 Boiler-Shop Tools... S5, S1, S7 Bolt Clippers... S5, S1 Boring Tools...
More informationMaterial Selection Jacob Klinginsmith, Russ Glass Naomi Sanders, Becky Moffitt
Material Selection Jacob Klinginsmith, Russ Glass Naomi Sanders, Becky Moffitt The most significant feature of our poster is the slider bar graph at the top of each material category. This quick reference
More informationThe growth in pre-hardened alloy steel bars in recent
FORMING PROCESSES Production of stress-free quench and temper bars in high volume continuous furnaces Historically, the greatest challenge in producing pre-hardened quench and temper bars has been the
More informationElectric Discharge Machining (EDM)
2 Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) EDM is a thermal material removal process in which material is removed by local melting or vaporizing small areas at the surface of workpiece. The EDM process removes
More informationAlloys SUPER SQUARE
Alloys ETD 150...8-2 ETD 150 Rounds...8-2 AISI 4140/41L40 - Annealed...8-3 AISI 4140 - Annealed Flats And Squares... 8-4 thru 8-5 AISI 4140 - Annealed Rounds... 8-5 thru 8-6 AISI 4140 Rounds HR Q&T...8-7
More informationHengXin Science And Technology Limited of China. Product Catalog
HengXin Science And Technology Limited of China Product Catalog Address: 1304#, Qiaohong Building, Tianhe north Road, Guangzhou, 510623,China Tel: +86-20-29016418 Fax: +86-20-28241872 Email: hengxinkeji@gmail.com
More informationIntensive Quenching of Carburized Steel Parts
Intensive Quenching of Carburized Steel Parts M.A. ARONOV, N.I. KOBASKO, J.A. POWELL IQ Technologies Inc, Akron, Ohio, USA www.intensivequench.com Absract: - It was discovered that an intensive quenching
More informationLOW HEAT INPUT WELDING ALLOYS
ASTRALOY 662 CHARACTERISTICS: An all position AC/DC electrode for high strength, crack free joining of low/medium carbon, and medium tensile steels of various compositions. Low alloy medium carbon steels,
More informationFundamentals of Manufacturing Processes Dr. D. K. Dwivedi Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
Fundamentals of Manufacturing Processes Dr. D. K. Dwivedi Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee Lecture 07 Applications of Manufacturing Processes Hello,
More informationMaterials for Automobiles. Carburization Lec 6 22 August 2011
Materials for Automobiles Carburization Lec 6 22 August 2011 Assignment 1 Suggest suitable steel for: Sewing Needle Tipper load body Hammer head State the properties expected and how the recommended steel
More informationSTEELS & COATINGS FOR CUTTING TOOL APPLICATIONS
STEELS & COATINGS FOR CUTTING TOOL APPLICATIONS Requirements for cutting tools There are several characteristics that are essential to the good performance of a cutting tool. Powder Metal High Speed Steels
More informationA29/A29M-16 Standard Specification for General Requirements for Steel Bars, Carbon and Alloy, Hot-Wrought
ASTM Volume 01.05, January 2018 Steel Bars, Forgings, Bearing, Chain, Tool A29/A29M-16 Standard Specification for General Requirements for Steel Bars, Carbon and Alloy, Hot-Wrought A108-13 Standard Specification
More informationCast steel: Group of ASTM standards for steel castings and forgings
Cast steel: Group of ASTM standards for steel castings and forgings Abstract: This group of ASTM specifications covers standard properties of steel and iron castings and forgings for valves, flanges, fittings,
More informationInduction Heating for Forging
Induction Heating for Forging Why Ambrell Ambrell has over 10,000 systems installed in over 50 countries, being used every day worldwide in forging as well as many other industries and applications. We
More informationA LEADER IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING. Metal additive manufacturing solutions for the global OEM supply chains
A LEADER IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING Metal additive manufacturing solutions for the global OEM supply chains INTRODUCTION TO SINTAVIA Founded in 2012, Sintavia is an innovator in the design, additive manufacturing
More informationPARAMETRIC OPTIMIZATION OF HEAT TREATMENT PROCESS OF STEEL BEARING USING TAGUCHI TECHNIQUES
PARAMETRIC OPTIMIZATION OF HEAT TREATMENT PROCESS OF STEEL BEARING USING TAGUCHI TECHNIQUES 1 Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Jyothismathi Institute of Technology & Science Karimnagar
More informationVacuum furnaces. SECO/WARWICK vacuum furnace assembly facility. Vacuum carburizing Fine Carb. Aircraft and energy industry
4 Vacuum furnaces SECO/WARWICK offers a wide variety of Vacuum furnaces and process technology for heat treatment including: Bright hardening, High-pressure gas hardening, Vacuum carburizing FineCarb,
More informationThe ATI 17-4 precipitation hardening stainless steel (S17400) is covered by the following wrought product specifications.
ATI 17-4 Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel (UNS S17400) INTRODUCTION ATI 17-4 precipitation hardening stainless steel (S17400), Type 630, is a chromium-nickel-copper precipitation hardening stainless
More informationCHAPTER 5 WORKPIECE MATERIALS AND PARAMETERS FOR EXPERIMENT
71 CHAPTER 5 WORKPIECE MATERIALS AND PARAMETERS FOR EXPERIMENT 5.1 INTRODUCTION The workpiece materials for the experimental study are selected on the basis such that mathematical equations arrived at
More informationEngineering Solutions For All Your Hang-Ups GARMENT CONVEYOR CATALOGUE GC-09.
Engineering Solutions For All Your Hang-Ups GARMENT CONVEYOR CATALOGUE GC-09 www.srsconveyors.com sales@srsconveyors.com 1 CATALOGUE MG-93 Why Choose SRS Conveyors Since 1962, SRS Conveyors have specialized
More informationWELDING Topic and Contents Hours Marks
Topic and Contents Hours Marks 3.1 Introduction 04 Marks Classification and selection of welding process. Working principle of Gas welding and types of flames. 3.2 Arc welding process 08 Marks Metal arc,
More informationImproved Broaching Steel Technology
technical Improved Broaching Steel Technology Michael E. Burnett Helical broaching is a highly efficient machining technology used to cut tooth profiles in annulus planetary gears used in car and truck
More informationInduction contour hardening of gear wheels made of steel 300M
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering PAPER OPEN ACCESS Induction contour hardening of gear wheels made of steel 300M o cite this article: Jerzy Barglik 2018 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci.
More informationSTULZ-SICKLES STEEL COMPANY
STULZ-SICKLES STEEL COMPANY SINCE 1916 Providing Years of Wear Resistant Service to the Railroad Industry Railroad ELIZABETH, NEW JERSEY COLTON, CALIFORNIA 800-351-1776 800-572-5809 www.stulzsicklessteel.com
More informationSUB-OBJECTIVE. Heat treatment can be used in three ways to tailor the properties of a metal to a particular use. These three ways are:
LESSON 4 LECTURE HEAT TREATMENT SUB-OBJECTIVE At the end of the Lesson, the Trainees will be able to demonstrate an understanding of the ways that heat treatment affects the properties of metals. 1.0 INTRODUCTION
More informationUtilization of Induction Heating In the Processing of Titanium
Utilization of Induction Heating In the Processing of Titanium Irina I. Rastvorova* and Victor B. Demidovich** * Saint-Petersburg Mining university, 21 Line, 2, St. Petersburg, 199106, Russia. ** St.Petersburg
More informationGlossary of Steel Terms
Glossary of Steel Terms Steel Terms Explained. Below we list some of the most common steel terms and explain what they mean. AISI Alloy Alloy Steel Annealing ASTM Austenitic Bar Brinell (HB) Bright Drawn
More informationFundamentals of Machine Component Design
FOURTH E D I T I O N Fundamentals of Machine Component Design ROBERT C. JUVINALL Professor of Mechanical Engineering University of Michigan KURT M. MARSHEK Professor of Mechanical Engineering University
More informationEffect of Precipitation Hardening on Microstructural Characteristics of 15-5 Ph Steel
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development e-issn: 2278-067X, p-issn: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com Volume 9, Issue 1 (November 2013), PP. 22-26 Effect of Precipitation Hardening on Microstructural
More informationTHERMO-CHEMICAL SURFACE HARDENING TREATMENT OF STEELS
THERMO-CHEMICAL SURFACE HARDENING TREATMENT OF STEELS P.K. AGARWAL Senior Engineer, TELCO, Jamshedpur CASE CARBURISING Case Carburising is a process in which austenised ferrous metal is brought into contact
More informationWelding Alloys Group STELLOY. Cobalt Products. Cobalt Base Welding Consumables for Cladding and Hardfacing
Welding Alloys Group STELLOY Cobalt Products Cobalt Base Welding Consumables for Cladding and Hardfacing Welding Alloys Group Since its foundation in 1966, the Welding Alloys Group,an independent group,
More informationINCONEL DATA SHEET
IS A NICKEL CHROMIUM ALLOY UTILIZED FOR APPLICATIONS THAT OBLIGE RESISTANCE TO CORROSION AND HEAT. THESE NICKEL ALLOYS EMERGE BECAUSE OF ITS RESISTANCE TO HIGH TEMPERATURE OXIDATION, REMAINING EXCEPTIONALLY
More informationHeat Treater S Guide Asm International
We have made it easy for you to find a PDF Ebooks without any digging. And by having access to our ebooks online or by storing it on your computer, you have convenient answers with heat treater s guide
More informationCHAPTER 3 MATERIAL AND TREATMENT PROCEDURE
35 CHAPTER 3 MATERIAL AND TREATMENT PROCEDURE 3.1 SELECTION OF MATERIAL The combination of high strength and ductility makes steel much superior when compared with non metallic materials and other alloys.
More informationRollers The Widest Choice
Rollers The Widest Choice A Company of ThyssenKrupp BERCO S.p.A. Berco Moving Your Business Ahead Leadership in Undercarriage For about 90 years Berco s leadership and research has resulted in the greatest
More informationfoundry & specialized heat treatment to engineer solutions that shape the future
foundry & specialized heat treatment to engineer solutions that shape the future company overview Blue Light Industry, a subsidiary of UAE based engineering conglomerate Trinity Holdings, is a leading
More informationElectron Beam Melted (EBM) Co-Cr-Mo Alloy for Orthopaedic Implant Applications Abstract Introduction The Electron Beam Melting Process
Electron Beam Melted (EBM) Co-Cr-Mo Alloy for Orthopaedic Implant Applications R.S. Kircher, A.M. Christensen, K.W. Wurth Medical Modeling, Inc., Golden, CO 80401 Abstract The Electron Beam Melting (EBM)
More informationKNIVES. giving you the EDGE, to stay AHEAD. TUBE & METAL FORMING
KNIVES giving you the EDGE, to stay AHEAD. TUBE & METAL FORMING ATLAS has comprehensive in-house designing facility to design new products according to customer s specific requirements with complete satisfaction
More informationSteel Casting & Wear Resistant Material
Steel Casting & Wear Resistant Material INTERSCAN One Stop Industrial Solutions! About Interscan INTERSCAN was established by Mr. Tauqeer Ahmed in 1993, the company was committed to deliver clients the
More informationCopyright 1999 Society of Manufacturing Engineers. FUNDAMENTAL MANUFACTURING PROCESSES Heat Treating NARRATION (VO): RESISTANCE OF METALS AND ALLOYS.
FUNDAMENTAL MANUFACTURING PROCESSES Heat Treating SCENE 1. CG: Through Hardening Processes white text centered on black SCENE 2. tape 501, 12:10:03-12:10:20 parts going in for heat treating HARDENING PROCESSES
More informationpdfmachine trial version
EFFECT OF WELDING TECHNIQUES (GTAW & SMAW) ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE & MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MILD STEEL SA 516 Gr. 70 By Dr. Muhammad Taqi Zahid Butt, S. Ahmed, S. Rasool, U. Ali and S. U. Rehman* ABSTRACT
More informationspecial hot work tool steel CR7V-L
special hot work tool steel CR7V-L T h e p r e m i u m s t e e l w i t h m a x i m u m h i g h t e m p e r at u r e w e a r r e s i s ta n c e 2 From the casting of steel to finished die... LONG-STANDING
More informationMuShield s High Permeability Magnetic Shielding per ASTM A753 Alloy Type 4
MuShield s High Permeability Magnetic Shielding per ASTM A753 Alloy Type 4 Available in coil, sheet, rod, billet, wire, and bar form, MuShield s High Permeability Magnetic Shielding is a soft magnetic
More informationThe Convenience Stores For Metal
STEEL Data and Specifications 303 Chromium-nickel stainless steel with added sulfur or selenium and phosphorus to improve machinability and non-seizing properties. It is the most free machining of the
More informationResistance Welding. Resistance Welding (RW)
Resistance Welding (RW) Resistance Welding 1 Resistance Welding is a welding process, in which work pieces are welded due to a combination of a pressure applied to them and a localized heat generated by
More informationINNOVATIVE INDUCTION HEAT TREATING TECHNOLOGIES
INNOVATIVE INDUCTION HEAT TREATING TECHNOLOGIES Abstract. Presentation focuses on: 1. Novel approaches to induction heat treating of critical automotive components, including but not limiting to induction
More informationCasting Forming and Welding Lab (ME39007) Experiment No. 3: Resistance Welding
Casting Forming and Welding Lab (ME39007) Experiment No. 3: Resistance Welding Introduction Resistance spot welding (RSW) is a process in which faying surfaces are joined by the heat generated by resistance
More informationTrade of Toolmaking. Module 5: Press Tools, Jigs & Fixtures, Mouldmaking Unit 4: Introduction to Heat Treatment Phase 2.
Trade of Toolmaking Module 5: Press Tools, Jigs & Fixtures, Mouldmaking Unit 4: Introduction to Heat Treatment Phase 2 Published by SOLAS 2014 Unit 4 1 Table of Contents Document Release History... 3 Unit
More informationMANUFACTURING PROCESSES
1 MANUFACTURING PROCESSES - AMEM 201 Lecture 8: Forming Processes (Rolling, Extrusion, Forging, Drawing) DR. SOTIRIS L. OMIROU Forming Processes - Definition & Types - Forming processes are those in which
More informationSECTION COILING DOORS AND GRILLES
SECTION 08 33 00 COILING DOORS AND GRILLES SPEC WRITER NOTE: Delete text between // // not applicable to project. Edit remaining text to suit project. PART 1 - GENERAL 1.1 SUMMARY A. Section Includes:
More informationAustempered Gears and Shafts: Tough Solutions
03 January 2001 Austempered Gears and Shafts: Tough Solutions Kristin Brandenberg Kathy L. Hayrynen, PhD John R. Keough, PE Applied Process Inc. Technologies Div.- Livonia, Michigan, USA ABSTRACT Austempered
More informationQRO 90 SUPREME Hot work tool steel
T O O L S T E E L F A C T S QRO 90 Hot work tool steel Great Tooling Starts Here! Cover photo: Bo Dahlgren This information is based on our present state of knowledge and is intended to provide general
More informationWhat is Steel? Prepared By: John Cawley
What is Steel? Prepared By: John Cawley Presentation Objectives Describe the composition of steel. Identify the differences between steel and iron. Use the steel numbering system to identify various types
More informationHull and machinery steel forgings
(1978) (Rev.1 1980) (Rev.2 July 2002) (Rev.3 May 2004) Hull and machinery steel forgings.1 Scope.1.1 These requirements are applicable to steel forgings intended for hull and machinery applications such
More informationTechnology Education Grade 7 Review Packet #2-3D Printing, Plastics & Metallurgy D Printing
Scarsdale Middle School Technology Education Mr. Rambone Name Technology Education Grade 7 Review Packet #2-3D Printing, Plastics & Metallurgy -------------------------------------------------------- 3D
More informationSurface Hardening of Steels Understanding the Basics
Surface Hardening of Steels Understanding the Basics Edited by J.R. Davis Davis & Associates ASM International Materials Park, OH 44073-0002 Copyright 2002 by ASM International All rights reserved No part
More informationThink Stainless, Think Encore STAINLESS STEEL FOR SPECIALTY APPLICATIONS. Specialty Metals to Support Innovative Manufacturing
STAINLESS STEEL FOR SPECIALTY APPLICATIONS Specialty Metals to Support Innovative Manufacturing Specialty Metals to Support Innovative Manufacturing Encore Metals is a specialist supplier of high grade
More information