THE CLAISSE-CALCULATOR OF SAMPLES ACIDITY APPLICATIONS
|
|
- Juniper Adams
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 71 THE CLAISSE-CALCULATOR OF SAMPLES ACIDITY APPLICATIONS Fernand Claisse Fernand CLAISSE inc 2270, Léon Harmel, Suite 165 Québec, QC, G1N 4L2 ABSTRACT The CLAISSE-CALCULATOR is a new tool for XRF analysts who make fusion beads. It calculates the acidity of a sample and suggests the better Lithium borate flux composition for it. Its operation is briefly described. In addition, the Calculator has been used by the author to explain a) what causes the sample to have a preference for a given flux composition, and b) what causes molten glass sticking to crucibles and moulds. HISTORICAL In lithium borate fusion, acidity is the main factor that determines whether or not a fusion bead will be successfully done. In the old days of fire analysis of ores and rocks for the extraction of precious metals, the rule was: Basic samples need acidic flux, acidic samples need basic flux. No rule was used in the early days of fusion for XRF analysis [1] because only one flux composition was used, Sodium Tetraborate. On account of the very high dilution then used, one part sample in 100 parts flux, acidity was ignored. Later, when sodium became detectable by X-rays, Sodium Tetraborate was replaced by Lithium Tetraborate, and trouble began to appear. Various mixtures of chemicals started being tried. Only ten years ago, selection rules were proposed [2] for the determination of optimal flux composition, based on measured solubility of a number of oxides as a function of flux composition (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Solubility of soe oxides as a function of flux composition [4] The rules were simple: Use Lithium Tetraborate for clearly basic samples such as Calcium oxide; Lithium Metaborate for clearly acidic samples such as Silicon dioxide; and a 50/50 mix of Lithium
2 This document was presented at the Denver X-ray Conference (DXC) on Applications of X-ray Analysis. Sponsored by the International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD). This document is provided by ICDD in cooperation with the authors and presenters of the DXC for the express purpose of educating the scientific community. All copyrights for the document are retained by ICDD. Usage is restricted for the purposes of education and scientific research. DXC Website ICDD Website -
3 72 Tetraborate and Lithium Metaborate for oxides. Then, the problem that arose was: what to do with complex sample? Measured values of oxides acidity existed [3] but they were obtained from aqueous solutions, and some oxides dissolved in lithium borates did not seem to fit well with those of Smith. Oxides dissolved in a borate glass, in a certain way, should behave similarly to salts that are dissolved in water, but the values should be different. The solvents are different, and in the Smith case, one solvent (H 2 O) is considered as the origin of the acidity scale. Chemical acidity Ba sic ox ide s 0 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3-5 LiM Acidic LiT -10 oxides Acidity Index (O/Me) Fig. 2. Comparison of the Smith (aqueous) and Claisse (fusion) acidity of oxides It was found necessary to find another way to define the acidity of oxides in fusion beads. Since the alkalinity of oxides seems to vary with the concentration of oxygen in their chemical formula, then the ratio number of oxygen atoms per number of metal atoms in the chemical formula of oxides, was used as the Acidity of the oxide [2,4]. That looked different from the Smith scale of acidity, but it was found later that both scales are related as shown when the values of one are plotted against those of the other as in Figure 2. COMPLEX OXIDES Let us start with a given example of complex oxide, Ilmenite. The chemical formula is FeTiO3, so that the A.I. is 3/2 or 1.5. That can also be written FeO + TiO2, in which case the A.I. of the two oxides are l and 2, and the average is (1+2)/2 = 1.5; we may conclude that a homogeneous compound and its components yield the same results, provided that they are expressed as molecules. Thus, the acidity of a complex sample may be calculated by expressing its composition in molecules, and taking the average of the acidity values of all its components. That is something analysts would normally not like to do frequently. The CLAISSE CALCULATOR To help analysts not do these long annoying calculations, a small software was developed [5], applicable to nearly all oxides of the periodic table in their maximum oxidation state, assuming that the oxides in fusion beads are in that state. For convenience, some oxides in other oxidation states were included. A single table only is needed to use the software (Fig. 3), and the procedure is simple : 1. Since acidity is independent of the size of the sample, its composition can be defined on any scale: percentage of each oxide, relative weights of oxides in grams, ounces, etc.
4 73 2. When each of these numbers is entered in the space next to the oxide, the description of the sample is done. 3. Pressing CALCULATE, the program makes all the calculations and yields the Acidity of the sample under ACIDITY NUMBER. 4. The objective of knowing the acidity is to chose the optional flux composition for a given sample. Based on the behaviour of pure oxides, five ranges of acidity were defined, and five flux compositions that should be the optimal flux for them were also defined. After the acidity value of the sample appears, the optimal flux composition also appears under OPTIMAL FLUX, expressed as percents of Li Tetraborate and Lithium Metaborate. 5. Since pure Lithium Metaborate always crystallizes except with SiO 2, Al 2 O 3, most sulfates and phosphates, when their concentrations are above about 25% in the fusion bead, the software recommends to switch to a flux composition of 35 Li Tetraborate / 65 Li Metaborate. Fig. 3. The Claisse-Calculator with data for a cement sample (from the Internet). RESEARCH APPLICATIONS 1. ACIDITY OF FUSION BEADS The Calculator can also be used to determine the acidity of fusion beads. It is only necessary to add the flux composition to that of the sample using the same units. The more units are the weights of Li 2 O and B 2 O 3 in the flux, and those of oxides in the bead. This was applied to a number of oxides, at the composition at which the solubility is maximal. That is the best flux-sample combination that represents the more stable condition for each particular bead. Some cases were estimated when the maximum solubility is outside the range of flux.
5 74 Oxide Li Flux Solubility. A.I. A.I. % Meta g oxide/ Oxide Bead 6g flux ZnO 0 1,5 1 1,15 BaO 0 1,0 1 1,16 PbO 0 0,5 1 1,14 CaO 0 2,0 1 1,14 Sb2O3 50 1,5 1,5 1,13 Fe2O3 50 1,5 1,5 1,15 FeO.TiO2 65 1,3 1,5 1,12 ZnSO4 50 2,0 1,8 1,20 CaSO ,0 1,8 1,16 TiO2 50 0,7 2 1,15 V2O5 70 1,3 2,2 1,17 Average 1,15 Table 1. Acidity Index of fusion beads of some pure oxides at their maximal solubility (A.I. means Acidity Index) composition. The results are shown in Table 1. An interesting observation is that all fusion beads have essentially the same value of acidity at their solubility peak. At flux compositions on each side of the maximal solubility, the solubility is lower because the flux composition is less optimal. Fusion beads apparently reach a neutral, more stable condition when the acidity index reaches That value is not far from that of 1.17 for pure Lithium Tetraborate. Indeed, that flux is barely acidic; the term acidic is used for practical reasons to mean the lesser basic. 2. GLASS STICKING TO PLATINUM Sticking occurs with transition metals oxides only [4], and seems to be due to the simultaneous existence of all possible oxides of the dissolved metal element in the fusion Weight Acidity Index Oxide* g LiT 50/50 Fe2O3 1,0 1,19 1,18 FeO 0,9 1,16 1,11 Fe 0,7 1,10 0,81 Weight of oxide for constant amount of metal in 6g of flux Table 2. Acidity index of two Fe oxides and Fe, dissolved in two different fluxes bead. These oxides are the result of a chemical equilibrium that depends on the surrounding conditions. That is a well known concept in aqueous solutions. In borate fusion, it is estimated that the responsible oxide for sticking is the metal itself, the one with the lowest oxidation state, because free metal atoms can plate the crucible and induce sticking. The Calculator helps understand this phenomenon for the case of Fe oxides (Table 2). In the 50/50 flux, for the same number of Fe atoms in the fusion beads, and different oxidation states, the acidity index of Fe 2 O 3 is the closest to the ideal value of 1.15 (Table 1), so that this oxide is the more stable of the three (Table 2) and the one with a higher solubility in the bead. FeO should be present also but in a smaller proportion. The probability to have free Fe atoms is very low compared to Fe 2 O 3, so that sticking is not likely to occur. In Lithium Tetraborate flux, the situation is different. FeO is the more probable oxide present in the bead, Fe 2 O 3 should be in lower proportion, and Fe atoms have a greater probability to exist. The life time of the latter is certainly short, but the atoms that are next to the platinum surface may continuously alloy with platinum and cause sticking. That is what is observed in the crucible and in the mould. Weight Acidity Index Oxide* g LiT 50/50 CuO 1,0 1,16 1,06 Cu2O 0,9 1,13 0,93 Cu 0,8 1,10 0,81 Weight of oxide for constant amount of metal in 6g of flux Table 3. Acidity index of two Cu oxides and Cu, dissolved in two different fluxes Copper oxides are in a similar situation except that the Calculator predicts that the difference of probability of dissolution is closer between CuO and Cu in the 50/50 M/T flux (Table 3), so that sticking is probable in both fluxes. That is what is observed, and larger concentration of Lithium Metaborate in.
6 75 the flux should improve the situation, although the solubility decreases with the Metaborate content. CONCLUSION The CLAISSE CALCULATOR is a simple but efficient tool for the analyst and for research. In most analytical work, it might be needed only occasionally, for example when samples are rather similar. It is actually accessible on the FCinc. website [5] REFERENCES [1] Claisse F. (1957) Accurate XRF Analysis Without Internal Standard. Norelco Reporter III, 3, 3-7, [2] Smith D.W. (1947) An Acidity Scale for Binary Oxides. J. Chem. Educ. 64, [3] Claisse F. (1997) Selection of Fluxes for Fusion of X-Ray Samples : Optimum Lithium Tetraborate Metaborate Ratio for Specific Sample Types. Pittsburg Conference [4] Claisse F., Blanchette J. (2004) Physics and Chemistry of Borate Fusion 135 pp, ed. Fernand Claisse inc. [5] Claisse F. (2006)
Lithium based Borate Fusion of Gypsum/High Sulfate Samples: A New Approach.
868 Lithium based Borate Fusion of Gypsum/High Sulfate Samples: A New Approach. Abstract Donald J. Broton Construction Technology Laboratories, Inc Skokie, Illinois Manufacturing portland cement requires
More informationXRF S ROLE IN THE PRODUCTION OF MAGNESIUM METAL BY THE MAGNETHERMIC METHOD
Copyright(c)JCPDS-International Centre for Diffraction Data 2001,Advances in X-ray Analysis,Vol.44 398 XRF S ROLE IN THE PRODUCTION OF MAGNESIUM METAL BY THE MAGNETHERMIC METHOD H. L. Baker Northwest Alloys,
More informationDEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF A THULIUM BASED INTERNAL STANDARD METHOD FOR HIGH ACCURACY NICKEL ANALYSIS
15 DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF A THULIUM BASED INTERNAL STANDARD METHOD FOR HIGH ACCURACY NICKEL ANALYSIS Shane J. Reeves 1, David Brown 2 and Jorg Metz 3 1 BHP Billiton, Nickel West, Leinster Nickel
More informationBoiling point in C. Colour in aqueous solution. Fluorine 188 colourless. Chlorine 35 pale green. Bromine X orange.
Q1.This question is about halogens and their compounds. The table below shows the boiling points and properties of some of the elements in Group 7 of the periodic table. Element Boiling point in C Colour
More informationChemistry 145 Exam number 4 name 11/19/98 # Faraday s constant is 96,500 c/mole of electrons.
Chemistry 145 Exam number 4 name 11/19/98 # Faraday s constant is 96,500 c/mole of electrons. A.(16) An electrochemical cell is prepared with a strip of manganese metal dipping in to a 1.0 M MnSO 4 solution
More informationSPECTRAL INTERFERENCE IN X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF COMMON MATERIALS
Copyright JCPDS - International Centre for Diffraction Data 2003, Advances in X-ray Analysis, Volume 46. 38 ISSN 097-0002 SPECTRAL INTERFERENCE IN X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF COMMON MATERIALS Frank
More informationChapter 20 CHEMISTRY. Metallurgy and the Chemistry of Metals. Dr. Ibrahim Suleiman
CHEMISTRY Chapter 20 Metallurgy and the Chemistry of Metals Dr. Ibrahim Suleiman GENERAL PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURE OF METALS opaque good conductors of heat and electricity high malleability and ductility
More informationNOMENCLATURE (ie naming compounds)
NOMENCLATURE (ie naming compounds) An ionic compounds (salt) may be any one of thousands of chemical compounds How do chemists describe which salt they are discussing? There is a system that we will follow
More informationProperties A Metal B Non- metal Electronic configuration?? Nature of oxides?? Oxidizing or reducing action?? Conduction of heat and electricity??
CLASS: X NCERT (CBSE) SCIENCE: Chemistry Page: 1 Question 1: Compare the properties of a typical metal and a non-metal on the basis of the following. Fill in Column A, B. Properties A Metal B Non- metal
More informationLEACHING OF ILMENITE AND PRE-OXIDIZED ILMENITE IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID TO OBTAIN HIGH GRADE TITANIUM DIOXIDE R. Vásquez, A. Molina
LEACHING OF ILMENITE AND PRE-OXIDIZED ILMENITE IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID TO OBTAIN HIGH GRADE TITANIUM DIOXIDE R. Vásquez, A. Molina Material Science Department. Simon Bolivar University Caracas, Venezuela
More informationReduction of the Sample Size in the Analysis of Rock by EDXRF
Copyright (C) JCPDS International Centre for Diffraction Data 1999 873 Reduction of the Sample Size in the Analysis of Rock by EDXRF Riidiger Harmel, Ulrike Otto, Olaf Haupt, Clemens Sch$er and Walter
More informationRECOVERY OF GERMANIUM FROM LEAD BLAST FURNACE SLAG
RECOVERY OF GERMANIUM FROM LEAD BLAST FURNACE SLAG Hakan Cengizler 1 and R Hurman Eric 2 1 Celal Bayar University, TMYO, Turgutlu - Turkey 2 University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, School of Chemical
More informationTable of Contents. Preface...
Preface... xi Chapter 1. Metallurgical Thermochemistry... 1 1.1. Introduction... 1 1.2. Quantities characterizing the state of a system and its evolution... 3 1.2.1. The types of operations... 3 1.2.2.
More informationMgO modification of slag from stainless steelmaking
ERIKSSON, J and BJÖRKMAN, B. MgO modification of slag from stainless steelmaking. VII International Conference on Molten Slags Fluxes and Salts, The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2004.
More informationTopic 2.7 EXTRACTION OF METALS. Extraction of Iron Extraction of Aluminium Extraction of Titanium Recycling
Topic 2.7 EXTRACTION OF METALS Extraction of Iron Extraction of Aluminium Extraction of Titanium Recycling EXTRACTING METALS FROM THEIR ORES Most metals do not occur native. They exist in compounds, usually
More informationMETALS AND THEIR COMPOUNDS
METALS AND THEIR COMPOUNDS Metals are elements whose atoms ionize by electron loss, while non-metals are elements whose atoms ionize by electron gain. Metals are in groups 1, 2 and 3 of the periodic table.
More information2015 O LEVEL CHEMISTRY 5073/02
OF SCIENCE 2015 O LEVEL CHEMISTRY 5073/02 SECTION A 1. The table shows some common oxidation states for some elements in their compounds. element common oxidation states metal / non-metal A 2 non-metal
More informationCreating Value in Mining: How XRF Delivers Accuracy and Precision in Daily Routine
Creating Value in Mining: How XRF Delivers Accuracy and Precision in Daily Routine Presented by: Kai Behrens & Arkady Buman Bruker AXS November 19, 2012 1 Webinar: Creating Value in Mining Today s Speakers
More informationProcess Intensification of Zinc Oxide Leaching Process Using Sulphuric Acid
, October 19-1, 11, San Francisco, USA Process Intensification of Zinc Oxide Leaching Process Using Sulphuric Acid D Napo, Freeman Ntuli, Member, IAENG, Edison Muzenda, Member, IAENG, Mansoor Mollagee
More informationMETHODS FOR MOUNTING RADIOACTIVE POWDERS FOR XRD ANALYSIS
54 METHODS FOR MOUNTING RADIOACTIVE POWDERS FOR XRD ANALYSIS Leah N. Squires, Robert D. Mariani, Thomas Hartmann* and J. Rory Kennedy Idaho National Laboratory, Fuel Fabrication and Characterization Department,
More information» Talc is a native, hydrous magnesium silicate, sometimes containing a small proportion of aluminum silicate.
Change to read: Talc» Talc is a native, hydrous magnesium silicate, sometimes containing a small proportion of aluminum silicate. Packaging and storage Preserve in well closed containers. Identification
More information5072 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH SPA) TOPIC 9: METALS 5067 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) TOPIC 9: METALS
5072 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH SPA) TOPIC 9: METALS 5067 CHEMISTRY (NEW PAPERS WITH PRACTICAL EXAM) TOPIC 9: METALS SUB-TOPIC 9.3 TO 5 EXTRACTION OF METALS; RECYLING OF METALS; IRON LEARNING OUTCOMES
More informationEvaluation of Some Sample Support Films for Microsample X-Ray Analysis
301 Evaluation of Some Sample Support Films for Microsample X-Ray Analysis A.W. Wilson, D.C. Turner, A.A. Robbins, Process Analytics, Orem, UT Abstract Reduction of matrix and support film background counts
More informationSolubility Product Constant Ksp Of Kno3
Constant Ksp Of Kno3 Free PDF ebook Download: Constant Ksp Of Kno3 Download or Read Online ebook solubility product constant ksp of kno3 in PDF Format From The Best User Guide Database The objective of
More informationTITANIUM DIOXIDE. SYNONYMS Titania; CI Pigment white 6; CI (1975) No ; INS No. 171 DEFINITION DESCRIPTION FUNCTIONAL USES CHARACTERISTICS
TITANIUM DIOXIDE Prepared at the 71 st JECFA (2009) and published in FAO JECFA Monographs 7 (2009), superseding specifications prepared at the 67 th JECFA (2006) and published in FAO JECFA Monographs 3
More informationXRD AND XAFS STUDIES OF CARBON SUPPORTED Pt-Ru ELECTROCATALYST IN A POLYMER-ELECTROLYTE-FUEL-CELL
Copyright JCPDS - International Centre for Diffraction Data 4, Advances in X-ray Analysis, Volume 47. 56 XRD AND XAFS STUDIES OF CARBON SUPPORTED Pt-Ru ELECTROCATALYST IN A POLYMER-ELECTROLYTE-FUEL-CELL
More informationThermodynamic database of P 2 O 5 -containing oxide system for De-P process in steelmaking
Thermodynamic database of P 2 O 5 -containing oxide system for De-P process in steelmaking *In-Ho JUNG, Pierre HUDON, Wan-Yi KIM, Marie-Aline VAN ENDE, Miftaur RAHMAN, Gabriel Garcia CURIEL, Elmira Moosavi
More information5-4 Chemical changes Trilogy
5-4 Chemical changes Trilogy.0 A student investigated the reaction of sodium carbonate with dilute hydrochloric acid. The student used the apparatus shown in Figure. Figure Sodium carbonate This is the
More informationMAHESH TUTORIALS I.C.S.E.
ICSE X MAES TUTORIALS I.C.S.E. Marks : 80 Exam No. : MT/ICSE/I SPA 033SUBJECT : CEMISTRY Time : 2 hrs. Topics : Sulphuric acid, Ammonia, Analytical Chemistry, Organic Chemistry Cl, Nitric acid, Metallurgy
More informationObjective To study the time and temperature variations in the hardness of Al-4% Cu alloy on isothermal aging.
EXPERIMENT 8 PRECIPITATION HARDENING IN 2024 ALUMINUM Objective To study the time and temperature variations in the hardness of Al-4% Cu alloy on isothermal aging. Introduction Materials can be hardened
More informationMETALS
METALS 3 Gallium is a metallic element in Group III. It has similar properties to aluminium. (a) (i) Describe the structure and bonding in a metallic element. You should include a labelled diagram in your
More informationFactSage Independent Study
FactSage Independent Study FactSage Independent Study 1 Question 1 The following amount of slag granules (298K) is melted in an induction furnace in a graphite crucible 112g SiO 2, 360g FeO, 100g CaO,
More informationGENARAL INTRODUCTION TO METALLURGY :Std: XI-CHEMISTRY
GENARAL INTRODUCTION TO METALLURGY :Std: XI-CHEMISTRY 1. What is matrix? The ore is generally associated with rock impurities like clay, sand etc. called gangue or matrix 2. What is mineral? The natural
More informationEffect of Oxygen Partial Pressure on Liquidus for the CaO SiO 2 FeO x System at K
, pp. 2040 2045 Effect of Oxygen Partial Pressure on Liquidus for the CaO SiO 2 FeO x System at 1 573 K Hisao KIMURA, Shuji ENDO 1), Kohei YAJIMA 2) and Fumitaka TSUKIHASHI 2) Institute of Industrial Science,
More informationGCSE BITESIZE Examinations
GCSE BITESIZE Examinations General Certificate of Secondary Education AQA SCIENCE A CHY1A Unit Chemistry C1a (Products from Rocks) AQA Chemistry Unit Chemistry C1a (Products from Rocks) FOUNDATION TIER
More informationEdexcel GCSE Chemistry. Topic 4: Extracting metals and equilibria. Obtaining and using metals. Notes.
Edexcel GCSE Chemistry Topic 4: Extracting metals and equilibria Obtaining and using metals Notes 4.1 Deduce the relative reactivity of some metals, by their reactions with water, acids and salt solutions
More informationTWEED RIVER HIGH SCHOOL 2006 PRELIMINARY CHEMISTRY. Unit 2 Metals
TWEED RIVER HIGH SCHOOL 2006 PRELIMINARY CHEMISTRY Unit 2 Metals Part 2 Metals differ in their reactivity with other chemicals and this influences their uses. Describe observable changes when metals react
More informationCopper Smelting by an Ancient Method
Copper Smelting by an Ancient Method EXPERIMENT ## Prepared by Paul C. Smithson, Berea College, based on Yee et al., 004 Using beads of a copper-containing mineral, students will produce beads of nearly
More information85 Q.51 Which of the following carbonates would give the metal when heated with carbon? (1) MgCO 3 (2) PbCO 3 (3) K 2 CO 3 (4) CuCO 3
Metal and metal reactivity / Section 2 / Sect2pp.doc / S. W. Tse / P.1 85 Q.51 Which of the following carbonates would give the metal when heated with carbon? (1) MgCO 3 (2) PbCO 3 (3) K 2 CO 3 (4) CuCO
More informationCan Fluorspar be replaced in steelmaking? Eugene Pretorius Baker Refractories
Can Fluorspar be replaced in steelmaking? By Eugene Pretorius Baker Refractories I) Introduction The use of fluorspar in steelmaking is a controversial issue. A number of studies have shown that there
More informationANNEALING STUDIES OF PURE AND ALLOYED TANTALUM EMPLOYING ROCKING CURVES
Copyright JCPDS - International Centre for Diffraction Data 3, Advances in X-ray Analysis, Volume. 5 ISSN 197- Abstract ANNEALING STUDIES OF PURE AND ALLOYED TANTALUM EMPLOYING ROCKING CURVES David W.
More informationGypsum Solubility Simulating Real World Aqueous Problems
Simulating Real World Aqueous Problems or Getting an edge on the competition! Reliable simulation of complex processes can provide insights for process optimization and reduced operating costs. The solubility
More informationXRF DRIFT MONITORS DATA CALIBRATION MATERIAL
UNIQUE PRODUCTS FROM ONE SOURCE XRF DRIFT MONITORS DATA CALIBRATION MATERIAL KEY FEATURES Monitor Composition The monitors are manufactured as stable fortified glass discs that are used to correct for
More information(3) The compound boron nitride (BN) has a high melting point (2967 ºC), high density, and is very hard. What is the best classification of this solid?
Solids and Liquids Name: Period: (1) Identify the type of solid formed by each compound. (a) Ag (b) CO 2 (c) SiO 2 (d) wax (e) MgCl 2 (f) Fe (g) graphite (h) SO 2 (i) CaCO 3 (j) I 2 (k) rubber (l) SiC
More informationTHE POSSIBILITY OF USING HANDHELD XRF IN CEMENT APPLICATIONS
THE POSSIBILITY OF USING HANDHELD XRF IN CEMENT APPLICATIONS Dr. Michelle Cameron, Bruker Elemental, Kennewick, WA Denver X-ray Conference 2011 ABSTRACT Handheld XRF may become a useful and cost-saving
More informationNomenclature. A systematic method of writing chemical formulas and naming compounds
Nomenclature A systematic method of writing chemical formulas and naming compounds Chemical symbols Symbols are used to represent elements Either one capital letter, or a capital letter with a lower case
More information1. Scaling. H.O.: H-5/21, KRISHNA NAGAR, DELHI Tel.: , Fax:
Boiler Water Problems and Its Causes Water is the essential medium for steam generation. Conditioning it properly can increase the efficiency of boiler and as well as extend the boiler s life. Treating
More informationGEOL.3070 EARTH MATERIALS I FORENSIC APPLICATIONS OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION
GEOL.3070 EARTH MATERIALS I FORENSIC APPLICATIONS OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION NAME I. Introduction Our knowledge of the crystalline state is gained by studies utilizing x-rays (the field of x- ray crystallography).
More informationThe Study on Sulfur and Nickel Distribution Behavior of Nickel between Fe-Ni alloy and MgO-FeO-SiO 2 Slag System
The Study on Sulfur and Nickel Distribution Behavior of Nickel between Fe-Ni alloy and MgO-FeO-SiO 2 Slag System Ki Deok Kim 1), Hyung Sub Eom 2), Eun Jin Jung 1), Wan Wook Huh 1), and Dong Joon Min 1)
More informationMould fluxes for steelmaking - composition design and characterisation of properties. Research Institute, Stockholm
Mould fluxes for steelmaking - composition design and characterisation of properties Carl-Åke Däcker KIMAB, Corrosion and Metals Research Institute, Stockholm The main functions for mould powder - and
More informationManganese Equilibrium Distribution between Carbon-saturated Iron. Melts and Lime Based Slags Containing MnO, BaO, and Na20*
Manganese Equilibrium Distribution between Carbon-saturated Iron Melts and Lime Based Slags Containing MnO, BaO, and Na20* By Simeon Ratehev SIMEONOV** and Nobuo SANO*** Synopsis Studies o f the manganese
More informationElectricity and Chemistry
Electricity and Chemistry Electrochemistry: It is a branch of chemistry that deals with the reactions involving the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy and vice-versa. Electrochemical
More information19. H, S, C, and G Diagrams Module
HSC 8 - HSC Diagrams November 5, 4 43-ORC-J (8 9. H, S, C, and G Diagrams Module The diagram module presents the basic thermochemical data for the given species in graphical format. Eight different diagram
More informationOCN 201 Chemical Oceanography Class Notes, Fall 2014 The origin of sea salt Chris Measures, Department of Oceanography
OCN 201 Chemical Oceanography Class Notes, Fall 2014 The origin of sea salt Chris Measures, Department of Oceanography 1 Introduction Everyone knows that the sea is salty but what exactly is the salt in
More informationThermodynamics of C60 Solutes in Three Non-Aqueous Solvents
Thermodynamics of C60 Solutes in Three Non-Aqueous Solvents William Steinsmith, MD 11-19-13 Buckyball molecules (C60) forming solutes in any of three organic solvents have a eutectic-cusp triple-point
More informationToday! Demonstrations of Redox Chemistry! Electrochemistry! electrons moving about! equilibrium with a control knob! The disappearing Aluminum Rod!
Today! Electrochemistry! electrons moving about! equilibrium with a control knob! Redox chemistry! oxidation and reduction! Demonstrations of Redox Chemistry! The disappearing Aluminum Rod! Alkali Metals
More informationMAKING SOLID SOLUTIONS WITH ALKALI HALIDES (AND BREAKING THEM) John B. Brady
MAKING SOLID SOLUTIONS WITH ALKALI HALIDES (AND BREAKING THEM) John B. Brady Department of Geology Smith College Northampton, MA jbrady@science.smith.edu INTRODUCTION When two cations have the same charge
More informationCHAPTER 9. The Uses of Sulphuric Acid
CHAPTER 9 MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY SULPHURIC ACID The Uses of Sulphuric Acid 175 POLLUTION of Sulphur DIOXIDE Formation of Acid Rain Burning of Sulphur Burning of Sulphur Dioxide 176 Effect
More informationS2 RANGER LE: Analysis of Light Elements in Cement, Slags and Feldspar
S2 RANGER LE: Analysis of Light Elements in Cement, Slags and Feldspar 1 Welcome Today s topics: S2 RANGER LE o o o Overview XFlash LE detector Improved X-ray tube Analysis of Light Elements in Cement
More informationChromium distribution between slag and non-carbon saturated metal phases under changing partial pressure of carbon monoxide
Chromium distribution between slag and non-carbon saturated metal phases under changing partial pressure of carbon monoxide by X. Pan* and R.H. Eric* Synopsis Slag-metal equilibrium experiments were conducted
More informationSOLUBILITY STUDY GUIDE- Multiple Choice Section
SOLUBILITY STUDY GUIDE- Multiple Choice Section Multiple Choice Section: This study guide is a compilation of questions from provincial exams since 2000. I urge you to become intimately familiar with question
More informationChemical Activation of Low Calcium Fly Ash Part 1: Identification of Suitable Activators and their Dosage
Chemical Activation of Low Calcium Fly Ash Part 1: Identification of Suitable Activators and their Dosage P. Arjunan 1, M. R. Silsbee 2, and D. M. Roy 2, 1 Custom Building Products, 6515, Salt Lake Ave,
More informationREMOVAL OF MANGANESE FROM ACID MINE DRAINAGE
REMOVAL OF MANGANESE FROM ACID MINE DRAINAGE I. INTRODUCTION Raymond J. Lovett Department of Chemistry West Virginia University Morgantown, WV 26506 Manganese is a common component of both neutral and
More informationThe Application of X-Ray Fluorescence to Assess Proportions of Fresh Concrete
Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering Conference Presentations and Proceedings 2012 The Application of X-Ray Fluorescence to Assess Proportions
More informationFundamental Aspects of Calciothermic Process to Produce Titanium
Materials Transactions, Vol. 45, No. 5 (2004) pp. 1660 to 1664 Special Issue on Recent Research and Developments in Titanium and Its Alloys #2004 The Japan Institute of Metals Fundamental Aspects of Calciothermic
More informationEffect of Charge Materials on Slag Formation in Ductile Iron Melts
Effect of Charge Materials on Slag Formation in Ductile Iron Melts C. Labrecque, M. Gagné and E. Planque Rio Tinto Iron & Titanium Inc. Sorel-Tracy, Quebec, Canada ABSTRACT The formation of an oxide slag
More informationDr. Joseph J Poveromo, Raw Materials & Ironmaking Global Consulting DR Pellet Quality & MENA Applications
Dr. Joseph J Poveromo, Raw Materials & Ironmaking Global Consulting joe.poveromo@rawmaterialsiron.com DR Pellet Quality & MENA Applications Chemistry Considerations direct reduction processes: chemical
More informationEffect of CO Gas Concentration on Reduction Rate of Major Mineral Phase in Sintered Iron Ore
, pp. 570 575 Effect of CO Gas Concentration on Reduction Rate of Major Mineral Phase in Sintered Iron Ore Daisuke NOGUCHI, 1) * Ko-ichiro OHNO, 2) Takayuki MAEDA, 2) Kouki NISHIOKA 3) and Masakata SHIMIZU
More informationconcentration of acid in mol / dm 3 temperature / C ti / min
1 (a A small piece of marble, calcium carbonate, was added to 5 cm 3 of hydrochloric acid at 25 C. The time taken for the reaction to stop was measured. CaCO 3 (s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl 2 (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H
More informationOxidation and Reduction
Oxidation and Reduction An oxidation reaction is one in which oxygen is added to a substance. Example: Methane is oxidised when it burns in air. Oxygen is added to the carbon in methane, forming carbon
More informationPHEN 612 SPRING 2008 WEEK 13 LAURENT SIMON
PHEN 612 SPRING 2008 WEEK 13 LAURENT SIMON Crystallization Crystallization is a common separation process in Commodity inorganic industry (e.g., salts) Food industry (e.g., sugars) Pharmaceutical manufacturing
More informationMetallic Ore Deposits. From where do we mine our metals?
Metallic Ore Deposits From where do we mine our metals? Average Crustal Abundance of Ore Metals Metal Silver (Ag) Gold (Au) Copper (Cu) Iron (Fe) Nickel (Ni) Lead (Pb) Tin (Sn) Zinc (Zn) Average Abundance
More informationPoint Defects in Metals
CHAPTER 5 IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS PROBLEM SOLUTIONS Point Defects in Metals 5.1 Calculate the fraction of atom sites that are vacant for lead at its melting temperature of 327 C (600 K). Assume an energy
More informationChromium research at SINTEF and NTNU Eli Ringdalen, SINTEF
Chromium research at SINTEF and NTNU Eli Ringdalen, SINTEF SINTEF - Who we are Our vision -Technology for a better society Independent non-profit research institute >90 % of income from contract R&D, Turnover
More informationPVP-Functionalized Nanometer Scale Metal Oxide Coatings for. Cathode Materials: Successful Application to LiMn 2 O 4 Spinel.
PVP-Functionalized Nanometer Scale Metal Oxide Coatings for Cathode Materials: Successful Application to LiMn 2 O 4 Spinel Nanoparticles Hyesun Lim, Jaephil Cho* Department of Applied Chemistry Hanyang
More informationStoichiometric Calculations 1. The weight of calcium carbonate required to produce carbon-dioxide that is sufficient for conversion of one 0.1 mole sodium carbonate to sodium bicarbonate is 1) 1gm 2) 10gm
More informationEquilibrium between titania slags and metallic iron
ELSTAD, H., ERIKSEN, J.M., HILDAL, A., ROSENQVIST, T., and SEIM, S. Equilibrium between titania slags and metallic iron. The 6th International Heavy Minerals Conference Back to Basics, The Southern African
More informationFAYALITE SLAG MODIFIED STAINLESS STEEL AOD SLAG
FAYALITE SLAG MODIFIED STAINLESS STEEL AOD SLAG Shuigen HUANG, Muxing GUO, Peter Tom JONES, Bart BLANPAIN Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium shuigen.huang@mtm.kuleuven.be,
More informationEVALUATION REPORT OF HESS PUMICE
EVALUATION REPORT OF HESS PUMICE June 11, 212 By Uma Ramasamy and Paul Tikalsky CONCRETE AND MATERIALS RESEARCH AND EVALUATION LABORATORY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 1 INTRODUCTION
More informationFormula & Equation Writing
Formula & Equation Writing Book 2 H H Al Al H Al(H) 3 H Ionic Equations Ionic Formulae Balanced Equations Formula Equations Word Equations Transition Metals Using Brackets Awkward Customers More than 2
More informationWorksheet 5 - Naming Ionic Compounds Part 1 (Binary compounds with Group 1, 2 or 13 metals) Naming
Worksheet 5 - Naming Ionic Compounds Part 1 (Binary compounds with Group 1, 2 or 13 metals) Binary compounds: have only two kinds of elements, if there are three or more it is not a binary compound. Naming
More informationMake Five. A game about the chemical formulas of some common minerals
Make Five A game about the chemical formulas of some common minerals By defi nition, a mineral has a defi nite chemical composition. It s sort of like a recipe. This game is for students who want to (or
More informationAdvances in quantitative Rietveld Analysis XRPD for Minerals and Mining Applications
Advances in quantitative Rietveld Analysis XRPD for Minerals and Mining Applications Dipl. Min. Alexander Seyfarth BRUKER AXS Inc., Madison WI, USA Dr. Arnt Kern BRUKER AXS, Karlsruhe, Germany 1 Outline
More informationEffect of Chromium on Nitrogen Solubility in Liquid Fe Cr Alloys Containing 30 mass% Cr
ISIJ International, Vol. 49 (009), No., pp. 668 67 Effect of Chromium on Nitrogen Solubility in Liquid Fe Alloys Containing 30 mass% Wan-Yi KIM, ) Chang-Oh LEE, ) Chul-Wook YUN ) and Jong-Jin PAK ) ) Formerly
More informationINDIAN SCHOOL MUSCAT SENIOR SECTION DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY CLASS X- PRACTICAL WORKSHEET
INDIAN SCHOOL MUSCAT SENIOR SECTION DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY CLASS X- PRACTICAL WORKSHEET Different types of chemical reactions Experiment No: 1(a) Combination reaction Objectives: To study the Combination
More informationPREPARATION OF GEOPOLYMER USING FLY ASH AND RICE HUSK SILICA AS RAW MATERIALS
18 TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS PREPARATION OF GEOPOLYMER USING FLY ASH AND RICE HUSK SILICA AS RAW MATERIALS P. Chaiyapoom 1,2, S. Jiemsirilers 1,2*, S. Wada 1,2, K. Hemra 3, P.
More informationTHE EFFECT OF ALUMINA IN FERROMANGANESE SLAG
THE EFFECT OF ALUMINA IN FERROMANGANESE SLAG Kai Tang and Sverre Olsen 1 SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Trondheim, Norway, kai.tang@sintef.no 1 Department of Materials Technology, Norwegian University
More informationIRON REDOX EQUILIBRIUM AND DIFFUSIVITY IN MIXED ALKALI-ALKALINE EARTH-SILICA GLASS MELTS
Original papers IRON REDOX EQUILIBRIUM AND DIFFUSIVITY IN MIXED ALKALI-ALKALINE EARTH-SILICA GLASS MELTS KI-DONG KIM Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunsan National University, Kunsan
More information1. Use the Ellingham Diagram (reproduced here as Figure 0.1) to answer the following.
315 Problems 1. Use the Ellingham Diagram (reproduced here as Figure 0.1) to answer the following. (a) Find the temperature and partial pressure of O 2 where Ni(s), Ni(l), and NiO(s) are in equilibrium.
More informationElectroplating. Copyright 2016 Industrial Metallurgists, LLC
Electroplating Northbrook, IL 847.528.3467 www.imetllc.com Copyright 2016 Industrial Metallurgists, LLC Course content 1. Process Steps (75 minutes) 2. Properties, Defects, and Evaluation (60 minutes)
More informationProperties of aqueous alkaline sodium borohydride solutions and by-products formed during hydrolysis
Properties of aqueous alkaline sodium borohydride solutions and by-products formed during hydrolysis presented at the HYATT REGENCY SAN FRANCISCO AT EMBARCADERO CENTER BOARD ROOM B, ATRIUM LEVEL 5 EMBARCADERO
More informationINVESTIGATIONS ON THE GLASS FIBER CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT WITH SrO-Mn 2 O 3 -Fe 2 O 3 -MgO- ZrO 2 -SiO 2 (SMFMZS) SYSTEM GLASS FIBERS
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE GLASS FIBER CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT WITH SrO-Mn 2 O 3 -Fe 2 O 3 -MgO- ZrO 2 -SiO 2 (SMFMZS) SYSTEM GLASS FIBERS Prof. Dr. Bekir KARASU Anadolu University, Department of Materials Science
More informationPeriodic Trends. Introduction
Periodic Trends Introduction In the modern periodic table (shown below in Figure 1), elements are arranged according to increasing atomic number in horizontal rows called periods. In Figure 1, atomic numbers,
More information6 METALS & NON METALS
Grade-8 Chemistry Chapter- 6 METALS & NON METALS 1. What happens in each of the following cases? a) Magnesium is burnt in oxygen. Ans: When magnesium burns in oxygen it produces magnesium oxide with dazzling
More informationElements and Compounds
Chemistry Name: Partners: Date: Elements and Compounds Introduction Most of the materials you have used so far in this course were mixtures. If you could take them apart physically, you would find that
More informationMOLYBDENUM CONCENTRATES COMBINING DEVELOPMENT OF AN XRF BORATE FUSION METHOD WITH CERTIFICATION OF STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS
197 MOLYBDENUM CONCENTRATES COMBINING DEVELOPMENT OF AN XRF BORATE FUSION METHOD WITH CERTIFICATION OF STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS John R. Sieber 1 and Donald I. Lincoln 2 1 National Institute of Standards
More informationDepartment of Chemistry University of Texas at Austin
Colligative Properties Supplemental Worksheet PROBLEM #1: Give the ecular formula, the van t hoff factor for the following Ionic Compounds as well as guess the solubility of the compounds. If you cannot
More informationAUTOMATED WATER ANALYSIS
APPLICATION NOTE - CFA AUTOMATED WATER ANALYSIS APPLICATIONS OF CONTINUOUS-FLOW ANALYZERS In laboratories around the world, the SEAL Analytical analyzers measure all types of water - quickly, accurately
More informationSulphur Removal From Sulcis Coal By Sequential Leaching With Koh Followed By H 2 o 2
Sulphur Removal From Sulcis Coal By Sequential Leaching With Koh Followed By H 2 o 2 E. Fois (1), A. Pistis (1), F. Melis (1), G. Mura (2) and A. Lallai (2) (1) Carbosulcis S.p.A., Departement Res. &Dev.
More informationLiquidus Surface of FeO-Fe 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -CaO Slags at Constant CO 2 /CO Ratios
Materials Transactions, Vol. 44, No. 10 (2003) pp. 2130 to 2135 #2003 The Japan Institute of Metals Liquidus Surface of FeO-Fe 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -CaO Slags at Constant CO 2 /CO Ratios Florian Kongoli 1 * and
More information