GEOLOGY 284: MINERALOGY
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1 Dr. Helen Lang Dept. of Geology & Geography West Virginia University FALL 2014 GEOLOGY 284: MINERALOGY
2 Ore Deposits and Economic Minerals An ore is anything that can be mined from the Earth at a profit, most ores contain metals
3 Ore is formed by Concentration of low-abundance Elements 99% of the Earth s crust is made up of O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg, and Ti (the major elements) Many other elements are useful in modern society Concentration of these elements in average crust is tiny!! (all together they re only 1%!) Geologic processes must concentrate these elements hundreds to thousands of times to make ore!
4 Most Ore Minerals belong to these four non-silicate Mineral Groups Anion or Key Element Native Elements Sulfides none S Oxides O 2- Hydroxides (OH) -
5 Native Elements Metals - metallic bonds, metallic luster Semimetals - have some, but not all, properties of metals: arsenic, antimony and bismuth Nonmetals - covalent bonding, lack metallic properties
6 Principal Native Metals Gold (Au) Silver (Ag) Copper (Cu) Platinum (Pt, rarest and most valuable) All have cubic arrangement of atoms Habits: massive, leaf, wire-like, arborescent
7 Gold
8 Copper Crystal, very unusual
9 Native Non-metals Sulfur (S) Graphite (C) Low pressure polymorph of Carbon Diamond (C) High pressure polymorph of Carbon >30kbar Formed deep in the Earth s mantle >90km Brought to the surface by violent, explosive volcanic eruptions of magmas called kimberlites
10 Sulfur Resinous luster Bright yellow H= G=2.1
11 Diamond uncut octahedron, ~1cm 3-D network of covalently bonded Carbon atoms, H=10
12 Cut Diamonds H=10 G=3.5 adamantine luster cut to enhance total internal reflection
13 Graphite H=1-2, streak black S.G. = Is formed of flat hexagonal, honeycomb-like sheets of covalently-bonded Carbon atoms The sheets are held together by very weak van der Waals bonds, which accounts for graphite s very low hardness and slipperiness Pencil lead is a mixture of graphite and very fine clay, graphite is also used as a lubricant
14 Diamond and Graphite Structures Diamond Structure compared to Graphite Structure
15 Common Sulfide Minerals (reduced, formed in low oxygen environments) Pyrite (Fe 2+ S 2 ) Chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2 ) Sphalerite (ZnS) Galena (PbS) Bornite (Cu 5 FeS 4 ) Pentlandite (Fe,Ni) 9 S 8 Sulfide minerals commonly occur together in Ore Deposits
16 Pyrite (FeS 2 ) Grows in cubes, striated cubes, octahedra and sometimes in a special form called the pyritohedron with 6 pairs of 5-sided faces like this Brass-yellow color and relatively high hardness (6-6.5) are characteristic
17 Other Pyrite Forms Iron-cross twin Striated cubes Pyrite (FeS 2 ) fool s gold is not valuable
18 Chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2 ) is the most important ore mineral of Copper More coppery or tarnished, brassy-yellow color than Pyrite Greenish-black streak and lower hardness, 3.5 Sphalerite (ZnS) is the most important ore mineral of Zinc Resinous luster, but may be black Brown or yellow streak, H=3.5 4 Tends to sparkle from reflections off many perfect cleavages
19 Galena (PbS) is the most important ore mineral of Pb (lead) High specific gravity, even for an opaque, metallic mineral, G=7.6, hefty H=2 2.5 Lead-gray color, metallic luster Cubic growth forms Perfect cubic cleavage
20 Common Oxide Minerals (oxidized, formed in high oxygen environments) Magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ), two Fe 3+, one Fe 2+ Hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ), both Fe 3+, completely oxidized Zincite (ZnO) Franklinite (ZnFe 2 O 4 ) Pyrolusite (MnO 2 ) Chromite (FeCr 2 O 4 ) Cassiterite (SnO 2 )
21 Hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ) and Magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) are important Iron ore minerals Hematite (Fe 3+ 2O 3 ) - completely oxidized specular (micaceous with sparkly metallic luster) and earthy (dull) both have a red streak, H= non-magnetic Magnetite (Fe 3+ 2Fe 2+ O 4 ) grows in octahedra, H= magnetic (parallel alignment of unpaired electrons in Fe 2+ when formed in Earth s magnetic field)
22 Hematite and Magnetite occur together with red chert in BIFs* *Precambrian Banded Iron Formations - very important iron ore for steel making
23 Common Hydroxide Minerals Goethite Al hydroxides FeO(OH) gibbsite Al(OH) 3 boehmite AlO(OH) diaspore AlO(OH) together these make up bauxite (actually a rock name, multiple minerals), the most important Al ore
24 Mineral Associations Very helpful for identifying economic minerals Certain minerals very commonly occur together Sulfide minerals like pyrite and chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena Oxide and hydroxide minerals like hematite and magnetite
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