Polymorphism of glycine. Thermodynamic and structural aspects. E. Boldyreva, V. Drebushchak, T. Drebushchak, I. Paukov, Yu. Kovalevskaya, E.

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Polymorphism of glycine. Thermodynamic and structural aspects. E. Boldyreva, V. Drebushchak, T. Drebushchak, I. Paukov, Yu. Kovalevskaya, E."

Transcription

1 Polymorphism of glycine. Thermodynamic and structural aspects E. Boldyreva, V. Drebushchak, T. Drebushchak, I. Paukov, Yu. Kovalevskaya, E. Shutova

2 Outline Introduction Control of the crystallization of a desirable polymorph A comparative calorimetric study in a wide range of temperatures Polymorphic transitions Effects of temperature and pressure Conclusions

3 Outline Introduction Control of the crystallization of a desirable polymorph A comparative calorimetric study in a wide range of temperatures Polymorphic transitions Effects of temperature and pressure Conclusions

4 The problem of polymorphism: to find experimentally and / or to predict theoretically all the possible polymorphs of a given compound; to range the experimentally known and / or the predicted polymorphs with respect to their thermodynamic stability, their free energies of formation, etc.; to find experimentally and / or to predict, which of the polymorphs will be formed under particular experimental conditions, and to control the formation of the desired polymorph.

5 The relative stability of the polymorphs and the preferable growth of a particular polymorph in real experiments do not necessarily correlate directly. This is a reason, why much confusion and contradictory statements can be found in the literature even for seemingly simple and repeatedly studied systems. Glycine, NH 2 CH 2 COOH, can provide an example.

6 Polymorphs of glycine zwitter-ion

7 Polymorphs of glycine 1,92 1,77 a b c α β γ PowderCell 2.0 b a c PowderCell 2.0 P2 1 /n P2 1 P3 1

8 Outline Introduction Control of the crystallization of a desirable polymorph A comparative calorimetric study in a wide range of temperatures Polymorphic transitions Effects of temperature and pressure Conclusions

9 Solvent Additives of impurities to solution ph of solution Isotope substitution H 2 O D 2 O Temperature Intense nanosecond pulses of near-infrared laser light Humidity Crystallization rate were reported in the literature ( ) to influence on the crystallization of a selected polymorph The literature data were often contradictory and poorly reproducible

10 The chemicals "glycine" could be received from different chemical companies: Soyuzkhimreaktiv (Russia); ICN Biomedicals ( [ ]); Merck (104201); Riedel-de Haen (Sigma-Aldrich Laborchemikalien GmbH). Neither company indicates crystalline polymorph of glycine. Usually, the reagents contain mixture of two polymorphs (α and γ). The polymorph content in different chemicals ranges from α with admixture of γ to γ with admixture of α. Transformations on storage? Quality of tablets (caking).

11 Our results: Polymorphs of glycine = concomitant polymorphs (crystallize simultaneously from the same batch); Crystallization is very sensitive to the "age" of the solution and the presence of the even small impurities of a polymorph in the powder used for preparing the solution; In order to facilitate the crystallization of the β- or the γ-forms, it is necessary to destroy the glycine dimers present in aqueous solutions, which direct crystallization towards the α- form. Then crystallization close to equilibrium conditions (slow) gives the polar γ-form, and a non-equilibrious (rapid) crystallization gives the β-form. We have worked out special procedures of obtaining pure polymorphs in quantities of grams in one crystallization, and this enabled us to carry out a detailed calorimetric study.

12 Outline Introduction Control of the crystallization of a desirable polymorph A comparative calorimetric study in a wide range of temperatures Polymorphic transitions Effects of temperature and pressure Conclusions

13 Crystallization of the polymorphs Relative stability of the polymorphs α glycine: the easiest to crystallize, when obtained, is preserved for indefinitely long time γ - glycine: can be crystallized only under special conditions, when obtained, is preserved for indefinitely long time Which of the two is the stable form at ambient conditions?

14 Heat capacity of the glycine polymorphs (5 K 500 K) DSC-111 (SETARAM) DSC-204 (NETZSCH) DSC-30 (Mettler) 140 K 500 K A low-temperature adiabatic calorimeter 4 K 320 K Sublimation was studied using TG-209 (NETZSCH) X-ray diffraction was studied using Bruker GADDS system (powders) and STOE STADI-4 (single crystals)

15 Heat capacity of the glycine polymorphs (5 K 500 K) The values of heat capacity are close for all the three polymorphs; in the range K the differences do not exceed 3%. C, J p mol K β α γ T, K

16 Relative stability of the glycine polymorphs Ambient temperature: γ > α > β Increased temperature: α > γ > β The difference in the free energy between the three polymorphs is very small (ΔG about J mol -1 for β-α transition, J mol -1 for γ α transition on heating, -325 J mol -1 as estimated for a hypothetical α γ transition at ambient temperature). This explains, why, once formed, the less stable polymorphs can exist at normal conditions for a long time, sometimes for an indefinitely long time. Crystallization of a polymorph is determined by kinetics rather than by thermodynamics.

17 Low-temperature phase transitions in the glycine polymorphs Reversible low-temperature phase transitions were detected for the β- and the γ-polymorphs. C p (α) C p (γ) C p (β)

18 Cell volume & cell parameters changes in the temperature range of the lowtemperature phase transition No kinks at the curves of the changes of cell volume / cell parameters versus temperature could be noticed in the temperature range of the phase transition V, A a, A T, K T, K

19 Outline Introduction Control of the crystallization of a desirable polymorph A comparative calorimetric study in a wide range of temperatures Polymorphic transitions Effects of temperature and pressure Conclusions

20 Polymorphic transformations of the glycine polymorphs on heating Polymorphic transformation β α (exothermic, irreversible) C p ( α) - C p( β), mj/g K β α Δ tr H = 200 J/mol T, K X-ray diffraction has confirmed a complete transformation into the α-form. The transformation was shown to involve the recrystallization of the sample. Optical microscopy has shown the transformation to be heterogeneous; after an induction period an interface propagated rapidly from one face of the crystal to the opposite one.

21 Polymorphic transformations of the glycine polymorphs on heating Polymorphic transformation γ α (endothermic, irreversible) X-ray diffraction has confirmed a transformation into the α-form. The transition temperatures were different for powder (1) and single crystals (2); numerous peaks at different temperatures were observed for a large single crystal (3). X-ray diffraction has proved that the 'jumps' corresponded to a partial transformation of some blocks of the crystal into the α- form.

22 Temperature induced transitions between the polymorphs T α-glycine β-glycine T T γ-glycine

23 Effect of gases on the polymorphic transformations of the glycine polymorphs α-glycine H 2 O β-glycine NH 3 NH 3 γ-glycine

24 Effect of gases on the polymorphic transformations of the glycine polymorphs EtOH CH 3 COOH NH 3 H 2 O NH 3 + H 2 O NH 4 Cl HCl α-gly α-gly α-gly α-gly α-gly α-gly α-gly gly x HCl α-gly (+γ-gly) α-gly (+γ-gly) α-gly (+γ-gly) α-gly (+γ-gly) α-gly (+γ-gly) γ-gly α-gly (+γ-gly) gly x HCl γ-gly γ-gly γ-gly γ-gly γ-gly γ-gly γ-gly gly x HCl β-gly β-gly β-gly β-gly α-gly γ-gly (+α-gly) (α+β+γ)- gly gly x HCl

25 Effect of gases on the polymorphic transformations of the glycine polymorphs β-form, H 2 O ( α-form) β-form, NH 3 ( γ-form) α-form, NH 3 ( γ-form) β-form, NH 4 Cl ( (α+β+γ)-forms)

26 Transitions between the polymorphs induced by grinding (important for sample preparation for instrumental analysis and for processing glycine as a drug) wet grinding α-glycine dry grinding β-glycine heavy treatment in an activator; or wet grinding dry grinding γ-glycine

27 Transformations between the polymorphs of glycine are related to the reconstruction of the extended hydrogen bond network in the crystal, are kinetically controlled, related to recrystallization, and are extremely sensitive to the interaction with the molecules of gases, that can be involved in the hydrogen bond formation with the molecules at the surface.

28 Outline Introduction Control of the crystallization of a desirable polymorph A comparative calorimetric study in a wide range of temperatures Polymorphic transitions Effects of temperature and pressure Conclusions

29 Effects of temperature and pressure Low temperature: single crystal X-ray diffraction, STOE STADI-4, Oxford Cryosystems cooling device, down to K; High pressure: powder high resolution X-ray diffraction, synchrotron radiation at ESRF (λ = 0,7 Å, MAR345 detector), up to 4 GPa. Effects of temperature and pressure manifestations of the differences in hydrogen bond networks in the polymorphs

30 Bulk compressibility Pressure increase Cooling V/мол, A V / мол, Å P, GPa T, K α, β, γ

31 α-glycine (P2 1 /n) Р = 1 GPа 2 Р = 2 GPа b c a 1 Т = 150 К 1.79 c a 1 expansion (close to the direction of the shortest NH O bonds) 2 medium compression (close to the direction of the longer NH O bonds) Axis 3 (maximum compression) is normal to the molecular layers (along b)

32 Lattice strain α glycine β glycine a a 2 2 short NH O 1 c long NH O 1 c at Р = 1 GPа at Р = 2 GPа Axis 3 is normal to the plot plane (along b) at Т = 150 К

33 γ-glycine (P3 1 ) c a b c a b minimum compression along c (along the shortest hydrogen bonds) E. Boldyreva et al.,

34 Hydrogen bonds A comparison of compression on cooling from 294 К to 150 К Δl, Å 0.06 l Å Å l3.1 0, Е α, β, γ

35 Lattice strain Pressure increase Cooling Δl / l, % Δl ΠlΠΦlΠΦ / l, % T, K P, GPa Rhombs along axis 1, squares along axis 2, triangles along axis 3 Red α-form, green β-form, blue γ-form For γ-glycine: rhombs along с, triangles along а

36 Outline Introduction Control of the crystallization of a desirable polymorph A comparative calorimetric study in a wide range of temperatures Polymorphic transitions Effects of temperature and pressure Conclusions

37 Conclusions Glycine provides an example of how complicated the relationships between the polymorphs can be, even if the structure is built from small simple molecules. The differences in the free energies between the polymorphs of glycine and the heats of transitions between the polymorphs are related to the differences in the weak intermolecular interactions and are therefore rather small. At the same time, the kinetic barriers for the transformations seem to be rather large. This is why, once obtained, the metastable polymorphs can be preserved for indefinitely long time, also at the conditions at which they are not thermodynamically stable. Gas molecules (water, NH 3 ) catalyze the phase transitions between the polymorphs, (β α, β γ, α γ). Different gases direct transformation into different forms. Initiation of a phase transition plays a very important role. Therefore the transitions are so sensitive to the presence of even traces of another polymorph, as well as to the impurities or structural defects in the glycine crystal. The mechanisms of the transitions, which must involve some cooperative reorganization of the whole hydrogen bonded network in the crystal, require further detailed studies, and so do the mechanisms of the effect of gases and of the mechanical treatment on the polymorphs. Model computer simulations can be helpful for this purpose. The experimental thermodynamic and structural variable-temperature and variable-pressure data can be used to work out better potentials describing the interatomic interactions in the glycine polymorphs and to test the predictive power of the simulations.

38 Acknowledgements The study was supported by RFBR (grant ), by BRHE (a joint grant REC-008 of CRDF and Russian Ministry of Education), by the Russian Ministry of Education (grant Ч0069 Integration, grant ), and by the programs of the Presidium of Russian Academy of Sciences. The authors thank Dr. G. Perlovich for providing them a sample of γ-glycine and A. Achkasov for the assistance with the experiments with gaseous NH 3

CHAPTER 3 EFFECT OF L -LYSINE MONOHYDROCHLORIDE DIHYDRATE ON THE GROWTH AND PROPERTIES OF ADP SINGLE CRYSTALS

CHAPTER 3 EFFECT OF L -LYSINE MONOHYDROCHLORIDE DIHYDRATE ON THE GROWTH AND PROPERTIES OF ADP SINGLE CRYSTALS 55 CHAPTER 3 EFFECT OF L -LYSINE MONOHYDROCHLORIDE DIHYDRATE ON THE GROWTH AND PROPERTIES OF ADP SINGLE CRYSTALS 3.1 INTRODUCTION As mentioned in the previous chapter, ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate

More information

PHEN 612 SPRING 2008 WEEK 13 LAURENT SIMON

PHEN 612 SPRING 2008 WEEK 13 LAURENT SIMON PHEN 612 SPRING 2008 WEEK 13 LAURENT SIMON Crystallization Crystallization is a common separation process in Commodity inorganic industry (e.g., salts) Food industry (e.g., sugars) Pharmaceutical manufacturing

More information

MAKING SOLID SOLUTIONS WITH ALKALI HALIDES (AND BREAKING THEM) John B. Brady

MAKING SOLID SOLUTIONS WITH ALKALI HALIDES (AND BREAKING THEM) John B. Brady MAKING SOLID SOLUTIONS WITH ALKALI HALIDES (AND BREAKING THEM) John B. Brady Department of Geology Smith College Northampton, MA jbrady@science.smith.edu INTRODUCTION When two cations have the same charge

More information

Quantitation of amorphous content

Quantitation of amorphous content 13 Quantitation of amorphous content Amorphous fractions can significantly change the physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients and drug products. Solvias offers a variety of analytical

More information

Diffraction Basics. The qualitative basics:

Diffraction Basics. The qualitative basics: The qualitative basics: Diffraction Basics Coherent scattering around atomic scattering centers occurs when x-rays interact with material In materials with a crystalline structure, x-rays scattered in

More information

GY 302: Crystallography & Mineralogy

GY 302: Crystallography & Mineralogy UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA GY 302: Crystallography & Mineralogy Lecture 6: Polymorphism and Crystal Habit Instructor: Dr. Douglas Haywick Online Lecture Review 1. Polymorphs and Polymorphism 2. Pseudomorphs

More information

Experiment 2b X-Ray Diffraction* Optical Diffraction Experiments

Experiment 2b X-Ray Diffraction* Optical Diffraction Experiments * Experiment 2b X-Ray Diffraction* Adapted from Teaching General Chemistry: A Materials Science Companion by A. B. Ellis et al.: ACS, Washington, DC (1993). Introduction Inorganic chemists, physicists,

More information

SYNTHESIS OF NANOSIZE SILICON CARBIDE POWDER BY CARBOTHERMAL REDUCTION OF SiO 2

SYNTHESIS OF NANOSIZE SILICON CARBIDE POWDER BY CARBOTHERMAL REDUCTION OF SiO 2 2nd International Conference on Ultrafine Grained & Nanostructured Materials (UFGNSM) International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series Vol. 5 (2012) 263 269 World Scientific Publishing Company

More information

a. 50% fine pearlite, 12.5% bainite, 37.5% martensite. 590 C for 5 seconds, 350 C for 50 seconds, cool to room temperature.

a. 50% fine pearlite, 12.5% bainite, 37.5% martensite. 590 C for 5 seconds, 350 C for 50 seconds, cool to room temperature. Final Exam Wednesday, March 21, noon to 3:00 pm (160 points total) 1. TTT Diagrams A U.S. steel producer has four quench baths, used to quench plates of eutectoid steel to 700 C, 590 C, 350 C, and 22 C

More information

Application Note. Introduction. Analysis of crystal polymorphism by Raman Spectroscopy for Medicine Development

Application Note. Introduction. Analysis of crystal polymorphism by Raman Spectroscopy for Medicine Development Application Note Analysis of crystal polymorphism by Raman Spectroscopy for Medicine Introduction Crystal polymorphism is a phenomenon where Raman applications in the pharmaceutical Industry compounds

More information

Generation Response. (Supporting Information: 14 pages)

Generation Response. (Supporting Information: 14 pages) Cs 4 Mo 5 P 2 O 22 : A First Strandberg-Type POM with 1D straight chains of polymerized [Mo 5 P 2 O 23 ] 6- units and Moderate Second Harmonic Generation Response (Supporting Information: 14 pages) Ying

More information

Volume 8, ISSN (Online), Published at:

Volume 8, ISSN (Online), Published at: IMPACT OF POWDERY OXIDE LAYER IN THE TITANIUM/RUTILE SYSTEM PREPARED BY OXIDATIVE CONSTRUCTING OF CERAMIC MATERIALS Sergey V. Shevtsov, Nikolay A. Alad ev, Konstantin A. Solntsev Baikov Institute of Metallurgy

More information

Improving understanding of energetic materials: Compression behavior and co-crystal synthesis

Improving understanding of energetic materials: Compression behavior and co-crystal synthesis Improving understanding of energetic materials: Compression behavior and co-crystal synthesis Przemyslaw Dera University of Hawaii School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology Hawaii Institute of Geophysics

More information

The Application of ATD and DSC Methods to Study of the EN AC Alloy Phase Transformations

The Application of ATD and DSC Methods to Study of the EN AC Alloy Phase Transformations A R C H I V E S of F O U N D R Y E N G I N E E R I N G Published quarterly as the organ of the Foundry Commission of the Polish Academy of Sciences ISSN (1897-3310) Volume 17 Issue 2/2017 207 211 36/2

More information

Structure analysis from X-ray powder data using real-space methods and pair distribution function analysis

Structure analysis from X-ray powder data using real-space methods and pair distribution function analysis Structure analysis from X-ray powder data using real-space methods and pair distribution function analysis Martin U. Schmidt Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Goethe-University, Frankfurt

More information

Growth and properties of LuAP:Ce with complex and simple substitutions

Growth and properties of LuAP:Ce with complex and simple substitutions Growth and properties of LuAP:Ce with complex and simple substitutions A.G.Petrosyan, M.Derdzyan, C.Pedrini, P.Lecoq, I.Kamenskikh, C.Dujardin, K.Ovanesyan Institutions (a) Institute for Physical Research,

More information

Chapter 5 Epitaxial Growth of Si 1-y C y Alloys

Chapter 5 Epitaxial Growth of Si 1-y C y Alloys Chapter 5 Epitaxial Growth of Si 1-y C y Alloys 5.1 Introduction Traditionally, the incorporation of substitutional carbon into silicon and silicongermanium alloys during growth is of great interest for

More information

Bio5325 Fall Crystal Vocabulary

Bio5325 Fall Crystal Vocabulary Crystals and Crystallization Bio5325 Fall 2007 Crystal Vocabulary Mosaicity (mosaic spread) Protein crystals are imperfect, consisting of a mosaic of domains that are slightly misaligned. As a result,

More information

TOPIC 2. STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS III

TOPIC 2. STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS III Universidad Carlos III de Madrid www.uc3m.es MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING TOPIC 2. STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS III Topic 2.3: Crystalline defects. Solid solutions. 1 PERFECT AND IMPERFECT CRYSTALS Perfect

More information

Supporting Information

Supporting Information Supporting Information Wiley-VCH 2008 69451 Weinheim, Germany Supplementary Online Data Reversible Redox Reactions in an Extended Polyoxometalate Framework Solid Chris Ritchie 1, Carsten Streb 1, Johannes

More information

Candle Soot as Supercapacitor Electrode Material

Candle Soot as Supercapacitor Electrode Material Supporting information Candle Soot as Supercapacitor Electrode Material Bowen Zhang, Daoai Wang, Bo Yu, Feng Zhou and Weimin Liu State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical

More information

Supplementary Material (ESI) for Chemical Communications. Solid-state single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation from a 2D

Supplementary Material (ESI) for Chemical Communications. Solid-state single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation from a 2D Supplementary Material (ESI) for Chemical Communications Solid-state single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation from a 2D layer to a 3D framework mediated by lattice iodine release Yuan-Chun He, a

More information

Thin Film Scattering: Epitaxial Layers

Thin Film Scattering: Epitaxial Layers Thin Film Scattering: Epitaxial Layers 6th Annual SSRL Workshop on Synchrotron X-ray Scattering Techniques in Materials and Environmental Sciences: Theory and Application May 29-31, 2012 Thin films. Epitaxial

More information

Global Warming and the Hydrological Cycle

Global Warming and the Hydrological Cycle Global Warming and the Hydrological Cycle Climate Change Projections Wet regions will become wetter Dry regions will become drier Precipitation will occur less frequently Precipitation will be more intense

More information

Coal char oxidation kinetics in air medium

Coal char oxidation kinetics in air medium Coal char oxidation kinetics in air medium Alexander G. Korotkikh 1, Konstantin V. Slyusarskiy 1,*, and Ivan V. Sorokin 1 1 National ResearchTomsk polytechnic university, 634050 Tomsk, Russia Abstract.

More information

Thin Film Characterizations Using XRD The Cases of VO2 and NbTiN

Thin Film Characterizations Using XRD The Cases of VO2 and NbTiN Thin Film Characterizations Using XRD The Cases of VO2 and NbTiN A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Arts / Science in Physics from The College of

More information

Chapter 10, Phase Transformations

Chapter 10, Phase Transformations Chapter Outline: Phase Transformations Heat Treatment (time and temperature) Microstructure Kinetics of phase transformations Homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation Growth, rate of the phase transformation

More information

Chemistry 145 Exam number 4 name 11/19/98 # Faraday s constant is 96,500 c/mole of electrons.

Chemistry 145 Exam number 4 name 11/19/98 # Faraday s constant is 96,500 c/mole of electrons. Chemistry 145 Exam number 4 name 11/19/98 # Faraday s constant is 96,500 c/mole of electrons. A.(16) An electrochemical cell is prepared with a strip of manganese metal dipping in to a 1.0 M MnSO 4 solution

More information

MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE: EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS

MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE: EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE: EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS I. Lokshina 1, S. Lugovskoy 2, К. Melisbekova 3, S.O. Karabaev 1,3, I. Gainullina 1, E. Andreeva 3 1 Kyrgyz national university, Kyrgyzstan 2 Ariel University,

More information

Sulfur a new information on this seemingly well-known element

Sulfur a new information on this seemingly well-known element Journal of Non-oxide Glasses Volume 1, No. 1, 2009, p. 38-42 Sulfur a new information on this seemingly well-known element Z. ČERNOŠEK a, J. HOLUBOVÁ a, E. ČERNOŠKOVÁ b, A. RŮŽIČKA a a Department of General

More information

Thermoelectromotive force of hafnium at plastic deformation in regime of creep at temperature of 300 K

Thermoelectromotive force of hafnium at plastic deformation in regime of creep at temperature of 300 K Thermoelectromotive force of hafnium at plastic deformation in regime of creep at temperature of 300 K E. V. Karaseva, P. A. Kutsenko, O. P. Ledenyov, V. I. Sokolenko, V. A. Frolov National Scientific

More information

The University of Jordan School of Engineering Chemical Engineering Department

The University of Jordan School of Engineering Chemical Engineering Department The University of Jordan School of Engineering Chemical Engineering Department 0905351 Engineering Materials Science Second Semester 2016/2017 Course Catalog 3 Credit hours.all engineering structures and

More information

Topological crystalline insulators. Tomasz Story Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw

Topological crystalline insulators. Tomasz Story Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw Topological crystalline insulators Tomasz Story Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw Topological crystalline insulators - outline 1. Introduction topological crystalline insulators

More information

High Resolution X-ray Diffraction

High Resolution X-ray Diffraction High Resolution X-ray Diffraction Nina Heinig with data from Dr. Zhihao Donovan Chen, Panalytical and slides from Colorado State University Outline Watlab s new tool: Panalytical MRD system Techniques:

More information

Analyzing & Testing. Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Method, Technique, Applications DSC 204 F1. Leading Thermal Analysis

Analyzing & Testing. Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Method, Technique, Applications DSC 204 F1. Leading Thermal Analysis Analyzing & Testing Differential Scanning Calorimetry Method, Technique, Applications DSC 204 F1 Leading Thermal Analysis Method Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) determines transition temperatures

More information

Kinetics. Rate of change in response to thermodynamic forces

Kinetics. Rate of change in response to thermodynamic forces Kinetics Rate of change in response to thermodynamic forces Deviation from local equilibrium continuous change T heat flow temperature changes µ atom flow composition changes Deviation from global equilibrium

More information

Electronic Supplementary Information. Synthesis and crystal structure of a rare square-planar Co (II) complex of a hydroxyamidinate ligand.

Electronic Supplementary Information. Synthesis and crystal structure of a rare square-planar Co (II) complex of a hydroxyamidinate ligand. Electronic Supplementary Information Synthesis and crystal structure of a rare square-planar Co (II) complex of a hydroxyamidinate ligand. Mihaela Cibian, a Sofia Derossi, a and Garry S. Hanan* a Département

More information

Melting Range 3. Melting Range

Melting Range 3. Melting Range Melting Range 3 Melting Range Background Information The melting range of a pure solid organic is the temperature range at which the solid is in equilibrium with its liquid. As heat is added to a solid,

More information

Formability and Crystallographic Texture in Novel Magnesium Alloys

Formability and Crystallographic Texture in Novel Magnesium Alloys Formability and Crystallographic Texture in Novel Magnesium Alloys Carlos Soto, Dr. Pnina Ari-Gur, Andreas, Quojo Quainoo, Dr. Betsy Aller, Dr. Andrew Kline Western Michigan University Abstract By looking

More information

Chapter Outline How do atoms arrange themselves to form solids?

Chapter Outline How do atoms arrange themselves to form solids? Chapter Outline How do atoms arrange themselves to form solids? Fundamental concepts and language Unit cells Crystal structures Face-centered cubic Body-centered cubic Hexagonal close-packed Close packed

More information

Crystallization Behavior of Polyamide-6 Microcellular Nanocomposites*

Crystallization Behavior of Polyamide-6 Microcellular Nanocomposites* Crystallization Behavior of Polyamide-6 Microcellular Nanocomposites* MINGJUN YUAN, LIH-SHENG TURNG, SHAOQIN GONG AND ANDREAS WINARDI Polymer Engineering Center Department of Mechanical Engineering University

More information

Monitoring Of Adhesive Cure Process and Following Evaluation of Adhesive Joint Structure by Acoustic Techniques

Monitoring Of Adhesive Cure Process and Following Evaluation of Adhesive Joint Structure by Acoustic Techniques ECNDT 006 - We... Monitoring Of Adhesive Cure Process and Following Evaluation of Adhesive Joint Structure by Acoustic Techniques Elena Yu. MAEVA, Ina SEVIARYNA, Gilbert B. CHAPMAN, Fedar M. SEVERIN University

More information

Basic Solid State Chemistry, 2 nd ed. West, A. R.

Basic Solid State Chemistry, 2 nd ed. West, A. R. Basic Solid State Chemistry, 2 nd ed. West, A. R. Chapter 1 Crystal Structures Many of the properties and applications of crystalline inorganic materials revolve around a small number of structure types

More information

A vapor (or gas) needs a completely enclosed container to have a definite volume; it will readily take on any shape imposed.

A vapor (or gas) needs a completely enclosed container to have a definite volume; it will readily take on any shape imposed. Overview: Amorphous and crystalline solid states. States of matter. General description. A vapor (or gas) needs a completely enclosed container to have a definite volume; it will readily take on any shape

More information

Lab 1 The Defect Structure of cubic Bi 2 O 3 Nb 2 O 5 Solid Solutions

Lab 1 The Defect Structure of cubic Bi 2 O 3 Nb 2 O 5 Solid Solutions Lab 1 The Defect Structure of cubic Bi 2 O 3 Nb 2 O 5 Solid Solutions 27-202 Fall 2002 Objective The objective of this lab is to identify the defect structure and charge compensation mechanism in Bi 2

More information

strain recovery of of Fe Ni B amorphous metallic

strain recovery of of Fe Ni B amorphous metallic Creep strain recovery of of Fe Ni B amorphous metallic ribbon A. Juríkov ková,, K. K Csach,, J. J Miškuf kuf, V. Ocelík * Department of Metal Physics Institute of Experimental Physics Slovak Academy of

More information

METHOD TO EVALUATE BIAXIAL STRETCH RATIOS IN STRETCH BLOW MOLDING

METHOD TO EVALUATE BIAXIAL STRETCH RATIOS IN STRETCH BLOW MOLDING METHOD TO EVALUATE BIAXIAL STRETCH RATIOS IN STRETCH BLOW MOLDING Masoud Allahkarami 1, 2, Sudheer Bandla 2, and Jay C. Hanan 1 1 Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa,

More information

Ph.D. Admission 20XX-XX Semester X

Ph.D. Admission 20XX-XX Semester X Ph.D. Admission 20XX-XX Semester X Written Examination Materials Science & Engineering Department, IIT Kanpur Date of Examination: XX XXXX 20XX Timing: XX:XX XX:XX XX Application# Please read these instructions

More information

GROWTH, OPTICAL AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SEMI ORGANIC NON LINEAR OPTICAL THIOSEMICARBAZIDE BORATE (TSCB) SINGLE CRYSTALS

GROWTH, OPTICAL AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SEMI ORGANIC NON LINEAR OPTICAL THIOSEMICARBAZIDE BORATE (TSCB) SINGLE CRYSTALS Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics (IJPAP) Vol.1.No.1 2013 pp 7-11 available at: www.goniv.com Paper Received :10-04-2013 Paper Published:26-04-2013 Paper Reviewed by: 1. Dr.S.Selvakumar 2. Hendry

More information

Supplementary Information. A New Precipitation Pathway for Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (Gypsum) via Amorphous and Hemihydrate Intermediates

Supplementary Information. A New Precipitation Pathway for Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (Gypsum) via Amorphous and Hemihydrate Intermediates A New Precipitation Pathway for Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (Gypsum) via Amorphous and Hemihydrate Intermediates Yun-Wei Wang, Yi-Yeoun Kim, Hugo K. Christenson and Fiona C. Meldrum Precipitation and Analysis

More information

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Prof.Dr.Figen KAYA

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Prof.Dr.Figen KAYA Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Prof.Dr.Figen KAYA Transmission Electron Microscope A transmission electron microscope, similar to a transmission light microscope, has the following components along

More information

CHAPTER 2 SYNTHESIS, GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AMINO ACIDS ADMIXTURED L-ARGININE PHOSPHATE MONOHYDRATE SINGLE CRYSTALS

CHAPTER 2 SYNTHESIS, GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AMINO ACIDS ADMIXTURED L-ARGININE PHOSPHATE MONOHYDRATE SINGLE CRYSTALS 28 CHAPTER 2 SYNTHESIS, GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AMINO ACIDS ADMIXTURED L-ARGININE PHOSPHATE MONOHYDRATE SINGLE CRYSTALS 2.1 INTRODUCTION The development of semiorganic nonlinear optical (SONLO)

More information

STA 2500 Regulus Simultaneous Thermal Analysis

STA 2500 Regulus Simultaneous Thermal Analysis STA 2500 Regulus Simultaneous Thermal Analysis Technique, Instrument, Applications Technique Simultaneous thermal analysis refers to the simultaneous application of two or more thermoanalytical methods

More information

Steps in solving a structure. Diffraction experiment. Obtaining well-diffracting crystals. Three dimensional crystals

Steps in solving a structure. Diffraction experiment. Obtaining well-diffracting crystals. Three dimensional crystals Protein structure from X-ray diffraction Diffraction images: ciprocal space Protein, chemical structure: IALEFGPSLKMNE Conformation, 3D-structure: CRYST1 221.200 73.600 80.900 90.00 90.00 90.00 P 21 21

More information

4 Concept of Ripple Pyrometry during Flash Lamp Annealing

4 Concept of Ripple Pyrometry during Flash Lamp Annealing 4 Concept of Ripple Pyrometry during Flash Lamp Annealing 4.1 Review on Temperature Measurement for Flash Lamp Annealing Several different efforts have been undertaken to measure temperature by contactless

More information

High pressure Raman spectrum study of Ga2O3 Abstract 1. Introduction

High pressure Raman spectrum study of Ga2O3 Abstract 1. Introduction High pressure Raman spectrum study of Ga 2 O 3 Yanmei Ma, Qiang Zhou, Zhi He, liu jing* Qiliang Cui 1, Guangtian Zou National Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, 130012, P. R. China *BSRF,Institute

More information

Americium alloys with gold and copper

Americium alloys with gold and copper IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering Americium alloys with gold and copper To cite this article: V M Radchenko et al 2010 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 9 012093 View the article

More information

The effect of the chemical environment on the kinetics of carbon phases formation at high-pressure and high-temperature

The effect of the chemical environment on the kinetics of carbon phases formation at high-pressure and high-temperature The effect of the chemical environment on the kinetics of carbon phases formation at high-pressure and high-temperature A.E.L. Villanueva 1,2, K.S. Trentin 1,3, J.A.H. da Jornada 1,4, N.M. Balzaretti 1,

More information

Investigating Differences in Solubility Between Crystalline and Amorphous Forms of Pharmaceuticals

Investigating Differences in Solubility Between Crystalline and Amorphous Forms of Pharmaceuticals Investigating Differences in Solubility Between Crystalline and Amorphous Forms of Pharmaceuticals Rhea Brent Pharmaceutical Analytical Research and Development AstraZeneca Alderley Park Aim To determine

More information

Lecture 14: Rate of Nucleation

Lecture 14: Rate of Nucleation Lecture 14: Rate of Nucleation oday s topics wo energetic factors that affect nucleation rate: the activation energy barrier ( G) that needs to be overcome to produce a critical-size nucleus, and the activation

More information

SOLID STATE TRANSFORMATIONS OF PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOUNDS UPON MILLING: LACTOSE & MANNITOL (authorized version)

SOLID STATE TRANSFORMATIONS OF PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOUNDS UPON MILLING: LACTOSE & MANNITOL (authorized version) Laboratoire de Dynamique et Structure des Matériaux Moléculaires UMR 8024 Université de Lille 1-France SOLID STATE TRANSFORMATIONS OF PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOUNDS UPON MILLING: LACTOSE & MANNITOL (authorized

More information

Chapter 7 Mass Transfer

Chapter 7 Mass Transfer Chapter 7 Mass Transfer Mass transfer occurs in mixtures containing local concentration variation. For example, when dye is dropped into a cup of water, mass-transfer processes are responsible for the

More information

ELUTION BEHAVIOR OF PHOSPHATE CONTAINED IN Mg/Fe AND Zn/Fe LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDES

ELUTION BEHAVIOR OF PHOSPHATE CONTAINED IN Mg/Fe AND Zn/Fe LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDES Advanced Materials Development and Performance (AMDP11) International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series Vol. 6 (12) 156-161 World Scientific Publishing Company DOI: 1.112/S11951318 ELUTION BEHAVIOR

More information

PVP-Functionalized Nanometer Scale Metal Oxide Coatings for. Cathode Materials: Successful Application to LiMn 2 O 4 Spinel.

PVP-Functionalized Nanometer Scale Metal Oxide Coatings for. Cathode Materials: Successful Application to LiMn 2 O 4 Spinel. PVP-Functionalized Nanometer Scale Metal Oxide Coatings for Cathode Materials: Successful Application to LiMn 2 O 4 Spinel Nanoparticles Hyesun Lim, Jaephil Cho* Department of Applied Chemistry Hanyang

More information

RAMAN STRUCTURAL STUDY OF OLEFIN BLENDS

RAMAN STRUCTURAL STUDY OF OLEFIN BLENDS RAMAN STRUCTURAL STUDY OF OLEFIN BLENDS Authors: Yu.V. Zavgorodnev, E.A. Sagitova, G.Yu. Nikolaeva, K.A. Prokhorov, P.P. Pashinin, L.A. Novokshonova, T.M. Ushakova, E.E. Starchak, E.M. Antipov DOI: 10.12684/alt.1.79

More information

THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS STEARIC / LAURIC ACID MIXTURES AS PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS

THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS STEARIC / LAURIC ACID MIXTURES AS PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS 3.014 MATERIALS LABORATORY MODULE- β1 September 26 30, 2005 GEETHA P. BERERA THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS STEARIC / LAURIC ACID MIXTURES AS PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS OBJECTIVES: Prepare stearic acid and

More information

Kinetics of AlH 3 decomposition and subsequent Al oxidation / Hydrogen Jetfires

Kinetics of AlH 3 decomposition and subsequent Al oxidation / Hydrogen Jetfires Kinetics of AlH 3 decomposition and subsequent Al oxidation / Hydrogen Jetfires Eisenreich N., Keßler A., Deimling, L. Energetic Systems, ES Fraunhofer ICT IA Hysafe Research Priorities Workshop BAM, Berlin,

More information

Growth and characterization of Glycine Magnesium Chloride single crystals for NLO applications

Growth and characterization of Glycine Magnesium Chloride single crystals for NLO applications Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Archives of Applied Science Research, 2012, 4 (3):1494-1501 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN 0975-508X CODEN (USA) AASRC9 Growth

More information

Autocatalytic Decomposition of Cumene Hydroperoxide at Low Temperature Conditions

Autocatalytic Decomposition of Cumene Hydroperoxide at Low Temperature Conditions Autocatalytic Decomposition of Cumene Hydroperoxide at Low Temperature Conditions Chin-Chuan Chen, Chi-Min Shu and Chan-An Yeh Process Safety and Disaster Prevention Laboratory, Department of Environmental

More information

Chapter Outline Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms. Introduction

Chapter Outline Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms. Introduction Chapter Outline Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms What is happening in material during plastic deformation? Dislocations and Plastic Deformation Motion of dislocations in response to stress Slip

More information

Preparation and ionic conductivity of new Bi 12.5 Lu 1.5 ReO 24.5 phase

Preparation and ionic conductivity of new Bi 12.5 Lu 1.5 ReO 24.5 phase Preparation and ionic conductivity of new Bi 12.5 Lu 1.5 ReO 24.5 phase A.N. Bryzgalova 1, N.I. Matskevich 1*, Th. Wolf 2, C. Greaves 3 1 Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the

More information

Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, Russia 2

Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, Russia 2 5 Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci. 45 (016) 5-58 OPTOACOUSTIC INVESTIGATIONS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ULTRAFINE-GRAINED ALUMINUM AD1 AFTER SEVERE PLASTIC DEFORMATION BY TORSION AND THERMAL TREATMENT B.N. Semenov

More information

JOINT MECHANICAL ACTIVATION OF POLYAMIDE PA-6 AND KAOLINITE. Branch of RAS, Kutateladze str., 18, Novosibirsk (Russia)

JOINT MECHANICAL ACTIVATION OF POLYAMIDE PA-6 AND KAOLINITE. Branch of RAS, Kutateladze str., 18, Novosibirsk (Russia) JOINT MECHANICAL ACTIVATION OF POLYAMIDE PA-6 AND KAOLINITE I.A. Vorsina 1, T.F. Grigorieva 1, T.A. Udalova 1, E.V. Ovchinnikov 2, V.A. Struk 2, N.Z. Lyakhov 1 1 Institute of Solid State Chemistry and

More information

Instrument Configuration for Powder Diffraction

Instrument Configuration for Powder Diffraction Instrument Configuration for Powder Diffraction Advanced X-ray Workshop S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, 14-15/12/2011 Innovation with Integrity Overview What is the application? What are

More information

Phase Transitions Module γ-2: VSM study of Curie Temperatures 1 Instructor: Silvija Gradečak

Phase Transitions Module γ-2: VSM study of Curie Temperatures 1 Instructor: Silvija Gradečak 3.014 Materials Laboratory November 13 th 18 th, 2006 Lab week 3 Phase Transitions Module γ-2: VSM study of Curie Temperatures 1 Instructor: Silvija Gradečak Objectives: a) Understand magnetic and thermal

More information

Growth and Characterization of NLO Single Crystal: BIS L- Alanine Potassium Chloride (BIS-LAKCL)

Growth and Characterization of NLO Single Crystal: BIS L- Alanine Potassium Chloride (BIS-LAKCL) International Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN (USA): IJCRGG ISSN : 0974-4290 Vol.6, No.5, pp 2704-2709, Aug-Sept 2014 Growth and Characterization of NLO Single Crystal: BIS L- Alanine Potassium Chloride

More information

Calcium Chloride A Guide to Physical Properties

Calcium Chloride A Guide to Physical Properties Calcium Chloride A Guide to Physical Properties Table of Contents About This Guide... 1 Physical Properties of Calcium Chloride Physical Properties of Calcium Chloride and Hydrates... 2 Solubility.....................................................................................2

More information

Structure formation and association of biomolecules. Prof. Dr. Martin Zacharias Lehrstuhl für Molekulardynamik (T38) Technische Universität München

Structure formation and association of biomolecules. Prof. Dr. Martin Zacharias Lehrstuhl für Molekulardynamik (T38) Technische Universität München Structure formation and association of biomolecules Prof. Dr. Martin Zacharias Lehrstuhl für Molekulardynamik (T38) Technische Universität München Motivation Many biomolecules are chemically synthesized

More information

Earth & Planetary Science Applications of X-Ray Diffraction: Advances Available for Research with our New Systems

Earth & Planetary Science Applications of X-Ray Diffraction: Advances Available for Research with our New Systems Earth & Planetary Science Applications of X-Ray Diffraction: Advances Available for Research with our New Systems James R. Connolly Dept. of Earth & Planetary Sciences University of New Mexico 401/501

More information

Diffraction: Powder Method

Diffraction: Powder Method Diffraction: Powder Method Diffraction Methods Diffraction can occur whenever Bragg s law λ = d sin θ is satisfied. With monochromatic x-rays and arbitrary setting of a single crystal in a beam generally

More information

1 Crystallization: Introduction

1 Crystallization: Introduction j1 1 Crystallization: Introduction Wolfgang Beckmann The beauty of crystals can be found in both the naturally appearing minerals such as diamonds or quartzite crystals and the industrial products such

More information

How to Analyze Polymers Using X-ray Diffraction

How to Analyze Polymers Using X-ray Diffraction How to Analyze Polymers Using X-ray Diffraction Polymers An Introduction This tutorial will cover the following topics How to recognize different types of polymers Crystalline, semi-crystalline and amorphous

More information

Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Study of Nanostructured Er 2 O 3 TiO 2 (50 60 mol % Er 2 O 3 ) Solid Solutions

Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Study of Nanostructured Er 2 O 3 TiO 2 (50 60 mol % Er 2 O 3 ) Solid Solutions ISSN -8, Inorganic Materials,, Vol. 9, No., pp. 9. Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., Original Russian Text L.P. Lyashenko, L.G. Shcherbakova, E.S. Kulik, R.D. Svetogorov, Ya.V. Zubavichus,, published in Neorganicheskie

More information

Structure analysis of cement and concrete materials using X-ray powder diffraction technique

Structure analysis of cement and concrete materials using X-ray powder diffraction technique Structure analysis of cement and concrete materials using X-ray powder diffraction technique Kunihisa Sugimoto* 1. Introduction In order to solve various problems in materials, there are very high demands

More information

Annealing Effect on Elastic Constant of Ultrathin Films Studied by Acoustic-Phonon Resonance Spectroscopy

Annealing Effect on Elastic Constant of Ultrathin Films Studied by Acoustic-Phonon Resonance Spectroscopy 1st International Symposium on Laser Ultrasonics: Science, Technology and Applications July 16-18 28, Montreal, Canada Annealing Effect on Elastic Constant of Ultrathin Films Studied by Acoustic-Phonon

More information

High-pressure synthesis of MnO ZnO solid solutions with rock salt structure: in situ X-ray diffraction studies

High-pressure synthesis of MnO ZnO solid solutions with rock salt structure: in situ X-ray diffraction studies High-pressure synthesis of MnO ZnO solid solutions with rock salt structure: in situ X-ray diffraction studies Petr S. Sokolov, 1,2 Andrey N. Baranov, 2 Christian Lathe, 3 Vladimir Z. Turkevich, 4 Vladimir

More information

Supporting Information. Low temperature synthesis of silicon carbide nanomaterials using

Supporting Information. Low temperature synthesis of silicon carbide nanomaterials using Supporting Information Low temperature synthesis of silicon carbide nanomaterials using solid-state method Mita Dasog, Larissa F. Smith, Tapas K. Purkait and Jonathan G. C. Veinot * Department of Chemistry,

More information

Synthesis calcium-titanate (CaTiO 3 )

Synthesis calcium-titanate (CaTiO 3 ) Synthesis calcium-titanate (CaTiO 3 ) Vera Petrovic The Advanced School of Electrical Engineering,Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 283, SCG Abstract Ceramic materials have been in use in many different areas of

More information

EFFECT OF CALCINATION TEMPERATURE ON KAOLINITE FOR MULLITISATION OF KAOLINITE AND ALUMINA MIXTURE

EFFECT OF CALCINATION TEMPERATURE ON KAOLINITE FOR MULLITISATION OF KAOLINITE AND ALUMINA MIXTURE EFFECT OF CALCINATION TEMPERATURE ON KAOLINITE FOR MULLITISATION OF KAOLINITE AND ALUMINA MIXTURE A THESIS SUBMITTED BY Abinash Lenka In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement For the degree of BACHELOR

More information

Available online at Scholars Research Library

Available online at  Scholars Research Library Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Scholars Research Library Der Pharmacia Lettre, 211: 3 (4) 1-12 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN 975-571 USA CODEN: DPLEB4 Determination

More information

-H-C system for low temperature synthesis of ultradispersed molybdenum carbide powders

-H-C system for low temperature synthesis of ultradispersed molybdenum carbide powders Processing and Application of Ceramics 2 [2] (2008) 97 102 Using non-equilibrium state in the MoO 3 -H-C system for low temperature synthesis of ultradispersed molybdenum carbide powders M.P. Savyak *,

More information

STRUCTRUAL HARDENING MECHANISM OF LEAD-CADMIUM- BISMUTH-MAGNESIUM ALLOYS (PbCdBiMg) FOR BATTERY GRIDS FOR THE NEW GENERATION

STRUCTRUAL HARDENING MECHANISM OF LEAD-CADMIUM- BISMUTH-MAGNESIUM ALLOYS (PbCdBiMg) FOR BATTERY GRIDS FOR THE NEW GENERATION Journal of Science and Arts Year 15, No. 4(33), pp. 363-377, 2015 ORIGINAL PAPER STRUCTRUAL HARDENING MECHANISM OF LEAD-CADMIUM- BISMUTH-MAGNESIUM ALLOYS (PbCdBiMg) FOR BATTERY GRIDS FOR THE NEW GENERATION

More information

Chapter 8 Deformation and Strengthening Mechanisms. Question: Which of the following is the slip system for the simple cubic crystal structure?

Chapter 8 Deformation and Strengthening Mechanisms. Question: Which of the following is the slip system for the simple cubic crystal structure? Chapter 8 Deformation and Strengthening Mechanisms Concept Check 8.1 Why? Question: Which of the following is the slip system for the simple cubic crystal structure? {100} {110} {100} {110}

More information

6.8 Magnetic in-plane anisotropy of epitaxially grown Fe-films on vicinal Ag(001) and Au(001) with different miscut orientations

6.8 Magnetic in-plane anisotropy of epitaxially grown Fe-films on vicinal Ag(001) and Au(001) with different miscut orientations C. Epitaxial Growth 6.8 Magnetic in-plane anisotropy of epitaxially grown Fe-films on vicinal Ag(001) and Au(001) with different miscut orientations M. Rickart, A.R. Frank, J. Jorzick, Ch. Krämer, S.O.

More information

N.I. Matskevich, Th. Wolf, A.N. Bryzgalova, T.I. Chupakhina, E.S. Zolotova, M.Yu. Matskevich, M.A. Bespytov

N.I. Matskevich, Th. Wolf, A.N. Bryzgalova, T.I. Chupakhina, E.S. Zolotova, M.Yu. Matskevich, M.A. Bespytov Thermodynamic stability of new phase Bi 12.5 Sm 1.5 ReO 24.5 N.I. Matskevich, Th. Wolf, A.N. Bryzgalova, T.I. Chupakhina, E.S. Zolotova, M.Yu. Matskevich, M.A. Bespytov ABSTRACT The Bi 12.5 Sm 1.5 ReO

More information

Chapter 2 Portland Cement Clinker

Chapter 2 Portland Cement Clinker Chapter Portland Cement Clinker.1 Portland Cement Clinker Burning The main goal of the clinkering process is to produce the material of designed phase composition, which is called Portland cement clinker.

More information

Hydrogen Production via Biomethane Reforming in DBD Reactor

Hydrogen Production via Biomethane Reforming in DBD Reactor 93 Hydrogen Production via Biomethane Reforming in DBD Reactor M. Dors 1, T. Izdebski 1, A. Berendt 1, and J. Mizeraczyk 1, 2 1 Centre for Plasma and Laser Engineering, The Szewalski Institute of Fluid

More information

By: Mahmoud Abdellatief Civil-Mechanical and Environmental engineering Department Trento University MCX beamline, ELETTRA, Trieste 1

By: Mahmoud Abdellatief Civil-Mechanical and Environmental engineering Department Trento University MCX beamline, ELETTRA, Trieste 1 By: Mahmoud Abdellatief Civil-Mechanical and Environmental engineering Department Trento University MCX beamline, ELETTRA, Trieste 1 Structural Defects in Nanotechnology Production Application s Characterization

More information

Semiconductors. Types of Solids. Figure 10.30: Energy-level diagrams for (a) an n-type semiconductor and (b) a ptype semiconductor.

Semiconductors. Types of Solids. Figure 10.30: Energy-level diagrams for (a) an n-type semiconductor and (b) a ptype semiconductor. Figure 102: Partial representation of the molecular orbital energies in (a) diamond and (b) a typical metal Figure 1024: The p orbitals (a) perpendicular to the plane of the carbon ring system in graphite

More information

Atmosphere Effect on Soldering of Flip Chip Assemblies. C. C. Dong Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. U.S.A.

Atmosphere Effect on Soldering of Flip Chip Assemblies. C. C. Dong Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. U.S.A. Atmosphere Effect on Soldering of Flip Chip Assemblies C. C. Dong Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. U.S.A. Atmosphere Effect on Soldering of Flip Chip Assemblies Abstract An experimental study was conducted

More information