Experimental Study of Boiling Crisis Phenomena in Nanofluids

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1 Experimental Study of Boiling Crisis Phenomena in Nanofluids Craig Gerardi Advisors/Contributors: Professor Jacopo Buongiorno Dr. Lin-Wen Hu Dr. In Cheol Bang Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Nuclear Science & Engineering Department March 30, 2007 American Nuclear Society Student Conference

2 Overview What are nanofluids and why nuclear? Pool boiling facility (PBF) description Boiling Crisis, Critical Heat Flux (CHF) Recent work Summary/Future Work MIT 2

3 What are Nanofluids? Nanofluids are engineered sol colloids composed of a base fluid with a stable nanometer sized particle dispersion Base fluids: water, organic fluid (ethylene glycol and ethanol), refrigerant Particle size 1-100nm Nanoparticle materials: oxide (Al 2 O 3, ZrO 2 ), metals (Cu, Au), carbon (diamond, nanotube) Key points: Brownian Motion prevents gravity settling and particles don t agglomerate (stabilized) Used in this discussion: Ethanol % vol Alumina; D p ~161nm (DLS) MIT 3

4 What s s so interesting? Thermal Performance! Increased thermal conductivity Increased single-phase heat transfer coefficient Increased critical heat flux Potential problems: Higher viscosity, materials compatibility, reactor physics MIT 4

5 Nanofluid CHF Enhancement Ref Nanofluid (s) Heater type Max CHF enhancement 1 Al 2 O 3 in water, g/l Cu plate 200% 3 SiO 2 (15-50 nm) in water, 0.5 v% NiCr wire 60% 5 Al 2 O 3 (38 nm) in water, g/l Ti layer on glass substrate 67% 7 TiO 2 (27-85 nm) in water, v% Cu plate 50% 8 Al 2 O 3 ( nm) and ZnO in water Al 2 O 3 in ethylene glycol Cu plate 200% 9 Al 2 O 3 ( nm) in water, v% Stainless steel plate 50% 12 TiO 2 (85 nm) in water, v% NiCr wire 200% 15 SiO 2, CeO 2, Al 2 O 3 (10-20 nm) in water, 0.5 v% NiCr wire 170% 16 Au (4 nm) in water Cu plate 175% 17 SiO 2 (20-40 nm), ZrO 2 ( nm), Al 2 O 3 ( nm ) in water, v% Stainless steel wire 80% MIT 5

6 Nuclear Reactors & Nanofluids? Majority of systems that are heat-removal limited could benefit from nanofluid properties Light water reactor coolant Standby safety systems In-vessel retention Spent fuel storage Fusion diverters Accelerator targets MIT 6

7 Nanofluid Pool Boiling Facility: Heater Transparent (IR & Visible) Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO) 0.7µm thick Heated area: 10x30 mm 2 Vacuum deposited on 1mm sapphire glass Surface roughness ~20nm (AFM) Silver electrode contacts MIT 7

8 Nanofluid Pool Boiling Facility: Capabilities High speed Infrared (IR) Camera ~140 µm, 233 Hz spatial & time resolution Local temperature distribution as function time High speed optical camera ~100 µm, 500 Hz spatial & time resolution Contact line movement, dryout visualization, bubble departure Optical probe Void fraction, bubble diameter & velocity, liquid macrolayer thickness MIT 8

9 Boiling Curve T sat (ethanol)=78.4 C MIT 9

10 CHF - Videos Pure Ethanol Ethanol %vol Alumina MIT 10

11 Surface Characteristics (SEM) Electrode Electrode ITO surface ITO surface w/ precipitate ITO surface after being boiled in Ethanol Heater surface at boundary of ITO & Electrode boiled in Ethanol % vol Alumina nanofluid ITO surface after being boiled in Ethanol % vol Alumina nanofluid ITO surface after being boiled in Ethanol % vol Alumina nanofluid MIT 11

12 Nucleation Sites Temporal and spatial evolution ms 4 ms 9 ms 13 ms 17 ms 21 ms ) C o ( e r u t a r e p m e T Temperature history of single pixel a) b) Time (ms) a)spatial, b) temporal temperature plots and c) IR thermometry video of cold spot in ethanol vol% alumina at 200kW/m 2 c) MIT 12

13 Summary & Future Work Summary: See enhanced CHF in nanofluid boiling Likely due to a surface effect (better wettability) ) as opposed to hydrodynamic interference by nanoparticles, etc. Future work: Nucleation site density Simultaneous IR/Optical high speed imaging Model MIT 13

14 Hot/dry spot CHF Theory CHF occurs due to irreversible temperature excursion with localized dry/hot spots (Theofanous( et al, 2002 & 2006) # 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 4 1/ 4 1/ 4 q" CHF = k $ & hlv! V " g (! L #! ) % V ' Only difference from original Kutateladze-Zuber equation is the parameter k which is surface/fluid interaction term (wettability/contact line micro-hydrodynamics) Well-wetting surface lower k, higher CHF value Droplet Non-Wetting è l v Wetting è l v Bubble è v l è v l MIT 14

15 Nanofluid Pool Boiling Facility MIT 15

16 Alumina Particle Size Distribution (DLS) MIT 16

17 Boiling Curve 600k 500k 0.01 v% alumina-ethanol nanofluid pure ethanol nanofluid CHF Heat Flux [kw/m 2 ] 400k 300k 200k 100k Wall Average Temp[ o C] MIT 17

18 References [1] S. M. You, J. Kim, K. H. Kim, 2003, Effect of nanoparticles on critical heat flux of water in pool boiling heat transfer,, Applied Physics Letters, 83, 16, [2] S. Das, N. Putra, W. Roetzel,, 2003, Pool boiling characteristics of nano-fluids,, Int. J. of Heat and Mass Transfer, 46, [3] P. Vassallo,, R. Kumar, S. D Amico, D 2004, Pool boiling heat transfer experiments in silica-water nano- fluids,, Int. J. of Heat and Mass Transfer, 47, [4] D. W. Zhou and D. Y. Liu, 2004, Heat Transfer Characteristics of Nanofluids in an Acoustic Cavitation Field,, Heat Transfer Engineering, 25(6): [5] Tu J. P., N. Dinh,, T. Theofanous,, 2004, An experimental study of nanofluid boiling heat transfer in Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Heat Transfer, Beijing, China. [6] J. H. Kim, K. H. Kim, S. M. You, 2004, Pool Boiling Heat Transfer in Saturated Nanofluids,, Proceedings of IMECE 2004, Anaheim, California, November [7] H. D. Kim and M. H. Kim, 2004, Critical heat flux behavior in pool boiling of water-tio2 nano-fluids, Proceedings of Fourth Japan-Korea Symposium on Nuclear Thermal Hydraulics and Safety, Sapporo, Japan, November 28-December 1. [8] G. Moreno Jr., S. Oldenburg, S. M. You, J. H. Kim, 2005, Pool Boiling Heat Transfer of Alumina-Water, Zinc Oxide-Water and Alumina-Water Ethylene Glycol Nanofluids,, Proceedings of HT2005, July 17-22, San Francisco, California, USA. [9] I. C. Bang and S. H. Chang, 2005, Boiling Heat Transfer Performance and Phenomena of Al2O3-Water Nano-fluids from a Plain Surface in a Pool,, Int. J. of Heat and Mass Transfer, 48, [10] D. Milanova and R. Kumar, 2005, Role of ions in pool boiling heat transfer of pure and silica nanofluids, Applied Physics Letters, 87, [11] D. Wen and Y. Ding, 2005, Experimental investigation into the pool boiling heat transfer of aqueous based g-alumina nanofluids,, Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 7: [12] H. Kim, J. Kim, M. Kim, 2006, Experimental study on CHF characteristics of water-tio2 nano-fluids, Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Vol. 38, No. 1. [13] H. Kim, J. Kim, M. Kim, 2006, Experimental study on the characteristics and mechanism of pool boiling CHF enhancement using nano-fluids,, ECI International Conference on Boiling Heat Transfer, Spoleto, 7-12 May. [14] S.J. Kim, B. Truong, J. Buongiorno, L. W. Hu, I. C. Bang, 2006, Study of Two-Phase Heat Transfer in Nanofluids for Nuclear Applications,, Paper 6005, Proceedings of ICAPP 06, Reno, Nevada, June 4-8.

19 [15] D. Milanova,, R. Kumar, S. Kuchibhatla,, S. Seal, 2006, Heat transfer behavior of oxide nanoparticles in pool boiling experiment,, Proc. of 4th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels and Minichannels,, Limerick, Ireland, June [16] J. E. Jackson, B. V. Borgmeyer,, C. A. Wilson, P. Cheng, J. E. Bryan, 2006, Characteristics of nucleate boiling with gold nanoparticles in water,, Proceedings of IMECE 2006, Chicago, November [17] S. J. Kim, I. C. Bang, J. Buongiorno, L. W. Hu, 2007, Surface Wettability Change during Pool Boiling of Nanofluids and its effect on Critical Heat Flux,, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (in press). [18] I. C. Bang, J. Buongiorno, L. W. Hu, H. Wang, 2007, Measurement of Key Pool Boiling Parameters in Nanofluids for Nuclear Applications,, Paper 10030, Proceedings of ICONE 15, Nagoya, Japan, April [19] J. Eastman, S. U. S. Choi,, S. Li, W. Yu, L. J. Thompson, 2001, Anomalously increased effective thermal conductivities of ethylene-glycol-based nanofluids containing copper nanoparticles,, Applied Physics Letters, 78(6), [20] W. C. Williams, 2007, Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Transport Phenomena in Nanoparticle Colloids (Nanofluids), Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [21] N. Zuber,, 1959, Hydrodynamic Aspects of Boiling Heat Transfer,, AECU [22] J. Lee and I. Mudawar,, 2006, Assessment of the effectiveness of nanofluids for single-phase and two- phase heat transfer in micro-channels,, Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer (in press). [23] R. N. Wenzel, 1949, Surface roughness and contact angle (letter),, J. Physical Colloid Chemistry, 53, 9, [24] S. J. Kim, I. C. Bang, J. Buongiorno, L. W. Hu, Effects of nanoparticle deposition on surface wettability influencing boiling heat transfer in nanofluids,, Applied Physics Letters Vol. 89, Issue 15, [25] K. Sefiane,, 2006, On the role of structural disjoining pressure and contact line pinning in critical heat flux enhancement during boiling of nanofluids,, Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 89, Issue 4. [26] H. S. Xue,, J. R. Fan, Y. C. Hu, R. H. Hong, K. F. Chen, 2006, The interface effect of carbon nanotube suspension on the thermal performance of a two-phase closed thermosyphon,, Journal of Applied Physics, 100 (104909). [27] C. H. Wang and V. K. Dhir,, 1993, Effect of surface wettability on active nucleation site density during pool boiling of water on a vertical surface,, J. Heat Transfer, vol. 115, [28] T. G. Theofanous,, J. P. Tu,, A. T. Dinh,, T. N. Dinh,, 2002, The boiling crisis phenomenon. Parts I and II, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 26,

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