1-Materials Science & Materials Engineering

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1 1-Materials Science & Materials Engineering 1-1-Structure & Properties Relationship (Materials Science or Materials Engineering) Processing Structure Properties Performance Sub Atomic Atomic Sub Atomic Micro Macro Mechanical Physical Chemical Magnetic Thermal Optical 1-2-Materials are: 1. Are natural materials (stone, wood). 2. Made from natural resources (minerals). Metals Ferrous metals and alloys (irons, carbon steels, alloy steels, stainless steels, tool and die steels) Nonferrous metals and alloys (aluminum, copper, magnesium, nickel, titanium, precious metals, refractory metals, superalloys) Dr Ali Salami Golezani Page 1

2 Ceramics Glasses Glass ceramics Graphite Diamond Metals Polymers Thermoplastics plastics Thermoset plastics Elastomers Composites Reinforced plastics Metal-matrix composites Ceramic-matrix composites Sandwich structures Concrete The elements on the left of the periodic table Iron/Steel: Steel alloys are used for strength critical applications Aluminum: Al & its alloys are used because they are easy to form, readily available, inexpensive, and recyclable. Copper:Cu & Cu alloys have a number of properties that make them useful, including high electrical and thermal conductivity, high ductility, and good corrosion resistance. Titanium: Ti &Ti alloys are used for strength in higher temperature (~1000 F) application, when component weight is a concern, or when good corrosion resistance is required Nickel: Ni & Ni alloys are used for still higher temperatures (~ F) applications or when good corrosion resistance is required. Refractory materials are used for the highest temperature (> 2000 F) applications In General Metals Are Good electrical and thermal conductors. Have high strength and stiffness. Are usually ductile and formable. Have impact resistance. Are used in structural and load bearing applications. Are opaque. Dr Ali Salami Golezani Page 2

3 Processing of Metals Metals can be processed by: A. Casting: pouring a liquid metal into a mould, and letting it solidify. B. Extruding: squashing the metal through a die, normally at high temperature. Dr Ali Salami Golezani Page 3

4 C. Forging: squashing or hammering the metal-normally at high temperature. D. Rolling: squashing the metal between rollers, either cold or at high temperature. Dr Ali Salami Golezani Page 4

5 E. Drawing Tube Drawing Wire Drawing Dr Ali Salami Golezani Page 5

6 F. Machining G. Powder Metallurgy: pressing metal powders in a die and heating up to join the powders (sintering) H. Welding Dr Ali Salami Golezani Page 6

7 Ceramics & Glasses Inorganic Compounds Oxides Carbides Nitrides A ceramic has traditionally been defined as an inorganic, nonmetallic solid that is prepared from powdered materials, is fabricated into products through the application of heat, and displays such characteristic properties as hardness, strength, low electrical conductivity, and brittleness." The word ceramic comes the from Greek word "keramikos", which means "pottery." They are typically crystalline in nature and are compounds formed between metallic and nonmetallic elements such as aluminum and oxygen (alumina-al2o3), calcium and oxygen (calcia - CaO), and silicon and nitrogen (silicon nitride-si3n4). In General Ceramics Are: Poor conductors of electricity and heat -good insulators. Have good strength and hardness, but are weak under tensile loads. Have poor ductility and formability. Have low impact resistance. Have good high temperature properties. Have good corrosion resistance. Ceramics are opaque, but glasses are transparent. Ceramics Processing a. Casting from slurry of powder in a liquid and then heating up to sinter. b. Extruding - (especially clays) and firing c. Powder compacting and sintering. d. Moulding from a high temperature semisolid - especially glasses. Dr Ali Salami Golezani Page 7

8 1-2-3-Polymers Organic Compounds (Carbon Based) Perhaps the simplest polymer is polyethylene, (C2H4)n, produced by the polymerisation of ethylene, C2H4. Most polymers are created by engineering the combination of hydrogen and carbon atoms and the arrangement of the chains they form. In General Polymers Have: Poor electrical and thermal conductors. Have low strength and ductility rubbers have high ductility. Thermoplastics are easily formed and have good impact resistance. Cannot be used at high temperatures, normally below 100 C. Corrosion resistant. Light. Polymers can be processed by: a. Moulding. b. Extruding Extrosion Injection Molding Dr Ali Salami Golezani Page 8

9 1-2-4-Electronic Materials Semiconductors are: Elements in group IVA, the most common being silicon Compounds from either groups III and V, such as gallium arsenide, or from groups II and VI, such as cadmium telluride. A fabricated semiconductor device will also contain metals, as conductors, and ceramics, as insulators, Composite Materials Composite materials are mixtures of more the one of the first three categories. Ductile Matrix Polymer (Most common) Metal Ceramic Strong Reinforcement Ceramic (GLASS) Metal Polymer (Kevlar) Most common is glass fiber reinforced polymer. Strength and stiffness can be very high. Materials can be designed to give specific properties. Dr Ali Salami Golezani Page 9

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