Low Curie temperature material for induction heating self-temperature controlling system
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1 Low Curie temperature material for induction heating self-temperature controlling system Abstract This paper presents low Curie temperature magnetic materials for induction heating. These materials are alloys based on SUS430. The magnetization decreases with increasing amount of additives. In order to increase the saturation magnetization, while keeping the Curie temperature constant, rare earth materials were added in this study. The compositions of alloys were investigated to realize a suitable Curie temperature. The temperature self-controlling function was also investigated in measurement of temperature distribution by using thermograph apparatus. Furthermore, thermoelectromagnetic field analysis was carried out as a numerical examination. PACS: Ha; Gg; Ji Keywords: Low Curie temperature; Temperature self controlling; Induction heating 1. Introduction The Curie point is the magnetic transformation temperature of a ferromagnetic material between its ferromagnetic and paramagnetic phase. The saturation magnetization decreases gradually with temperature and disappears above the Curie point. The suitable critical point is about C for induction heating, when this function is used in household appliances. Also the material needs to have high corrosion resistance and melting point. The principle of the self-temperature moderator function is as follows: (2) Since the Curie point of the developed material is about C, the saturation magnetization and the magnetic permeability decrease gradually with increasing temperature and the ferromagnetic property (1) In electromagnetic induction heating, the magnetic flux generated by the high-frequency work coil passes through the heating material in a ferromagnetic phase at room temperature. Thus, eddy currents flow in the material. The material is heated by the eddy current losses. Fig. 1. Principle of the temperature self-controlling function.
2 ARTICLE IN PRESS T. Todaka et al. / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 320 (2008) e702 e707 e703 Fig. 2. Effect of additional materials on the Curie temperature of SUS430. vanished in the range C. At the same time, the linkage flux and the eddy currents decrease, and the heating energy is also reduced due to the lower inductance. The exciting current increases inversely; however, it is usually controlled to remain below the limitation current of the inverter. As a result, the temperature of the material decreases slowly, as shown in Fig. 1. (3) Next, as the temperature falls below the C range, the ferromagnetic property recovers and the eddy currents increase. Therefore it is possible to keep the material temperature constant under a safe value depending on the Curie point without control. This sensorless control gives high reliability operation and safe use of the heating device. This material is an alloy based on SUS430. Fig. 2 shows the effect of additives to SUS430 on the Curie temperature. Table 1 Selected material for self-temperature controlling Composition (wt%) T c (1C) M s (emu/g) Fig. 3. Effect of Al addition on Curie temperature and saturation magnetization. SUS430 Al 11.7 Dy SUS430 Al 11.7 Gd SUS430 Al 11.7 Sm SUS430 Al 12.8 Gd SUS430 Al 12.8 Sm SUS430 Al 12.8 Y SUS430 Al 13.5 Gd SUS430 Al 13.5 Sm SUS430 Al 13.5 Y Fig. 4. Effect of addition of rare earth metals on T c and M s : (a) SUS wt% Al Dy. (b) SUS wt% Al Gd. (c) SUS wt% Al Sm. (d) SUS wt% Al Sm. (e) SUS wt% Al Y. (f) SUS wt% Al Sm. (g) SUS wt% Al Y.
3 e704 ARTICLE IN PRESS T. Todaka et al. / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 320 (2008) e702 e707 Fig. 4. (Continued) Fig. 5. Rolled sample and measured point. Fig. 6. Investigation of temperature self-control: (a) T c ¼ 300 1C. (b) T c ¼ about 200 1C. (c) T c ¼ about 100 1C.
4 ARTICLE IN PRESS T. Todaka et al. / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 320 (2008) e702 e707 e705 Fig. 7. Transition of temperature distribution. 2. Low Curie temperature materials Fig. 8. Analytical model and conditions. Al was effective in reducing the Curie temperature. Therefore, as a basic alloy, SUS430 including 11.7 wt% Al was selected for further studies. Fig. 3 shows the effect of Al addition to SUS430 on its Curie temperature T c and saturation magnetization M s.in this investigation a vibration magnetometer was used. The T c and M s decrease with increasing Al content. As a result, we can realize the selected low Curie temperature; for example, T c was 300 1C for 11.7 wt% Al, 200 1C for 12.8 wt% Al, and 100 1C for 13.5 wt% Al, respectively. We also added rare earth elements in order to increase the saturation magnetization. Figs. 4(a) (g) show the effect of the addition of rare earth elements, Dy, Sm, Y, and Gd on T c and M s. Table 1 shows the suitable components for the temperature self-control during induction heating. These materials can be hot-rolled as shown in Fig. 5. Figs. 6(a) (c) show the results of the temperature self-controlling function. Fig. 7 shows the results observed by using a thermograph. In these results, the autoregulation of temperature is confirmed.
5 e706 ARTICLE IN PRESS T. Todaka et al. / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 320 (2008) e702 e707 Fig. 9. Material properties: (a) Relative permeability vs. temperature. (b) Conductivity vs. temperature. (c) Thermal conductivity vs. temperature. (d) Specific heat vs. temperature. 3. Numerical analysis A finite element analysis was also carried out. The governing equations are written as follows [1]: q v z qðra y Þ þ q qa y v r þ J y s qa y qr r qr qz qz qt þ grad f ¼ 0 l r q r qt qr qr þ q qz r qt qz þ Q ¼ rc qt qt Q ¼ J2 e s ¼ s qa 2 qt þ grad f (3) (1) (2) where A is the vector potential, n is the magnetic reluctivity, s is the electric conductivity, l is the thermal conductivity, c is the specific heat, T is the temperature, and f is the electric scalar potential, respectively. Fig. 8 shows the analyzed model and conditions used in the thermoelectromagnetic field analysis with the simultaneous equations of electromagnetic and thermal conductive fields. Figs. 9(a) (c) show the dependence of material properties on temperature. These material properties were used in the numerical simulation. Fig. 10 shows the analyzed transition of the temperature distribution. The temperature increased with time. It was found that the plate could be heated quickly and the temperature was around the Curie point as shown in Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Simulated transition of the temperature distribution. 4. Conclusions (1) By adding small amount of rare earth element (Sm, Gd, Dy, Y) and Al in SUS430, materials which have the
6 ARTICLE IN PRESS T. Todaka et al. / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 320 (2008) e702 e707 e707 Curie point in the range C were developed for self-temperature control. (2) The developed materials could be hot-rolled to a thin plate of around 0.5 mm thickness. (3) The temperature characteristic of the produced thin plates was measured, and the temperature controlling function was confirmed. References [1] M. Enokizono, T. Todaka, Modeling induction heating processes for numerical simulation (invited paper), in: 17th ASM Heat Treating Society Conference Proceedings including the First International Induction Heat Treating Symposium, 1997, pp
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