Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information

Transcription

1 इ टरन ट म नक Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. ज न1 क अ+धक र, ज 1 क अ+धक र Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan The Right to Information, The Right to Live प0र 1 क छ ड न' 5 तरफ Jawaharlal Nehru Step Out From the Old to the New IS (1987): Commentary on Indin Standard Schedules for wrought steels, Part 2: Carbon steels (unalloyed steels) (Complementary to IS 1570 Part 2):1979) [MTD 16: Alloy Steels and Forgings]! न $ एक न' भ रत क +नम-ण Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda Invent a New India Using Knowledge! न एक ऐस खज न > ज कभ च0र य नहB ज सकत ह ह Bhartṛhari Nītiśatakam Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen

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4 Indian Standard IS : 1871 ( Part 2 ) COMMENTARY ON INDIAN STANDARD SCHEDULES FOR WROUGHT STEELS PART 2 CARBON STEELS ( UNALLOYED STEELS) CCOMPLEMENTARY TO IS : 1570 ( PART 2) ( First Revision ) First Reprint APRIL 1992 UDC CO83.4) BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH 2XFAR MARG NEW DELHI Gr 3 February 1988

5 Indian Standard IS : 1871 ( Part 2 ) COMMENTARY ON INDIAN STANDARD SCHEDULES FOR WROUGHT STEELS PART 2 CARBON STEELS ( UNALLOYED STEELS) [COMPLEMENTARY TO IS : 1570 ( PART 2 )-1979 ] ( First Revision ) Alloy Steels and Special Steels Sectional Commil.tee, SMIX 19 Repmscnting Steel Authority of India Ltd, New Delhi ADDITIONAL DIHECTOR ( MET ) Ministry of Railways JOINT DIRECTOH ( CHEMICAL ) ( Alternate ) SHR~ BALIIRISHAN Aobairwn~ Federation of Engineering Industries of India, New Delhi SERI H. S. GUPTA ( Alternate) SHRI S. K. Basu M. N. Dastur & Co Pvt Ltd, Calcutta SHRI C. J. DAVE ( Alternate) SERI J. N. BHATTAOIIARYYA National Test House, Calcutta SHRI S. C. BHAWAL ( Altcrnatr ) SHBI A. K. &.4XRABORTY SHRI S. N. SA~VA~ (Alternate) Guest Keen Williams Lrd, Howrah SHRI D. K. DAS Heavy Engineering Corporation Ltd. Ranchi SHILI B. P. SINOH (ALemate) DEPUTY DIRECTOR INSPECTION Directorate General of Supplies & Disposals ( inspection Wing ), New Delhi SERI D. K. PAUL (Alternate) SHRI A. D. DIAS Indian Tool Manufacturera Ltd, Bombay SHRI D. GADE Ahmedahad Advance Mills Ltd (Special Alloy. Steel Division ), Navrari SHRI ASIM CA~TTER~WE ( Alternate ) GENERAL MANAQER Mishra Dhatu Nigam Ltd, Hyderabad DR M. NAQESHWAR RAO ( Alternate) ( Continued on pagr 2 ) (8 Gygri~ht 1988 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS This publication is protected under the Indian Cbpyrig/n Act ( XIV of 1957 ) and reproduction in whole or in part by any meam except with written permirsion of the publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.

6 IS : 1871 ( Part 2 ) ( ConHnued_from page 1 ) Mcmbrrs Represeating SHRI J. L. GOYAL Modern Steel Ltd, Mandi Gobind Garh S~BI R. C. JHA Alloys Steels Plant ( SAIL ), Durgspur Sxstx S. KV~AR IndianRegister of Shipping, Bombay SEE1 VIPON CEOPRA ( LikrnUlc) Da D. P. LAEIRI Ministry of Defence ( R & D ) SEW I. N. BEATIA ( Alternate ) SHBI LAXMAN MISERA Directorate General of Technical Development, New Delhi SERI S. S. KROSLA ( Alternat* ) DR T. MVREERJEE Tata _ron & Steel Co Ltd, Jamshedpur Snnx A. N. MITRA ( Altrmatr ) DR S. K. MOPFDAL Tata Engineering & Locomotive Co Ltd, Jamshedpur DR P. G., REN~VIKER ( Altrrrratr ) SHBI D. B. MORORIL Steel Furnace Association of India, Calcutta DR K. SVBRAXANYAX (Al&trots) SHRI P. NARAIN SERI C. R. SHARMA ( dlfcrnatr ) Mahindra Ugine Steel Co Ltd, Bombay SHBI I. K. NAYAR Firth ( India ) Steel Co Ltd, Thane SERI K. A. SHEROY ( Alternate ) DR_R. V. PATEY Alloy Steel Producers Association of India, Bombay SHRI G. R. PRAKASE Visvesvaraya Iron & Steel Ltd, Bhadravati SHRI B. HARIDAS ACHAR ( Alternate) SHRI M. K. PRAMANIIC Mini;;;st;Lteel St Mines ( Iron & Steel Control ), SHRI S. S. SAHA ( Alternate ) SEBI RA~HUBIB SSN~ n National Metallurgical Laboratory ( CSIR ), Jamshedpur SHRI S. RAJAQOPALAN Addison & Co Ltd, Madras SHBI V. SRINIVASAN ( dltrrnntc ) DRV. RAXASWAMY Research & Development Ccntre for Iron & Steel ( SAIL ), Ranchi SERI S. R. MEDIRATTA ( Altcmatr ) SHRI H. S. RAMCRAND~A HMT Ltd SKI P. RAYA PRAEAD ( Altamatr I ) SHBI A. SHIIPT~~AY ( Altrrnatr 11) Sasr V. N. VENKATEWN ( Altrrnatc III ) REPRESENTATIVE Modi Steels, Modi Nagar Sxnr M. K. SIN Ministry of Defence ( DC1 ) SHBI K. L. CHAKRABORTY ( Altwnatr ) Z4rtn1B.K. SEARMAE Ministry of Defence ( OFB ) SHRI A. K. BANGA ( Alternate ) SHBI K. RAQHAVENDBAN, Director General, RIS ( I%-o&h Memhr ) Director ( Strut & Met ) Sscrerary Sam S. K. PANJA Assistant Director (-Metals ), BIS ( Ontinurd on pogr 12 ) 2

7 Indian Standard COMMENTARY INDIAN STANDARD WROUGHT IS : 1871 ( Part 2) ON SCHEDULES FOR STEELS PART 2 CARBON STEELS (UNALLOYED STEELS) [COMPLEMENTARY TO IS : 1578 (PART 2)-1979-J ( First Revision ) 0. FOREWORD 0.1 This Indian Slandnrd ( Part 2 ) (F&t Revision) was adopted by the Bureau~of Indian Standards on 25 May 1987, after the draft finalized by the Alloy Steels and Special Steels. Sectional Committee had been approved by the Structul al ;snd Metals Division Council. 0.2 Commenta1.y on Indian Standard wrought steels for general engineering purposes was first published in 1965 as complementary to IS : a.3 With the revision of IS : 1570 into different parts, it was felt necessary to revise IS : t. 0.4 The following major modifications have been made in this revision. a) Steel designations has been modified in accordance with IS : 1762 (Part 1 )-1974:. However, for the sake of easy identification, old designations are also given within brackets. b) The various grades deleted or added in the revision of IS : 1570 ( Part 2 ) have been taken care of. 0.5 This part covers carbon steels with specified chcmic;tl cnmpnsitiorl and related mechanical properties. *Commentary on Indian Standard khcdules for wrought steels for general engineering purposes. tschedules for wrought steels for general engineering purposes. $Code for designation of steels: Part 1 Based on letter symbols (firsf revision). Schedulcs for wrought steels: Part 2 Carbon steels ( unalloyed steels ). 3

8 IS : 1871 ( Part 2 ) Ot~her parts in this series are as follows: a) Steels specified by tensile and/or yield properties, h) Carbon and carbon-manganese free cutting steels, c) Alloy steels including carbon steels for hardening and tempering and case hardening, d) High alloy steels and stain!ess and heat resisting steels including valve steels, e) Carbon and alloy tool steels, and f) Creep resisting steels. 1. SCOPE 1.1. This commentary ( Part 2 ) covers carbon steels with specified chemical composition and related mechanical properties The chemical composition of these steels is given in Table Typical uses of the steels covered is this part are given in Appendix A. 2.0 For certain purposes, steels are produced to specific compositions. For carbon steels, ranges for carbon and manganese are laid down. Where necessary, for steels of low carbon content, the silicon content or the type of steel (killed, semi-killed or rimmed ) is specified. The limits of sulphur and phosphorus are stipulated depending on service requirements. 2.1 Steels in Hot Worked and Normalized Condition - Steels, having up to 0 60 percent carbon, are generally used in hot worked or nomalized condition and steels with carbon content more than 0 60 percent are used in normalized and tempered or annealed condition for better machinability and improved mechanical properties. The. tensile properties of these steels in the hot worked or normalized condition are given in Table 2 of JS : 1570 ( Part 2 ) Hot working involves rolling, forging or extrusion of steel at elevated temperatures; the temperatures employed vary with the composition of steel. The plastic deformation takes place at temperatures and at rates thit do not cause strain hardening. 4

9 IS : 1871( Part 2 ) TABLE 1 SPECIFIED CARBON AND MANGANESE LIMITS FOR STANDARD STEELS (Clausr ) STEEL DESIGNATION [Sea IS : 1762 (PART ~------h------~ 1 )-I9741 New Old c Percent MU Percent Max 915 Max O Max 0 40 Max 0 50 Ma* O c4 15C8 2oC8 25C4 25C8 - WO) (~25) (C25Mn75) Max ~ O-20-O OC8 (C30) %0-090 ;zz (C!?%h75) 40 w O OC8 (C4Q C8 (C45) 040-0~ ~0 90 5Oc4 ( OC8 0*45-O-55 0* oc12 (CE5il) O I lo C C8 (C55Mn75) OC4 6OC (C65) mo-0~70 0~ OC6 75C6 8OC6 85C6 98C6 113C6 (C70) cp;-;; (C75) * _ Pw W5) d8$?u&. (C98) (C113) 1*05: ~ ~&80 pc$y;;~ - 5

10 IS : 1871 ( Part 2 ) Normalizing consists of heating steel above its critical temperature and subsequent cooling in air. Normalizing refines and makes the grains more unifrom with subsequent improvement in mechanical properties. It is especially beneficial for bars rolled at low temperatures and in case of rolled or forged products of bigger section sizes Tempering relieves the internal stresses in heavy section and may spheroidized the carbides depending upon the time and temperature of the operation. Annealing relieves the stresses developed during working and improves the ductility. In high carbon steels, similar to tempering, it spheroidized the carbides making the steel better machinable. 2.2 Cold Worked Steels - Cold working involves changes in the structure of steel by grain distortion and is accompanied by changes in the mechanical properties due to strain hardening. When applied tu bars, tubes, sheets, strips and wire, it is the process of reducing cross-sectional area by cold rolling, cold drawing or cold extrusion. Cold working is employed to obtain in steel improved mechanical properties, better machinability, size accuracy, bright surface, and for the production ~of thin gauges The overall effect of cold work on steel is to increase its strength and hardness, and decrease its ductility. If cold working is carried out in one direction only, as in cold rolling of sheets or cold drawing of bars or wire, the cold worked steel gets stronger in the direction of working than at right angles to it Table 3 of IS : 1570 (Part 2) * enumerates the tensile properties of some of the steels in the cold drawn condition Since cold drawing progressively work hardens steel, many grades, particularly high carbon require one or more annealing treatments during the sequence of reductions to the final gauge. As a large proportion of sheet and strip is required with maximum softness and ductility, it is necessary to give an annealing, or in some cases, normalizing treatment to cold rolled sheet and strip in final sizes. However, sometimes, a certain degree of cold working effect is required in the material to be delivered. In such cases, the reduction applied in the final stages of cold rolling has to be carefully controlled to,produce the required hardness and strength Some steels in the annealed condition, on subsequent forming and pressing, are liable to develop kinks and stretcher strain the *Schedules for wrought steel8 : Part 2 Csrbon steelr (-unalloyed steels). 6

11 IS : 1871 ( Part 2 ) marking on the surface due to yield phenomenon occurring in such steels. In such cases, the sheets and strips are given a very light cold pass after final annealing. It has negligible effect ou lhe thickness but reduces aging tendency of the steel and improves the surface quality. This final cold pass is knowu as skin passing The yielding in steel is mostly attributed to some interstitial atoms like carbon and nitrogen which anchor the dislocations and resists their movements. At certain stress level, the dislocations get released and yielding occurs in the steel. Many varieties of aluminium killed low carbon steels are available for deep drawing applications. Boron treated semi-killed varieties have also been developed and are available for certain applications. Aluminium and boron combine with nitrogen to form respective nitrides and make the steel non-aging type When maximum ductility for very severe drawing and -pressing operations are required, steels 4C2, 5C2 and 7C4 are often specified For less severe cold working, steels 1OC4 and 15C4 are used. Their properties are given in Table 1 of IS : 1570 (Part 2)-1979*. Steel 15C4 is often used cold rolled to varying degrees of hardness or temper as included in Table 7 of IS : 1570 (Part 2 )-1979*. Considerable quantities of cold rolled strips are required for small flat section springs and steels 5OC4, 5OC12, 55C4, 55C8, 6OC6, 7OC6, 8OC6, 98C6 and 113C6 are supplied in the annealed or cold rolled condition for this purpose. The choice of steel depends on the degree of forming and bending involved in making the spring, the size of the section and the severity of duty of the spring. Cold rolled sheet and strip are made from low alloy steel Hot finished tubes, depending on the size recluirements, are also further modified dimensionally by cold drawing or rolling. Cold drawn tubes provide smaller diameters and thinner wall, and possess better surface and greater dimensional accuracy; in the case of welded tubes, welding fins are also eliminated. Table 8 of IS : 1570 ( Part 2 )- 1979* specify the expected properties of steel tubes in the cold drawn or cold drawn and tempered condition In steel wire, high strengths are obtained by cold drawing rod or wire after appropriate heat treatment from a predetermined size to the required diameter. The tensile strengths obtainable in different carbon steels with different percentages of reduction during cold drawing are given in Fig. 1. *Schedules for wrought steels : Part 2 Carbon steeb ( unalloyed steels). 7

12 -IS : 1871 ( Part 2 ) I a iii UJ J p 80 W tliiitm 0 2( I REOUCTION f PERCENT) Fm. 1 EPFICCT OF DRAWING ON THE TENSILE STRENGTH CARBON STEEL WIRE OF 8

13 IS : 1871 ( Part 2 ) To impove drawing quality and to meet the special requirements of mechanical properties, steei is heat-treated in the form of rod. The quality of steel.is also vital. The fabrication of wire and service requirements determine the steel-making process to be used. 2.3 Carbon steels ( carbon 0 25 to 0 60 ) may also be used in the hardened and tempered condition. For details reference may be made to Part IV of this series where these steels have been discussed along with alloy steels for hardening and tempering. APPENDIX ( Clause ) A TYPICAL USES OF INDIAN STANDARD STEELS/CARBON STEELS WITH SPECIFIED CHEMICAL GOMPOSITION AND RELATED MECHANIUAL PROPERTIES Steel Designation 4C2 5c4, 7c4, loc4 1OC4, 14C6 15c4 Dead soft steel generally used in electrical industry. Used where cold formability is the primary requirement. Jn the rimming quality, they are used as sheet, strip, rod and wire specially where excellent surface finish or good drawing qualities are required, such as automobile body and fender stock, hoods, lamps, oil pans, and a multiple of deep drawn and formed products. They are also used for cold heading wire and rivets, and low carbon wire products. Killed still is used for forging and heat treating applications. Case hardening steels used for making camshafts, cams, light duty gears, worms, gudgeon pins, selector forks, spindles, pawls, ratchets, chain wheels, tappets, etc. Used for lightly stressed parts. The material, although easily machinable, is not designed specificaby for rapid cutting, but is suitable where cold web, such as bending and riveting may be necessary. 9

14 IS : 1871 ( Part 2 ) Steel Designation Typical Uses 15C8,2OC8, 25C4, 25C8 General purpose steels for low stressed components. 3OC8 Used for making certain types of cold formed parts, such as shift and brake levers. After suitable case hardening or hardening and tempering, this steel is also made use of in making parts, such as socket, tie rod, yolk adjustable control lever cable, shaft fork and rear hub, 2-wheeler and J-wheeler parts, such as sprocket, lever, hubs for forks, cams, rocker arms and bushes are made of this steel. Tubes for aircraft, automobile, bicycle and furniture are also made of this steel. 35C4 Steel for low stressed parts, automobile fasteners. tubes and 35CFI 4OC8 45C8 5oc4 5OC8 55C4, 55C8 Steel for making low stressed parts in machine structures cycle and motorcycle chassis tubes, fish plates for rails and fasteners. Steel for crankshafts, shafts, spindles, automobile axle beams, push rods, connecting rods, studs, bolts, lightly stressed gears, chain parts, umbrella ribs, washer, etc. Steel for spindles of machine tools, gears, bolts lead screws,,feedreds, shafts and rocks. Steel for making keys, shafts, cylinders, machine components requiring moderate wear resistance. In surface hardened condition, it is also suitahle for large pitch worms and gears. Rail steel. Also used for making spike bolts, gear shafts, rocking levers and cylinder liners. Steels used for making gears, cylinders, cams, keys, crank shafts, sprockets and machine parts requiring moderate wear resistance for which toughness is not of primary importance, cycle and industrial chains, spring, safety books parts, can opener, thompson blade, umbrella ribs, parts of camera and typewriter. 10

15 IS : 1871( Part 2) Steel D esignation 6OC4 65C6 7OC6 75C6 ROC6, 85C6 Typical list-s Steel for making spindles for machine tools, hardened screws and nuts, couplings, crank shafts, axles and pinions. High tensile structural steel for making locomotive carriage and wagon tyres. Typical uses of this steel in the spring industry include engine valve springs, small washers and thin stamped parts. Steel for making baffle springs, shock absorbers, springs for seat cushions for road vehicles. It is also used for making rail tyres, unhardened gears and worms, washer, wood working saw, spring, ampoule cutters, textile and jute machinery parts. Steel for making light flat springs formed from annealed stock. Because of good wear properties, when properly heat treated, it is used for making plough shears, rake teeth, scrappers and cultivators shovels. Steels for making flat and coil springs for automobiles and railway vehicles. Also used as girder rails. Valve spring wire and music wire are special applications of steel C85. After suitable heat treatment, these steels are also used for making scraper blades, discs and spring tooth harrows. Clutch parts, spring, wood working saw, band saw, textile and jute machine ry parts. 98C6 and 113C6 In the oil-hardened and tempered condition used for coil or spiral springs, pen nib, volute spring, gauge, spring cutlery, knitting needle, hacksaw blades.

16 IS : 1871~( Part 2 ) ( Contim66d frm f.nigu 2 ) Subcommittee For Revision of IS : 1570, SMDC 19 : 5 Cenucnn SHBI P. K. CHAKBAVABTY R6puscnting M. N. Dastur & Co Pvt Ltd, Calcutta hhabrrs SHBI A. K. C~AKRABORTY Guest Keen Williams Ltd. Howrah SHBI K. L. CHAKRABORTY Ministry of Defence ( DGI ) SARI G. N. KRADENQAN ( AItarnatc ) DR S. CHAKRAVORTY Usha Alloy 6r Steels Ltd, Jamshedpur SHRI K. BALARAMAMURTHY Nuclear Fuel Complex, Hyderabad SHRI R. KALIDA~ ( A~lcmatc ) Sasx R. C. JHA Alloy Steels Plant ( SAIL), Durgapur JOINT DIRECTOR ( MET), RDSO ~Ministry of~railways ASBISTANT DIRECTOR, RDSO ( Altcmate ) Da K. V. KRISENAXURTHY Sundaram Farteners Ltd, Madras SHRI D. JAYAUAMAN ( Ahrnotr ) SHRI A. N. MITRA Tata Iron & Steel Co Ltd, Jamshedpur SHRI SURESH GUPTA ( A~tUraUt6) DB N. MOEAN Bihar Alloy Steels Ltd, Ranchi SERI PRAKASH NABAIN Mahindra Ugine Steel Co Ltd, Khopoli SHRI R. BALAJI ( A!tUrnat6 ) DR R. V. PITHY Alloy Steel Producers Association of India, Bombay Snar M. K. PRAMA~IK Iron & Steel Control, Calcutta SHRI S. PANDIT Heavy Engineering Corporation Ltd ( Formdry Forge Plant ), Ranchi SHRI D. K. DAS ( A&UrnalU ) SHsI A. K. ROY Association of Indian Automobile Manufacturers SHRI K. K. SEN Pratap Steel Rolling Mills Ltd, Ballabhgarh SHRI S. N. SINQH Tata Engineering & Locomotive Co Ltd, Jamshedpur DR G. VENKATARAMA~ Bharat Heavy Electrical; Ltd SHBI D. P. VERNEKAR Visvesvaraya Iron & Steel Ltd, Bhadravati SHRI B. H~RIDAS ACHAR ( Attrrnatr ) 12

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