Introduction to Furnace Thermodynamics
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1 Introduction to Furnace Thermodynamics Kevin Dartt MS: Mechanical Engineering 011 BFA: Sculpture 008 Binghamton University, SUNY
2 Contents Introduction Goals and Motivation Fundamentals of Thermodynamics Iron Melting Process Computational Models Cupollette Model Alternative Fuels Energy Output Alternative Furnace Designs Conclusion
3 Goals and Motivation Intimate Knowledge Better understanding will give more efficient results Goals Develop a computational model of an iron melting furnace Create an optimization program in accessible software Alternative Fueled Furnace Coke becoming a limited resources Safer fuels than coke 3
4 Process Charge material Pieces of iron and limestone Coke Stack Section above the Tuyeres Tuyeres Ports into the furnace for air and viewing Bed Section below the tuyeres Main Sections of a Cupola (1) 4
5 Fundamentals of Thermodynamics Thermodynamics: The study of energy displacement with respect to work and heat that incorporates physics, chemistry and engineering. 1 st Law: Energy Balance A specific amount of matter undergoing any process experiences a change in energy equal to the amount of energy transferred to it. 5
6 Energy Energy (NRG) Ability of a system to do work on other systems Kinetic NRG: Motion Potential NRG: Gravity Internal NRG: Stored Compressed Springs Chemical Reactions Work: External displacement of environment (W) Moving parts Heat: Energy based on temperature change. (Q) Overall NRG equation KE + PE + U = Q W 6
7 Internal NRG Enthalpy The sum of internal energy along with the energy made by the displacement of the products H = U + pv Combustion Enthalpy Internal Pressure Volume NRG Rapid chemical reaction in which combustibles are oxidized resulting in the release of energy and the formation of products. fuel + oxidizer products NRG in the form of heat 7
8 Internal Energy Enthalpy of Formation NRG released or absorbed from the creation of compounds during a chemical reaction at a given temperature and pressure. Expressed in NRG / Mol CO₂ : C₃H₈: 169,300 44,680 Btu lbmol Btu lbmol 393,50 103,850 kj kmol kj kmol Mol Used in chemistry to express amounts of a chemical substance 8
9 Melting Iron Specific Heat Amount of energy per mass required to raise the temperature of a given body Different for every substance Q = mc T NRG in the form of heat Mass Specific Heat Change in Temperature Specific Heat of cast iron: Btu.11 lbf o.46 kj kgk 9
10 Melting Iron Example: Heat 50 lbs of iron to 900 F, how much coke is needed? Free Body Diagram T Exhaust Q Combustion y x Coke Refractory Steel Plate Iron Flow Air Flow TAir TAir T Iron 10
11 Melting Iron Assumptions Ignore potential and kinetic NRG Air is feed into the furnace which is oxygen and nitrogen, nitrogen is inert and combustion is complete The combusting air and products form ideal gases Only concerned with the melt zone All energy is absorbed by the iron No external work is being done Reduced energy equation KE + PE + U = Q W Q: NRG from heat W: NRG from external work KE: Kinetic NRG PE : Potential NRG U: Internal NRG 11
12 Melting Iron Analysis Use specific heat to determine rough estimate for NRG required to melt iron U = Q Q = mc T Q = ( 50lb) (.11 ) (900 60) F Btu lbf o o Q 890Btu 15, = Q: NRG from heat N: mols from combustion h: Enthalpy of Formation c: Specific heat m: mass 1
13 Melting Iron Analysis Cont. Use enthalpy of formation to determine amount of reactants needed At standard temperature and pressure Equal concentrations C + O CO U = n C O h C O n C h C n O h O U = Q Q combustion = n C O h C O n C h C n O h O h n O C = = h n C O = 0 = n C O Q: NRG from heat N: mols from combustion h: Enthalpy of Formation Q combustion = n C h C O 13
14 Melting Iron Analysis Cont. Q = h co n 15,890Btu = 169,300 c Btu lbmol n c.094lbmol = n c M c =1. 01 m c = M c nc m =1. 3lb lb lbmol ( 85 ). 1 Q: NRG from heat N: mols from combustion h: Enthalpy of Formation M: Molar mass m: mass 14
15 Melting Iron Change original assumption Only 5% of combustion goes into melting iron 15,890Btu (.5) 169, 300 Btu lbmol = n c.375lbmol = n c m c = M c nc ( 85 ). 1 M c =1. 01 lb lbmol m = 5. 3lb Still wrong? The reaction does not take place at standard temperature and pressure Does not take into account preheating of iron NRG lose from air and the environment 15
16 Computational Models Solves governing equations Momentum Air flow through the furnace Mass transfer Coke being consumed Energy Temperature field Assumptions Iron is melted predominantly through convection Matlab High-level language for algorithm development Finite difference method A numerical method to approximate the solution to differential equations 16
17 Mathematical Theory 17
18 Matlab Combustion Assumes only a carbon-oxygen reaction, Reaction happens very fast at the surface of coke particle Reaction rate constant effected by: Temperature Air velocity Porosity of coke Size of coke Diffusivity Void fraction Mass transfer coefficient Rate constant Catalyst Effectives Factor Diameter of coke particle Radius inside the catalyst Overall reaction rate Concentration of fluid reactant Density of catalyst particle Transient Term 18
19 Matlab Energy equation Energy released in carbon-oxygen reaction Energy gained from heat of formation Amount of products equals amount of reactants Assumes Reaction is at STP, leaving only carbon dioxide Oxygen becomes limiting factor Enthalpy of formation Molar flow rate 19
20 Matlab Energy generation term Fraction of heat is absorbed by fluid, β Uses an overall heat transfer coefficient between fluid and solid Heat Equation is effected by: Oxygen Concentration Reaction rate Effective heat transfer coefficient Heat transfer coefficient 0
21 Cupollette Model Parameters from existing cupollette Xena, Binghamton s larger iron furnace Same as Mothra Grid spacing: 0.5 cm Table of Cupollette Parameters Parameter Measurement Total Height m Diameter 0.36 m Bed Height 0.18 m Tuyere Diameter 0.05 m Lid Diameter 0.11 m Blast Temp. 89 K Blast Rate (O₂) 0.4 kg/s 1
22 Cupollette Model
23 Cupollette Model Oxygen Concentration 3
24 Cupollette Model 4
25 Alternative Fuels Propane Not as high NRG content Clean burning Expensive but easily obtainable Oil Inexpensive and easily obtainable Dirty oil poses problems Electric High initial Expense Higher maintenance Energy Source Unit Energy Content (Btu) Electricity 1 Kilowatt-hour 341 Coke 1 pound 1500 Crude Oil 1 Barrel - 4 gallons Fuel Oil no. 1 Gallon Fuel Oil no.4 1 Gallon Fuel Oil no.5 1 Gallon Fuel Oil no.6 1 Gallon Diesel Fuel 1 Gallon Gasoline 1 Gallon Natural Gas 1 Cubic Foot Heating Oil 1 Gallon Kerosene 1 Gallon Propane 1 Gallon Propane 1 Cubic Foot 550 Wood - air dried 1 pound
26 Alternative Designs Open Hearth Furnace Predominantly used in steel manufacturing Gas-Air mixture Regenerative firing Time consuming Metalcaster s Reference & Guide 6
27 Alternative Designs Electric Arc Furnace Large amounts of current and voltage passing through electrodes Electric arc between electrodes provide heat Electrodes are slowly used Metalcaster s Reference & Guide 7
28 Alternative Designs Oil / Propane Fired Furnace Similar construction to a cupola Uses a false bed or continuous feed Packing material made of ceramics Ceramic Refractory Iron Flow Burners Burners Steel Plate 8
29 Conclusion Computational model Good start for a simple program Alternative Fuels Pros and Cons Future work Write optimization program in accessible software (ex. Excel, Wolfram Alpha widget) Experiment with multiple furnace designs for batch melting 9
30 Thank you Ken Payne Elena Lourenco Vaughn Randall Roy McGrann Bruce Murray 30
31 References 1. Chastain, Stephen. Iron Melting Cupola Furnaces For the Small Foundry. Jacksonville : Stephen Chastain, Technical Developments including application of computer models to optimize blast furnace operations. Poveromo, Joseph J. 1999, Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy, pp Levenspiel, Octave. Chemical Reaction Engineering. New York : John Wiley & Sons, Wakao, Noriaki. Heat and mass Transfer in packed beds. London : Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Three-dimensional Multipahse Mathematical Modeling of the Blast Furnace Based on the Multifluid Model. Adilson de Castro, Jose, Nogami, Hiroshi and Yagi, Jun-ichiro. 00, ISIJ International, pp Transient Mathematical Model of Blast Furnace Based on Multi-fluid Concept, with Application to High PCI Operation. Adilson de Castro, Jose, Nogami, Hiroshi and Yagi, Jun-ichiro. 000, ISIJ International, pp Metalcaster s Reference & Guide, nd Ed American Foundrymen s Societ, Inc
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