Magnetite A Higher Grade Blast Furnace Feed and its Potential Benefits for the Ironmaker

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1 Magnetite A Higher Grade Blast Furnace Feed and its Potential Benefits for the Ironmaker Andre Mouton Principal Consultant, Pyromet Consulting Pty Ltd Kris Edwards Consulting Process Engineer

2 Disclaimer GHD represents that it has exercised reasonable care in the preparation of this paper. However, GHD is not responsible for confirming the accuracy of information and data and GHD does not attest to or assume responsibility for the accuracy of such information or data. GHD also does not attest to or assume responsibility for the accuracy of any recommendations or opinions contained in this paper or otherwise expressed by GHD or its employees or agents, which recommendations or opinions are based in whole or in part upon such information or data. The use of any information from this paper for public release or publication is not permitted. Permission for such public release may be obtained by approval from GHD. Any such permitted public use of all or part of this paper must include this Disclaimer as a prerequisite. The cost information provided within the paper is provided for comparative purposes only, GHD does not make any representation or warranty, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, reliability or completeness of those costs, nor that estimates or forecasts contained in this paper will be achieved. Except as may be expressly stated in writing, the use of this paper or the information contained herein is at the user s sole risk and the user specifically agrees to release, defend, indemnify and hold GHD, its affiliated companies, and its/their officers, directors, employees and agents harmless from any and all liability, damages, or losses of any type, including consequential and punitive damages, suffered by the user or any third party, even if such damages or losses are contributed to or caused by the sole or concurrent fault or negligence of GHD, its affiliated companies, or its/their officers, directors, employees, or agents.

3 Magnetite Resources Increasingly Important in the World of Iron Ore Hematite tends to be favourite blast furnace feed in Japan and East Asia Magnetite concentrates have been utilised extensively in Chinese, North American and Russian steel industries Appetite of Chinese steel producers for magnetite has led to recent major investments in Western Australian magnetite resources This seems to be driven at least in part by declining local Chinese magnetite ore quality and the high cost of local mines

4 Magnetite Resources Increasingly Important in the World of Iron Ore This work explores the merit of magnetite resource development from the perspective of a Chinese steelmaker by evaluating the Generally lower in situ grade of magnetite ores; Magnetite ore s favourable upgrade characteristics; The Capex and Opex of magnetite projects for production of blast furnace (BF) and direct reduction (DR) grades; The cost benefit to the blast furnace and how this translates to the value of Australian magnetite to integrated steelmaking; The relative CO 2 emissions associated with magnetite ore vs hematite

5 Techno-economics of Magnetite vs Hematite for Ironmaking The production of magnetite concentrate is more expensive than hematite Hence, magnetite has been generally overlooked as a viable ironmaking feedstock except where a necessity when no good local hematite available, e.g. China The techno-economics of magnetite was evaluated using GHD s proprietary OREX iron ore Value-in-Use (VIU) model.

6 OREX Value-in-Use Model OREX was developed over a number of years as a tool for estimating the value of iron ore products Estimates the actual value of ore to the integrated steelmaker for all product types: Direct charge lump or pellets Sinter fines or concentrate Consists of a series of integrated techno-economic models for each process in integrated steelmaking Utilising this unique modelling tool we can demonstrate the advantages of magnetite in a holistic sense

7 OREX Value-in-Use Model Covers the entire integrated steelmaking production chain from sintering / pelletising through to hot rolled coil (HRC) OREX is able to calculate the full economic benefit for increased production levels in the blast furnace when a significant proportion of the burden consists of pellets Invaluable tool to determine mark-up or discount of iron ore products

8 OREX Value-in-Use Model

9 Magnetite vs Hematite Ores Magnetite DSO In situ Fe <40% >58% Beneficiation Can upgrade to >68% Fe Limited Product size <100µm Fines <10mm Lump 8 to 31.5mm Mass recovery 30 to 40% ~100% Strip ratio ~0.5 : 1 ~4.5 : 1 (waste to ore) Waste to product ~4.5 : 1

10 Magnetite vs Hematite Ores Magnetite concentrate can be used as sinter feed to limited extent Greatest benefit derived when agglomerated as pellets DSO lump becoming less available newest projects accept they can produce only fines DSO product quality is declining lower Fe, higher gangue, P, S and LOI (goethitic style ores)

11 Magnetite Concentrate Project 14 Mtpa Western Australian project, two potential products: Fe SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 P S CaO MgO BF Concentrate DR Concentrate Mass recovery 35% (BF grade); 31% (DR grade) Long distance slurry pipeline, filtration and transhipment Capital cost estimates: US$ 3.1B (BF grade) US$ 3.5B (DR grade)

12 Magnetite Concentrate Project Operating cost estimates: $100 $90 $80 Total $81 FOB Total $86 FOB Operating Cost (US$/t) $70 $60 $50 $40 $30 $20 $36 $4 $3 $28 $36 $4 $3 $31 Fixed Costs ** Indirects Transport, Shiploading Beneficiation* Crushing Mining $10 $0 $3 $3 $8 $9 BF Concentrate DR Concentrate * Highly dependent on power cost; ** Incl. royalties, capital repayment

13 Benefits of Magnetite Pellets in Integrated Steelmaking Four scenarios were compared based on best practice Chinese steelmaking conditions: Base case Future increase in Australian new generation 58.5% Fe 100% pellet burden BF pellets DR pellets Scenarios compared on hot rolled coil basis at Dec 2014 prevailing prices

14 Benefits of Magnetite Pellets in Integrated Steelmaking Base case assumptions: Tier 1 Chinese integrated steel mill Medium sized BF s (c. 2850m 3 working volume) Productivity 2.3 t/m 3 /d Sinter ore blend consists of Chinese magnetite concentrate 15%; Australian DSO fines 48% Brazilian fines 15% Balance lump screenouts & return fines

15 Benefits of Magnetite Pellets in Integrated Steelmaking Base case assumptions: Blast furnace ferrous burden: Sinter 74% Australian lump 16% South American pellets 14%

16 Benefits of Magnetite Pellets in Integrated Steelmaking Modelling assumptions Australian DSO: Future sinter blends will increasingly feature new generation Australian DSO ores with Decreasing Fe Increasing SiO 2, Al 2 O 3, P Fe SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 P S CaO MgO LOI Australian 58.5% Fe DSO Fines Modelled at 200kg/t sinter / approx. 21% of sinter ferrous feed Limited availability of Chinese concentrates and South American ores

17 Benefits of Magnetite Pellets in Integrated Steelmaking Modelling assumptions 100% pellet burden: Pellets only apart from small amount of recycled material OREX calibrated against published data for SSAB Tunnplåt No 3 BF Pellets fluxed to: 1.5% MgO CaO/SiO 2 = 1.0 Fe SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 P S CaO MgO BF Pellet DR Pellet

18 Benefits of Magnetite Pellets in Integrated Steelmaking Financial modelling assumptions: 30% equity Interest rate 12% Discount rate 10% 10 year capital repayment

19 Benefits of Magnetite Pellets in Integrated Steelmaking Modelling results increased Australian 58.5% Fe DSO Sinter quality will deteriorate with lower Fe, higher Al 2 O 3 and P 57.0 % Fe 56.8 Fe Base Case Increased 58.5%Fe DSO 0.15 %Al 2 O %P Sinter Al2O3 Sinter P 1.70 Base Case Increased 58.5%Fe DSO 0.05 Hot metal P

20 Benefits of Magnetite Pellets in Integrated Steelmaking Modelling results 100% Pellet burden Pellet burden leads to significantly lower BF fuel rate and slag volumes Coke, PCI kg/thm Hot metal quality improves due to much lower P Base Case Increased 58.5% DSO BF Pellets DR Pellets Slag kg/thm Coke + PCI Slag rate %P HM %P Base Case Increased 58.5% DSO BF Pellets DR Pellets

21 Benefits of Magnetite Pellets in Integrated Steelmaking Modelling results 100% Pellet burden Decreased fuel and slag rates potentially leads to increased BF productivity Productivity t/m 3 /d Base Case Increased 58.5% DSO BF Pellets DR Pellets BF Productivity Higher productivity, if achieved and fully utilised, can add significant value for the steelmaker Low P in hot metal opens door for production of high value steel products

22 Benefits of Magnetite Pellets in Integrated Steelmaking Modelling results CO 2 emissions Optimised practice with a 100% pellet burden can lead to significant reduction in CO 2 emissions

23 Potential Value of Magnetite Concentrate Effect of higher HRC production included prevailing China ex works HRC price Dec 2014) Concentrate Value (US$/t cfr) DR Concentrate BF Concentrate DR Concentrate (Incl CO2) BF Concentrate (Incl CO2) % Fe Fines Reference Price (US$/t CFR)

24 Conclusions Magnetite pellets hold significant benefits for the Chinese steelmaker: Higher Fe content, lower gangue and P; Lower fuel and slag rates, lower hot metal P; Potential for increased BF productivity; increased final product output; Improved hot metal quality and potential for production of more lucrative high end steel grades; Smaller environmental footprint with reduced CO 2 emissions potentially up to 20%.

25 Conclusions For the magnetite plants considered, the minimum transfer price was calculated for breakeven NPV: BF concentrate US$ 82/t FOB / $90/t CFR DR concentrate US$ 90/t FOB / $98/t CFR The equivalent long term 62%Fe fines reference price to sustain a breakeven NPV for the projects are: US$78/t CFR (BF concentrate) US$68/t CFR (DR concentrate) Including CO 2 pricing would provide additional incentive for magnetite project development

26 Thank you for your attention. Any questions?

27

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