Physical Science Chapter 19. Elements and Their Properties Quick Notes
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1 Physical Science Chapter 19 Elements and Their Properties Quick Notes 1
2 19:1 A.Metals conduct heat and electricity, reflect light (luster); are malleable ( ) Can be hammered or rolled into sheets are ductile ( ) Can be drawn into wires ionic bonding (combine with nonmetals by losing electrons), Video 1.a Metals
3 19:1 Quick Notes A. metallic bonding (positively charged metallic ions are surrounded by a cloud of electrons; ions are in sliding layers and electrons are weakly held; readily form ionic bonds with nonmetals. 3
4 19:1 Quick Notes B. Alkali Metals are softer and more reactive than other metals; oxygen highly reactive with & ; water combine readily with other elements due to single electron in outer energy level; they have multiple use: 4
5 19:1 Quick Notes a.human health sodium, potassium, and lithium compounds b.photocells rubidium or cesium c.francium- A radioactive element which breaks down giving off particles and energy 5
6 19:1 Quick Notes C. The Alkaline Earth Metals are not found naturally in elemental two form: electrons in outer energy level. 6
7 19:1 Quick Notes a. Applications Stontium and magnesium found in fireworks; magnesium in vehicles, ladders, and bats; calcium in statues and countertops. 7
8 19:1 Quick Notes b. Human body Calcium in bones; barium in disease diagnoses; radium formerly used in cancer treatment. 8
9 19:1 Quick Notes D. Transition Elements often occur in nature as combined elements A. Typically form chromium colored compounds-- found in rubies and emeralds; 9
10 19:1 Quick Notes b.iron triad--,,. Iron Iron, cobalt, and nickel i. -- most widely used of all metals and main ingredient in steel; abundant in Earth s crust. ii. Cobalt and nickel used in some steel iii. used to coat other metals. Nickel 10
11 19:1 Quick Notes c.copper, silver, gold -- metals since once were commonly used in coins. Copper coinage i. used in electrical wiring because it is a superior electricity conductor. 11
12 19:1 Quick Notes Silver ii. used in photographic film and paper, jewelry. iii. Gold used in jewelry. 12
13 19:1 Quick Notes d. Zinc, cadmium, mercury Group 12 on the periodic table. i. Zinc and cadmium are often used to coat or plate other. metals ii. Mercury only room temperature liquid metal; used in thermometers and batteries. 13
14 19:1 Quick Notes E. Inner Transition Metals seem disconnected from the rest of the periodic table. lanthanum a. The Lanthanides include, cerium, praseodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, and terbium. 14
15 19:1 Quick Notes b. The --all Actinides are radioactive and, unstable uranium is the best known. Why are copper, silver and gold so often used in coins? 7 Lanthanide and Actinide Series.47 15
16 19:2 Quick Notes A. Properties of nonmetals usually gases or brittle solids at room temperature; are not malleable or ; ductile usually poor conductors of heat and electricity; usually not lustrous. 16
17 19:2 Quick Notes a.ionic compounds form when nonmetals gain electrons from metals and become ions. b.covalent compounds-form when nonmetals share electrons with other. nonmetals negative 17
18 19:2 Quick Notes Hydrogen B. -- most common element in the universe. Diatomic molecule a. A -- two atoms of the same element in covalent bond. 18
19 19:2 Quick Notes b.highly reactive element found mostly on Earth as part of water. Halogens c. --include bromine, iodine,,, fluorine chlorine and astatine. How Chlorine Bonds 9 Halogens Nobel Gases
20 19:2 Quick Notes salt 1. A forms when a halogen gains one electron from a metal. 20
21 19:2 Quick Notes 2. Uses of halogens Chlorine i. - disinfectant and bleach Bromine ii. dyes in cosmetics Iodine iii. hormone regulation. 21
22 19:2 Quick Notes d. Sublimation a solid changes directly into a gas without first becoming a liquid. 22
23 19:2 Quick Notes D.Noble Gases exist as isolated, stable atoms. helium a. --used in blimps and balloons. Neon b., argon, and krypton used in lights. 23
24 19:3 Quick Notes A. Properties of -- Metalloids form ionic and covalent bonds; have some metallic and some nonmetallic properties; partial conduction gives them semiconductor characteristics. 24
25 19:3 Quick Notes B.The Group named for the first element in Group 13. Boron Boron a. used in water softening products, antiseptics and fuels. 25
26 19:3 Quick Notes Aluminum b. --abundant in Earth s crust; used in cans, foil wraps, pans, building materials, and aircraft. 26
27 19:3 Quick Notes C. The carbon Group-- 4 electrons in outer energy level. carbon a. found in coal, oil, natural gas, and foods 13CarbonSiliconGermaniumTinLead
28 19:3 Quick Notes b.silicon occurs as an - allotrope same element with different molecular structures. silicon i. found in sand, rocks and soil. 28
29 19:3 Quick Notes ii.the main component in which conduct electricity under certain conditions. semiconductors c. Germanium is also used in semiconductors. 29
30 19:3 Quick Notes Tin d. -- used to coat other metals. e. Diamonds, graphite and buckminsterfullerene are all allotropes of carbon. 30
31 19:3 Quick Notes Nitrogen 5 D.The Group-- electrons in outer energy level; tend to form covalent bonds. a. Nitrogen used to make nitrates and ammonia. 14NitrogenGroup
32 19:3 Quick Notes Phosphorus b. - used in water softeners, fertilizers, match heads, fine china. Antimony bismuth c. and used with other metals to lower their melting points. 32
33 19:3 Quick Notes E.The Group or Group 16. Oxygen Oxygen a. makes up 20% of air, is used by living things in respiration and provides protection from the sun s radiation. 15OxygenFamily.58 33
34 19:3 Quick Notes Sulfur b. is used to form sulfides for pigment in paint. Selenium c. is used in photocopiers and multivitamins. d. Tellurium & polonium are also in the oxygen group. 34
35 19:3 Quick Notes Synthetic F. Elements scientists create elements not usually found on Earth; synthetic elements usually disintegrate quickly. 35
36 19:3 Quick Notes a.uranium can be made into neptunium which forms plutonium when it disintegrates. b. elements Transuranium have more than 92 protons and are synthetic and unstable. 36
37 19:3 Quick Notes i.the study of synthesized elements help scientists to understand the forces holding the together. nucleus 30 ii. Element 114 lasted for seconds. 37
38 19:3 Quick Notes iii. It combined 114 protons with 175 neutrons. iv. It broke apart due to enormous repulsion between protons. 38
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